Have Your Say

Latest Comments:

Kylie Minogue a dive? Please spare me!
Posted by: The Old Salt of Brisbane 9:49pm January 08, 2008

Kylie is sooooooo the Queen of pop... Can't wait to see her on the show and what she has to say... Go Kylie, Love and light to you!!
Posted by: Shaun of New Zealand 5:22pm January 08, 2008

I wish someone would tell that Ch 7 guy what "humbled" actually means. It DOES NOT mean the same thing as "honoured".
Posted by: the grinch of sYDNEY 1:52pm January 08, 2008

What a load of rubbish Steve. Her"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "art, so I feel grateful when it is available. Everything related to art and able to reach your hearth is always welcome. . . If we take art away from life, what's left? I could say music is a relevant part of my life, definitely, even though I never played an instrument. (Tina,86) Music tells me something! It really does that! I am not indifferent to music, but I am not used to sitting down just to listen to music. (Robert,85) This interest in music manifested itself through the regular use of radio and similar devices. However, listening to music autonomously was not always completely satisfying because the impact on the mood may have been negative. Every night I always listening to Rete2, always hoping to listen to good music to take me to sleep. Music gave a lot to me! And it still does! I can't read anymore, and often I don't like television broadcasting. (Ingrid,95) There are songs that give me joy and songs that give me sadness. (Rosie,83) Besides the benefits associated with music listening, music was also relevant because someone important in their life had been actively involved in music, or because they themselves used to sing. My brother worked in an orchestra. . . In Switzerland we have the Suisse Romande Orchestra, which broadcasted concerts on the radio, and he worked there. Consequently, some interest in music remains. (Maria, 77) I still remember singing with my husband when traveling by car. When leaving for holidays, we would sing mountain songs along"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "MAC: interface:mac:address:here Target IP: interface.ip.goes.here ```` - [ ] How does the router come up with reply, it has to ask other router if this is outside its network? - ARP probe, test if this address is already used by someone else - [ ] TODO: what if some bad guy always say it is in use? #### IPv6 For IPv6, functionality of ARP is provided by the [Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol) ### TCP three-way handshake #### Flags - SYN: synchronize sequence number, Only the first packet sent from each end should have this flag set. Some other flags and fields change meaning based on this flag, and some are only valid for when it is set, and others when it is clear. [^7] - ACK: indicates that the Acknowledgment field is significant. All packets after the initial SYN packet sent by the client should have this flag set [^7] #### Values - Sequence number - ISN: initial sequence number If the SYN flag is set (1) - SEQ: If the SYN flag is clear (0), then this is the accumulated sequence number of the first data byte of this segment for the current session - Acknowledgment number: if the ACK flag is set then the value of this field is the next sequence number that the sender is expecting. This"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "layout: post title: Descended date: 2018-01-15 19:30:15 --- Well one week was a pretty good streak. And I think it felt really good. But I'm still on video games, so there needs to be a dopamine fix too. And relapsing feels like this. That I am worthless and my brain brings back all of the rejection in my life and tries to say: \"You know what? They're right about you. You're a worthless piece of shit.\" And I want to tell you. I understand, because sometimes I think I'm not worth it either. Then again, it's really hard to get someone else to love you when you don't love yourself. And you still haven't found a best friend yet. Maybe that'll be your milestone. The moment when you can feel properly again. When you can feel safe enough to be open and vulnerable. It might be awhile, but it WILL HAPPEN. i hope. ah relapsing is just horrible."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "out by \"one of us,\" he means an Ohioan. Burton used actors from a Columbus, Ohio ad agency. One of Burton's chief rivals for the Republicans nomination, Luke Messer (go Wabash!), undoubtedly understanding that all political ads have some stagecraft, busted the Congressman's chops from the right angle: After 28 years in Congress, you'd think you could find someone in the district who would say some nice things about you. When asked about the ad, Burton responded like he was Lincoln Plowman on tape. His response was nearly incomprehensible, which is why I'm providing it in its entirety from the story because you just have to read it: They told me if you have some people who want to talk about specific issues that you stand for, it probably would be a good thing. I didn't solicit any of these people. I don't even know who they are. One guy says, 'Dan Burton does this' and another woman says something else. You'd have to ask the people who did the commercial on that. They came over and talked to people, different places. The Star story ads that when told the actors were not even Hoosier voters, Burton responded: They may be. I don't know. You ask me questions about that, I don't know. I really don't know. The only thing I did say, 'I'm Dan Burton, and I approve this message.' The message I think is probably pretty accurate, but you'd have to ask them who did the commercial. In what universe is this ad accurate?"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "= $2; next; } next unless $result; if ( $result && ( /^\\s*$/ || /^\\=/ ) ) { last; } $result = join ' ', $result, $_; } close $fh; if ( $pod_encoding and !( $] < 5.008 or !$Config{useperlio} ) ) { # Have to wrap in an eval{} for when running under PERL_CORE # Encode isn't available during build phase and parsing # ABSTRACT isn't important there eval { require Encode; $result = Encode::decode($pod_encoding, $result); } } return $result; } =item parse_version my $version = MM->parse_version($file); Parse a $file and return what $VERSION is set to by the first assignment. It will return the string \"undef\" if it can't figure out what $VERSION is. $VERSION should be for all to see, so C or plain $VERSION are okay, but C is not. C<> is also checked for. The first version declaration found is used, but this may change as it differs from how Perl does it. parse_version() will try to C before checking for C<$VERSION> so the following will work. $VERSION = qv(1.2.3); =cut sub parse_version { my($self,$parsefile) = @_; my $result; local $/ = \"\\n\"; local $_; open(my $fh, '<', $parsefile) or die \"Could not open '$parsefile': $!\"; my $inpod = 0; while (<$fh>) { $inpod = /^=(?!cut)/ ? 1 : /^=cut/ ? 0 : $inpod; next if $inpod || /^\\s*#/; chop; next if /^\\s*(if|unless|elsif)/; if ( m{^ \\s* package \\s+ \\w[\\w\\:\\']* \\s+ (v?[0-9._]+) \\s* ; }x ) { local $^W = 0; $result = $1; } elsif"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "contracted both Hepatitis B and C in the 1980s, and at the time of interview, Tim also believed he could be HIV positive. His decision never marry or have children, whilst ultimately contributing to the breakdown of Tim's relationship, was nevertheless one he described as standing by as an adult. For Tim, population screening for hemophilia is important, not only because it has the potential to prevent children being born with hemophilia, but also because it allows parents to avoid becoming what he termed \"hemophilia parents\", a job which he thought not everyone is well suited to take on: I would say \u2026 and this is looking back onto my parents as well-it's always much harder to be the parent of a haemophiliac than to be the haemophiliac themselves. As a parent you have to deal with all the guilt and the care of the child, whatever that may involve and you don't know\u2026. And most people can't fully take on board what that means anyway. Like I said previously, no matter what you can say to people, until you physically experience it, you've got no sense of proportion or what it actually means in reality. You know, I have been asked questions by various people about what haemophilia is really like, you know, but we're all different, that's the problem, and how I react and manage my haemophilia is completely different to how someone else may do. So yeah it's [screening] giving people decisions, but not necessarily the tools to actually make them. By highlighting"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "heart that produce results. The person who just throws in a couple of faith words now and then isn't speaking them from the abundance of his heart, so they're not effective.

Does that mean you shouldn't start speaking words of faith until you're sure you have the faith to back them?

No! Speaking words of faith is good spiritual exercise. If you want to receive healing by faith, for example, fasten your mind and your mouth on the Word of God where your health is concerned. Instead of talking about how miserable you feel, quote Isaiah 53:5. Say, "Jesus was wounded for my transgressions. He was bruised for my iniquities. The chastisement of my peace was upon Him; and with His stripes, praise God, I was healed!"

If you'll continue to meditate on those words and continue to say them, the truth in them will begin to sink in. They'll take root in your heart and begin to grow. And eventually you really will be speaking from the abundance of your heart.

When that happens, it won't matter what the circumstances look like. You'll know you have what you've been believing for and the devil himself won't be able to talk you out of it. You'll cross the line from hope to faith, and you'll start seeing those mountains move!

Scripture Reading: Matthew 12:33-37

"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the next generation of LHCb reconstruction and calibration experts. Provela si ekipu kroz nevreme pravo,\u0161ta da ti ka\u017eem sem drugarice bravo! 1 And Gerhard Raven... is simply the nec plus ultra of real-time data processing in High Energy Physics. Gerhard wrote much if not most of the code behind LHCb's High Level Trigger, and laid the foundations on which all the work described in this HDR stands. Ave maestro. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the LHC busbars, whose 2008 failure delayed the start of datataking just long enough for me to find a use for my brain in the LHCb trigger. I've had a lot of lucky breaks and second chances in my life, but that was an especially fortuitous roll of the dice -cheers! I acknowledge funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, under grant agreement No 724777 \"RECEPT\". All cited online content exists at the time of writing. Chapter 1 Eastbound and down: an introduction to real-time analysis Eastbound and down, loaded up and truckin ' We gonna do what they said can't be done. We got a long way to go, and a short time to get there I'm eastbound just watch ol' Bandit run! -Jerry Reed, Eastbound and Down When hearing someone claim to have performed a \"real-time analysis of the data\", three questions immediately spring to mind. First, what does \"real-time\" mean? Second, what does \"data\" mean? And third, what does \"analysis\" mean? All of these terms can, and do,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "express surprise at the fact that a \"creature\" is moving in their belly: Because a kind of life has appeared in my belly \u2026 and it knocks, rumbles, kicks, moves its hands, feels everything. And I think, when it is born, what will happen next. 19 It is impossible to describe what it looks like. It's as in the movie \"Alien\", when something is formed in your tummy and moves with its feet and hands. 20 For a present-day mother it is natural to compare a boy in the womb with a football player: \"It was such an interesting feeling, my baby was moving so much as if a footballer lived in my tummy.\" 21 Most women, when describing their unborn children's first movements, note a special pleasure, emphasizing on the uniqueness of such feelings and the impossibility to experience them in any other way. It was very interesting when the child started to move. It was such a feeling that someone lives inside of you, that you give somebody life. \u2026 it seems it wants to say something to you. \u2026 It's so nice, so it's some kind of an unusual feeling. It cannot be described by words, it only needs to be experienced, and it only needs to be tried. 22 And I always, when I was on the seventh or the sixth month, when I had already such a tummy, I always loved to put my hands on my tummy, when \u2026 there was nobody near, I put my hands on my tummy,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "so unimpressive. I can't even tell you what they covered, but it was this long interview. I don't know what was the purpose. I think it was for collecting data, not for really helping people \u2026 and it was boring and useless.\" They also wanted to know from their provider if they were physical ready and able to complete a program like LIVESTRONG, not knowing exactly what it entailed. \"I would think that if there was some sort of contact made through your medical group \u2026 When you're at the point when you begin to say, \"How am I gonna recover from this? How am I gonna get back to normal physically?\" is when it would be helpful to have someone have a routine call to say, \"We have this available.\" \u2026 I guess that you'd have to do it through your doc, because how would the Y know that you were a candidate?\" Another survivor concurred about how it would've been easier to be referred to LIVESTONG: \"The thing that would've made it easier was what we would do and what the program washow it was structured and if I was physically ready for it. I think that was my big unknown. And then after the first meeting or session, I guess, all of my fears were put completely at ease. It was like, we're gonna help you do what you can do in this way. So that was really helpful, but I was definitely curious before we started. What are we getting into here,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "success and the most important thing is he believed in me. In the future, I must have a workshop of my own. Informant 1 ends by saying he must become someone more respectable and would like to own a motor workshop one day. Informant 2 She comes from a family of five. Her father and brother were lorry drivers. Her father passed away at the age of 43. According to her, One brother studied marine engineering. Sister has a degree and another sister is in Sarawak. My youngest sister is in Form 6. From the age of 15, I was doing bridal make-up. After Form 5, I started working in a beauty parlor. I was studying IT and have completed two semesters so far. Although my family wants me to study, I am happy working here as the salary is good and my boss teaches me all types of work. I speak in Tamil language at work and friends. I try to read English papers and I have the apps in my phone and I use English to speak to my foreign customers and to the English speaking ones. When asked about the reason why she did not continue her study, Informant 2 said, \"I don't like to depend on my guardian. That's why I am holding back to study. That's what makes me stressful.\" This informant is aware that her future is important and commented, \"How does the society look at me? In the future I want to work in an IT company. I will"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "in terms of their practicality. Today, I will attempt to explain the difference between one of these quandries: hashes and arrays.

Let's start with what hashes and arrays look like.

This is an array: .

We can identify a few unique things about this array. For starters, there are a mixture of words (strings) and numbers mixed in. Arrays are not inclusive to one specific data type. Certain arrays have content inside them that makes sense, mine doesn't because sometimes things don't make sense. That's life.

This is a hash:

Clearly there are some visual differences between hashes and arrays. This array is neatly catagorized and anyone could clearly see the information being presented and what it means. But do the differences end there? No.

What was I saying about differences? Let's start with similarities. Both arrays and hashes are organized somewhat invisibly by an index. With an array, the first item entered, (45), has an array index of [0]. The next item, (26), has an array index of [1]. And so on and so forth. Hashes, on the other hand, enable the coder to use 'key-value pairs' to organize the data inputted.

So when does a method call for a hash over an array, or vice versa? In my experience so far, arrays are suited for mathamatical purposes, like figuring mean, median, averages, etc. For data that requires a \"partner\","}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc * [Lesson Video](http://youtu.be/qjusxfefJdM?list=PL2DhNKNdmOtobJjiTYvpBDZ0xzhXRj11N) * This Teacher Lesson Guide * [Download](http://d1pmarobgdhgjx.cloudfront.net/education/pause-think-online-2.mp4) or [prepare](https://www.commonsensemedia.org/videos/pause-think-online) the \"Pause and Think\" video * Common Sense Media's [Follow the Digital Trail](https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/classroom_curriculum/k-2-unit2-followthedigitaltrail.pdf) game * Print one set of [Animal Tracks](https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/classroom_curriculum/k-2-unit2-followthedigitaltrail.pdf) from this PDF * Print one [Animal Tracks](https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/classroom_curriculum/k-2-unit2-followthedigitaltrail.pdf) chart (page 7) for each student * Print one [Digital Footprint Assessment](/curriculum/course2/18/Assessment18-DigitalFootprint.pdf) for each student [/together] [\u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af] ## Getting Started (20 min) ### 1) Review This is a great time to review the last lesson that you went through with your class. You can do this as one large group or have students discuss with an elbow partner. Here are some questions that you can ask in review: * What did we do last time? * What do you wish we had had a chance to do? * Did you think of any questions after the lesson that you want to ask? * What was your favorite part of the last lesson? [tip] # \u0392\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 Finishing the review by asking about the students' favorite things helps to leave a positive impression of the previous exercise, increasing excitement for the activity that you are about to introduce. [/tip] ### 2) Vocabulary \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7: [centerIt] ![](vocab.png) [/centerIt] **Digital Footprint** - Say it with me: Dih-jih-tal Foot-print The information about someone on the Internet ### 3) Pause and Think * Ask What does it mean to be safe? * When you walk down the street or play in your"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "asked Kubrick in 1963 to name his favorite films, he listed Italian director Federico Fellini's I Vitelloni as number one in his Top 10 list. Directing techniques Philosophy Kubrick's films typically involve expressions of an inner struggle, examined from different perspectives. He was very careful not to present his own views of the meaning of his films and to leave them open to interpretation. He explained in a 1960 interview with Robert Emmett Ginna: \"One of the things I always find extremely difficult, when a picture's finished, is when a writer or a film reviewer asks, 'Now, what is it that you were trying to say in that picture?' And without being thought too presumptuous for using this analogy, I like to remember what T. S. Eliot said to someone who had asked him\u2014I believe it was The Waste Land\u2014what he meant by the poem. He replied, 'I meant what I said.' If I could have said it any differently, I would have\". Kubrick likened the understanding of his films to popular music, in that whatever the background or intellect of the individual, a Beatles record, for instance, can be appreciated both by the Alabama truck driver and the young Cambridge intellectual, because their \"emotions and subconscious are far more similar than their intellects\". He believed that the subconscious emotional reaction experienced by audiences was far more powerful in the film medium than in any other traditional verbal form, and this was one of the reasons why he often relied on long periods in his films"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "

Anthony's Blog

Week 7: My 7th Cultural Blog

Affirmation and Stereotype Threat

Established Nov 2nd, 2014

When I think of the last time in my life where I've been the happiest, the proudest. and the most satisfied, the following values come to my mind:

Accomplishment

I like having the feeling of accomplishment. It always makes you fell happy, proud, and satistied. It is because when you set some goal for yourself, you are expecting yourself to accomplish it no matter what obstacles you have out there. Therefore, when you were able to accomplish something, it shows that you have the ability to promise yourself. It tells yourself that you are capable of doing something difficult.

Confidence

Having confidence is very important to me. It is because I always believe that when you are happy, you are always confident during that moment. Being confident about something means you have faith about it, you are good at it, and you are willing to accomplish it no matter what. Thus, being confident in your life is very important, especially during some important moment in your life: Taking an exam, Meeting someone important, Doing something impactful, etc. Sometimes, I believe that the more confident you are, the more happier you are.

Reputation

People wants reputation. I can think of reputation is the value of your personal brand. The more reputation you have, the better your personal brand is. So that also means if"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "is going to burn you, why would you put your hand in it? Today was a painful reminder that I, in fact, am a human. > There are no mistakes. The events we bring upon ourselves, no matter how unpleasant, are necessary in order to learn what we need to learn; whatever steps we take, they're necessary to reach the places we've chosen to go. ~ Richard Bach Truth be told, every time I ever heard someone say \"Change is hard\" I laughed inside. Hard. I genuinely thought \"how difficult can it be for people to _change_.\" Surely everyone knows that as humans we evolve? Oh, how much this year has taught me. Change is so, so incredibly hard. Everyone always talks about the fights. Everyone always talks about how to \"manage\" change. Everyone always explains that you have to *be* the change. But there's one thing I've learnt; more important than the change you want to happen, is the ability to be flexible yourself when the change you want to happen isn't happening quickly or, even more scarily, isn't happening at all. All of the management training hours, all of the \"executive intelligence\" reading does not displace the fact that you are human, that you need things and that you have feelings. As a highly emotional person, I do my best to shut myself off entirely - to not show emotion as much as possible, good or bad, but frustration is one that permeates through everything. Even if you smiling, if you're frustrated you hear"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "far as to ensure I\u2019m interviewing in a specific location so that people hear the sounds of nature or water. This always leads to a conversation that is on my terms and focused on mutual interest. For example, I will take the call when I\u2019m out on a porch. I have my full attention on the interview, but the sound of birds and occasional wind leads to a, \u201cWhere are you?\u201d I can quickly use that to respond by talking about how I like to work outside and enjoy the fresh air, and then ask them about what they enjoy. The more I keep them engaged, the better my odds. Maybe you want to have some small examples of work that you can screen share. If you are going to screen share, set the scene there too. Leave only the things open you want them to see. When you show them something on your screen, it\u2019s a chance to engage them. Look for those opportunities and take them. I was on a video call recently where someone was sharing their screen, and I saw they were playing a video game in the background. This observation led to a pretty funny and awkward conversation about the games we play. Our relationship is stronger because of that bond that started only because their screen share showed something they didn\u2019t realize. # Its Your Interview When you interview in person, you are usually in their office on their terms. When you interview remotely, you have a lot more say"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "layout: post title: Caves, clubs, coconut aminos tags: - cooking - what i'm reading --- Gary Taubes's [*Good Calories, Bad Calories*]( http://www.amazon.com/s/?ie=UTF8&keywords=good+calories%2Fbad+calories&tag=googhydr-20&index=stripbooks&hvadid=79022339574&hvpos=1t1&hvexid=&hvnetw=g&hvrand=7981013642309540881&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=b&hvdev=c&ref=pd_sl_7o7bocbma3_b_p1) convinced me I'd be better off with a lot less sugar and flour in my life. His 1200 dense but readable pages set out the history of nutritional research \u2013 research that shows that fat isn't as bad for you as you've probably heard, and simple carbohydrates are a whole lot worse.

I don't much photograph my food, so have a cave painting instead

Why would that be? If you read up on low carb, you'll soon run into someone saying that \"for most of human history, we didn't eat refined flour and sugar; our diet changed, but we haven't evolved to adapt to our new food environment.\" We might live in highrises, but inside we're still cavemen.

But Marlene Zuk's [*Paleofantasy*]( http://www.amazon.com/Paleofantasy-Evolution-Really-Tells-about-ebook/dp/B007Q6XM1A) convinced me that the evolutionary justification for low carb is sabretoothed hogwash. Humans, she says, have indeed continued to evolve since the stone age. She dismisses a variety of back-to-the-cave schemes in hilarious detail — most of the chapters can be summed up as \"our ancestors did X in a variety of ways, and research has shown that genes related to X have changed since then.\" (Note that this doesn't mean that Zuk's disproved the research that Taubes cites — if there's evidence showing, for example, that consumption of flour and sugar is linked to [\"diseases of civilization\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle_disease),"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "title: \"Tools: ReSharper\" categories: coding categories: coding date: \"2009-02-20\" tags: - \"resharper\" - \"tools\" --- I've long been skeptical of Visual Studio add-ins. This goes back to the VS6 days when I fell in love with an add-in, but eventually removed it because it did such horrific things to my machine's performance. I felt so betrayed, bereft and I'm sure some other suitable words that start with \"b.\" Well, times change. WebMD's been buzzing about [ReSharper](http://www.jetbrains.com/resharper/). It's been quite a while since I took the plunge, but I'm never looking back. Enumerating ReSharper features could keep someone blogging for months at the least, but I thought I'd call out a few of my favorites. Seems like half the time someone talks about ReSharper, I find some widget or keystroke I hadn't noticed before. Maybe you'll notice something new. **Go to Definition isn't busted anymore** This one's kind of a no-brainer, but sometime around VS 2005, I started finding that \"Go to Definition\" wasn't working like it used to. It'd bring up strange files with \"\\[from metadata\\]\" in the title, and only give function signatures. Turns out, as best we can tell, this is because VS doesn't properly handle the pdb's on our assembly references. For various reasons we don't use project references, so for a long time I suffered without my beloved F12. Well, ReSharper restores this functionality, and it actually works. Now if I could just persuade it to go to code files for projects I don't have in the solution... **Run unit tests in-context**"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "when you might have an opportunity to fly them; and to keep building on what works, abandon or fix what doesn't, and keep thinking about how to make the next version better. There is little in this business as satisfying as getting high quality data back from a new place never before visited, or of phenomena never before measured. Exploration is exciting, and going to new places with new instruments is bound to return new discoveries. Just Say No Wow. Quoting another Reagan. Well, not the same context, anyhow. What I mean by that is, don't try to take on too many responsibilities, tasks, or roles. The longer I stay in this field, the more frenetic it seems to grow. I see so many people, especially early and mid-career, split in so many directions that they are ineffective in most of them, and driving themselves toward burn-out at an alarming rate. Although I have just gone on about how much I've diversified over the course of my career, it has been mostly serial, not parallel. Yes, you do need to make sure you are doing something that will continue to pay you to work. And yes, there is a certain amount of taking on jobs that may not be your favorites. But try to limit that. Just because it looks shiny, it doesn't mean you need to bring it back to your nest. Or just because someone asks you to take on something extra, you need not always say yes. Your sanity, and the quality of"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the infomercial with me. When the infomercial came to an end, I said, in disgust, \"That Ashrami is a charlatan!\" Sometimes we say something that is completely obvious just to say something, just to express a strong emotion. What my wife then said shook me to the core. Indeed, after she said it, I could feel my entire world view crumbling into dust. I told you this would be very personal. She said, \"Are you sure?\" Her words went through me like a knife. But, she didn't stop there. I suppose a wife can sense when her husband's arrogance is about to take a gigantic dive into the bottomless abyss. She said, \"Are you sure that Karma Kleanser doesn't work? And if it works, then how can you say that Rabbi Ashrami is a charlatan? And, I have one more question to ask you, dearest: If you do not order Karma Kleanser right now, is that because of your evil karma, as the infomercial suggests?\" Thank you, Sally, my beloved wife, for once again turning my entire view of the universe upside down. What if Karma Kleanser does work? Is Rabbi Ashrami really a fake or is he actually helping people? And, if a person uses Karma Kleanser, is that the result of that person's good karma or bad karma? It struck me that my wife was really asking a more general question about virtual reality and its social implications, its meaning, if you will. When the new self-projection technology was introduced, it revolutionized everything, like"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "kind of vulnerability. She's got a great future.\" In interviews during production, Tate expressed an affinity for her character, Jennifer North, an aspiring actress admired only for her body. Some magazines commented that Tate was viewed similarly and Look published an unfavorable article about the three lead actresses, describing Tate as \"a hopelessly stupid and vain starlet\". Tate, Duke and Parkins developed a close friendship that continued after the completion of the film. During the shooting of Valley of the Dolls, Tate confided to Parkins that she was \"madly in love\" with Polanski. \"Yes, there's no doubt that Roman is the man in my life,\" Tate was quoted as saying in the New York Sunday News. Tate promoted the film enthusiastically. She frequently commented on her admiration for Lee Grant, with whom she had played several dramatic scenes. Tate was quoted as saying, \"I learned a great deal about acting in [Valley of the Dolls], particularly in my scenes with Lee Grant.... She knows what acting is all about and everything she does, from little mannerisms to delivering her lines, is pure professionalism.\" A journalist asked Tate to comment on her nude scene, and she replied, I have no qualms about it at all. I don't see any difference between being stark naked or fully dressed \u2014 if it's part of the job and it's done with meaning and intention. I honestly don't understand the big fuss made over nudity and sex in films. It's silly. On TV, the children can watch people murdering each other,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "title: Max Temkin summary: Designer (Cards Against Humanity, political campaigns) categories: - designer - game - mac --- ### Who are you, and what do you do? My name is [Max](http://maxistentialism.com/ \"Max's website.\"). I'm a designer from Chicago. I work for political campaigns and non-profits. I also make [Humans vs. Zombies](http://humansvszombies.org/ \"A social game played in real life.\") and [Cards Against Humanity](http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com/ \"A card game for horrible people.\"). ### What hardware do you use? I'm not sure if it's been noted on this website before, but Apple makes a good computer. I work on a new 15\" MacBook Pro, which is a recent upgrade from the 2009 unibody MBP following a [chai tea incident](http://maxistentialist.tumblr.com/post/11092248162/this-morning-somebody-spilled-their-drink-on-my \"Max's post about spilling tea on his laptop.\"). I have the high-res display and an extra 4GB of aftermarket RAM to reduce the amount of time I spend looking at Adobe launch screens. Also on my desk: (1) [iPhone 4S][iphone-4s] (1) [Apple Magic Mouse][magic-mouse] (1) [Apple bluetooth keyboard][keyboard] (1) [27\" Apple Thunderbolt Display][thunderbolt-display] (1) [NewerTech hard drive toaster][voyager-q] (1) [Wacom Intuos pen thing][intuos] (20) [Pilot Precise V5s, 0.5mm][precise-v5] (1) Lamy Safari with a plunger converter and Pelikan 4001 ink (3) Field Notes (?) Mead composition notebooks, cow pattern (1) Bulleit Rye (for when I am sad) The main thing that informs my hardware choices is that I move to a new neighborhood every year. It's a great way to learn about my city and [bust my cycle](http://www.zefrank.com/theshow/archives/2006/09/092006.html \"The zefrank video, 'bust that cycle.'\"), and most importantly, it [keeps me from owning too"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "be afraid of strangers; shows affection to familiar people; plays simple \"pretend\" such as feeding a doll; explores alone while parent is close by b. Says several single words; says and shakes head \"no\"; points to show someone what they want c. Knows what ordinary things are (telephone, brush, spoon); points to get the attention of others; shows interest in stuffed animal or dolls; can follow 1 step verbal command without gestures (\"sit down\") d. Walks alone; may walk up steps or run; pulls toys while walking; can help undress themselves; drinks from a cup; eats with a spoon e. My child is not this old yet (skip to page 15) f. My child did not do any of these things at this age Page 11 -6 th CDC milestone question about child (2 years) 28. By 2 years old, my child was doing the following things: (select all answer options that list one or more of the behaviors your child has done. For example, you can select an option, even if your child has only done one of the two or three behaviors listed) a. Copies others (especially adults); gets excited when with other children; shows defiant behavior; shows more independence; plays mainly beside other children b. Points to things or pictures when they are named; knows names of familiar people and body parts; says sentences with 2-4 words; follows simple instructions; repeats words overheard in conversation; points to things in a book c. Begins to sort shapes and colors; completes sentences and rhymes from"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "anyway\u201d symposium held recently at Stanford, an audience member asked me who should be in charge of the product, clearly expecting me to say \u201cthe user experience team\u201d (because it\u2019s all about UE, isn\u2019t it?). My answer disappointed her and many in the audience: We are all in charge, and when there are conflicts, it becomes a business decision\u2014and so it is for managers and executives to decide. But mainly, the person in charge is the product manager. If the product manager can\u2019t resolve the issues, that\u2019s why we pay executives all that money\u2014to make these kinds of business decisions. (Disclaimer: I was once one of those executives.) The decision is based upon what is best for the company and the customer: hopefully, these two coincide. Unusable? Does it matter? Form gets in the way of function? Will it impact sales? Does it prevent the job from getting done? \u201cProduct manager?\u201d was the puzzled response. \u201cBut, then, what discipline should the product manager come from?\u201d Grrrr. That\u2019s someone who doesn\u2019t understand. The correct answer is, \u201cWho cares?\u201d I have seen excellent product managers who were trained in English history, or engineering, or psychology, or Chinese calligraphy. What matters is that this person can pull the team together, can balance the talents of the teams and the needs and requirements of the customers, the company, the sales and marketing teams, the manufacturing and packaging teams, and all those big, powerful egos (as well as the brilliant, but quiet and insecure folks). Talented product managers make this all"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "died from breast cancer, so she asks to be re-tested. Doctor Karl Kennedy (Alan Fletcher) informs Terese that she does have breast cancer after all. Elmaloglou said that the moment is \"pretty overwhelming\" for Terese. Of filming the scenes, she commented \"I'm quite good at separating my work life from real life \u2013 but because my mother has just gone through breast cancer, those emotions are still quite raw. Having to say the words 'I have cancer' was quite confronting.\" She also said that the message about following up test results when your not satisfied with the diagnosis was really important. Terese decides to keep the news from her family and partner, Gary Canning. Elmaloglou was understanding of Terese's reaction, but due to her experience with her mother, she felt that someone diagnosed with cancer needed love and support from their family, as the treatment could be \"very debilitating\". Terese ends up confiding in Paul, who has suffered a cancer scare of his own. Elmaloglou added that Terese was \"a tough cookie\" and she was confident for her survival. Terese eventually reveals her diagnosis to her family. She also starts losing her hair due to the chemotherapy treatment. Elmaloglou explained, \"It's very confronting for Terese when her hair starts to fall out, and it's at that moment she realises she's very sick. She's doing her best, but it's not easy being brave for everyone else.\" When Terese learns that her treatment is not working, Gary visits her oncologist brother Nick Petrides (Damien Fotiou) in prison and"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "The process of making one's wishes known led to a sense of reassurance, \"if I had a stroke for instance and I couldn't talk, I would be happy in the knowledge that my daughter knew exactly what I wanted\" (Patient 20,103). Patients reflected on the benefit of having a physical document outlining their wishes, \"I felt comfortable having it written down to make sure that the family would know what my wishes would be\" (Patient 30,201). Some patients felt documenting wishes was essential to provide clarity, especially given the unpredictability of health. As one patient noted, \"you never know what the world brings, it's good to have something like this on paper\" (Patient 40,202). Patients were fearful of physical and cognitive impairment. Documenting their wishes was seen as a way of safeguarding against unwanted medical procedures and ensuring their preferences would be respected by health professionals and family alike. One patient stated, \"my daughter-in-law kept saying, 'You've got to get it down in writing before they'll do anything about it'\" (Patient 30,207). Another patient felt documentation would prevent family members from overriding their requests, \"they tend to interfere so it's got to be clear to them what my wishes are\" (Patient 40,202). However, for one patient there was a perceived limit to the power of the directive against family wishes, \"It made me realise that it doesn't matter what I say really, it would depend on others \u2026 if one of my children or someone says, 'we're going to resuscitate him' , no matter what I've"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "and The Turin Horse is an example \u2014 an exceedingly rare one in contemporary cinema \u2014 of how a work that seems built on the denial of pleasure can, through formal discipline, passionate integrity and terrifying seriousness, produce an experience of exaltation. The movie is too beautiful to be described as an ordeal, but it is sufficiently intense and unyielding that when it is over, you may feel, along with awe, a measure of relief. Which may sound like a reason to stay away, but is exactly the opposite.\" Ray Bennett of The Hollywood Reporter wrote from the Berlinale: \"Fans of Tarr\u2019s somber and sedate films will know what they are in for and will no doubt find the time well spent. Others might soon grow weary of measured pace of the characters as they dress in their ragged clothes, eat boiled potatoes with their fingers, fetch water, clean their bowls, chop wood and feed the horse.\" Bennett complimented the cinematography, but added: \"That does not, however, make up for the almost complete lack of information about the two characters, and so it is easy to become indifferent to their fate, whatever it is.\" Variety'''s Peter Debruge also noted how the narrative provided \"little to cling to\", but wrote: \"Like Hiroshi Teshigahara's life-changingly profound The Woman in the Dunes ... by way of Bresson, Tarr's tale seems to depict the meaning of life in a microcosm, though its intentions are far more oblique. ... As the premise itself concerns the many stories not being told (Nietzsche"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Woody Allen English My one regret in life is that I am not someone else Woody Allen English Seventy percent of success in life is showing up Woody Allen English The talent for being happy is appreciating and liking what you have, instead of what you don't have Woody Allen English I'm not afraid to die, I just don't want to be there when it happens Woody Allen English What if nothing exists and we're all in somebody's dream? Woody Allen English Bisexuality immediately doubles your chances for a date on Saturday night Woody Allen English If you're not failing every now and again, it's a sign you're not doing anything very innovative A. A. Milne English Weeds are flowers too, once you get to know them A. A. Milne English Organizing is what you do before you do something, so that when you do it, it is not all mixed up A. A. Milne English Golf is so popular simply because it is the best game in the world at which to be bad A. A. Milne English Did you ever stop to think, and forget to start again? A. A. Milne English What I say is that, if a fellow really likes potatoes, he must be a pretty decent sort of fellow A. A. Milne English My spelling is Wobbly. It's good spelling but it Wobbles, and the letters get"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Patrick Spiller is a fictional character from the BBC medical drama Casualty, portrayed by actor Ian Kelsey. The character made his first appearance during the fourteenth series episode \"Free Fall\", which was broadcast on 11 December 1999. Patrick is a specialist registrar in the Holby City Hospital emergency department, who attempts to advance his career and attain a consultancy post, whilst having relationships throughout his tenure with SHO Holly Miles, PC Rachel James and Holly's replacement, SHO Lara Stone. He dies from a head injury following a car crash in the sixteenth series episode \"Past, Present, Future\" \u2013 making his final appearance on 16 March 2002. Characterisation and development Kelsey admitted that he was not confident with the medical jargon that he had to say, likening it to learning Russian. He said \"I haven't a clue what I'm talking about, but there's an adviser who makes sure we don't point at a patient's nose when we're talking about their feet. I'll have to start writing my lines on the patients' plaster casts.\" Patrick has been described as \"Casualty bad boy\" by Marion McMullen of the Coventry Telegraph, who deemed him \"arrogant, brusque and bad-tempered\". Kelsey has disclosed that viewers of the show sometimes assume that he shares his character's temperament, but that he does not receive any hostility for it, surmising: \"It must mean I'm somehow putting across the fact that there really is a nice bloke behind the brick wall that Patrick puts up.\" Kelsey feels that the only trait of Patrick's which he shares"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [-0.08433183282613754, -0.08981055021286011, -0.11352629214525223, -0.06771088391542435, -0.058638233691453934, -0.03455590084195137, -0.04901234433054924, -0.08157805353403091, -0.07862767577171326, -0.05121886730194092, -0.10017072409391403, -0.09537298232316971, -0.03455590084195137, -0.03455589339137077, -0.08292263746261597, -0.04809051752090454, -0.04307389631867409, -0.07931146770715714, -0.051025621592998505, -0.03973471745848656, -0.08217721432447433, 0.022556385025382042, -0.0036988367792218924, -0.02930162474513054, 0.009989447891712189, -0.07315922528505325, -0.08981002122163773, -0.06771072000265121], "y": [-0.02184336446225643, 0.00676260981708765, 0.01936379261314869, 0.02131015993654728, 0.01328158937394619, 0.0261901393532753, 0.046930499374866486, -0.024525057524442673, -0.006078649777919054, 0.0031724004074931145, -0.0450943224132061, 0.031294964253902435, 0.0261901393532753, 0.02619004063308239, 0.07278404384851456, 0.08268261700868607, 0.003374051069840789, 0.018079861998558044, 0.03952240198850632, -0.008216451853513718, 0.033022426068782806, 0.029665233567357063, 0.0064214738085865974, 0.05512857809662819, -0.07457009702920914, -0.006730177439749241, 0.0067625874653458595, 0.02130960114300251], "mode": "markers", "name": "Cluster 5", "marker": {"size": 8, "color": "rgb(253,180,98)"}, "text": ["Document 8", "Document 16", "Document 22", "Document 45", "Document 71", "Document 98", "Document 100", "Document 303", "Document 320", "Document 389", "Document 430", "Document 505", "Document 507", "Document 508", "Document 511", "Document 525", "Document 540", "Document 542", "Document 573", "Document 597", "Document 701", "Document 753", "Document 802", "Document 810", "Document 893", "Document 975", "Document 1126", "Document 1172"], "customdata": [{"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "had one) were prone to massive flooding, washing out dead dogs and cats that had fallen in. This would leave some to believe that dead animals were literally falling from the sky. Why the sight of a dead animal on the ground would cause anyone to assume it fell from the heavens, as opposed to just falling over dead the normal way, is anyone\u2019s guess. Others claim it goes all the way back to Norse mythology (the storm god Odin had two hounds). Still others say it has to do with the freak occurrence of frogs or fish falling from the sky (after being swept up by storms and flung miles away) and that the saying \u201cit\u2019s raining cats and dogs\u201d is just a way to say it\u2019s raining even harder than the time it rained fish. Still it seems like a catchier idiom would have been, \u201cIt\u2019s raining bears!\u201d or \u201cIt\u2019s raining human babies! Quick, catch the babies!\u201d followed by frenetic screaming. Anyway, there\u2019s no hard and fast proof for any of them so take your pick. Article Info\u2026\u2026.www.cracked.com Pictures from\u2026..attackofthecute.com Posted in Articles, Jokes and Funnies | Tagged and, cats, Common, Dogs, Raining, Sayings | Leave a Reply Bust Your Chops \u2013 Common Phrases To give someone a hard time. As in, \u201cYes, I\u2019m late and I\u2019m not wearing pants. Don\u2019t bust my chops.\u201d There was once a time in the world when it was considered cool to sport a long, ridiculous pair of mutton chop side burns. From America to England, Russia to"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "Greek poet Homer. In the epic poem The Odyssey, Odysseus and his men have to travel through the Straits of Messina, an area of the sea guarded by two fearsome monsters: Scylla, a monster with six mouths and 12 feet, and Charybdis, either a sea monster who produced a whirlpool or simply a whirlpool itself. Opting for either one was sure to result in death, for at least some of the crew, so the phrase \u201cbetween Scylla and Charybdis\u201d came to mean having to choose the lesser of two evils. 4 Bust One\u2019s Chops Today\u2019s meaning: Call one\u2019s bluff; criticize someone In the 1800s, when sideburns (and Ambrose Burnside) were at the height of their popularity, this phrase was often used as a challenge to someone\u2019s integrity. The phrase fell out of popular usage around the start of World War I, as men needed to shave the sides of their faces in order to accommodate protective gas masks. As a phrase, it was not only to be taken figuratively, \u201cbust one\u2019s chop\u201d was also to be taken literally. A \u201cbust to one\u2019s chops\u201d could reference a punch to the side of one\u2019s face. Thanks to the popularity of sideburns between the 1950s and the 1970s, and men like Lemmy, the phrase made a brief comeback before fading into relative obscurity today. 3 Give The Cold Shoulder Today\u2019s meaning: To disregard someone Although its true origins are unclear, the earliest written evidence of this phrase comes from the writings of Walter Scott, a Scottish poet and novelist"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "mud to cool off! Well actually, the phrase is quite accurate, it just refers to a different type of pig. During the smelting process, pig iron is produced from ore. When the metal begins to form droplets of condensation it\u2019s deemed cool enough to be handled, meaning when it \u201csweats\u201d it\u2019s safe to move. So, if you\u2019re \u201csweating like a pig,\u201d you\u2019ve actually produced enough sweat to cool freshly produced iron! Bust Your Chops If someone is really nagging you, you may say \u201ccome on, why are you busting my chops?\u201d But if they were really doing that, they\u2019d be punching you in the side of your face \u2013 right where fashionable men sported mutton chops when the phrase originated. Give the Cold Shoulder Giving the cold shoulder generally means to ignore someone or brush them off. However, like many of the above examples, it\u2019s more literal than that. Its meaning goes back centuries (appearing in Sir Walter Scott\u2019s \u201cThe Antiquary\u201d in 1816) and refers to what you give house guests you don\u2019t really like. Valued visitors would receive a hot meal, while the less-welcome would receive nothing but a cold shoulder of mutton. More: Confusing Words If it\u2019s not a saying that\u2019s tripping you up but an individual word, check out our Writing Wednesday posts on the most commonly confused and misused words. About Paperblanks: 25 years ago, we created Paperblanks to help keep book heritage alive and vital in our modern age, and to offer an inspiring space for people to express themselves. Thanks"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "the end of the 16th century, the OED says, the plural \u201cchops\u201d was being used to mean the jaws or mouth \u201cin contemptuous or humorous application to men.\u201d The dictionary cites an anonymous 1589 pamphlet attacking the Anglican hierarchy: \u201cWhose good names can take no staine, from a bishops chopps\u201d (from \u201cHay Any Work for Cooper,\u201d by the pseudonymous Martin Marprelate). Skipping ahead a couple of centuries and crossing the Atlantic, the term came to be used in jazz to mean the power of a trumpeter\u2019s embouchure\u2014the way the lips and tongue are applied to the mouthpiece. The OED\u2019s earliest example is from the August 1937 issue of the jazz magazine Tempo: \u201cSurely his chops can\u2019t be beat already.\u201d A few decades later, \u201cchops\u201d came to mean a jazz musician\u2019s skills: \u201cMaybe you could get your chops together on this horn\u201d (from Black Voices: An Anthology of Afro-American Literature, 1968, edited by Abraham Chapman). And by the late 20th century, according to OED citations, the word meant talent or skill in any field: \u201cMost academic writers just don\u2019t have the chops to make riveting reading out of the quiltwork of 19th-century farm wives\u201d (from the Boston Phoenix, April 27, 1990). Over the years, \u201cchops\u201d has had several other colloquial senses, especially in American slang, including \u201cto bust someone\u2019s chops\u201d (to harass a person, 1953) and \u201cto bust one\u2019s own chops\u201d (to exert oneself to the utmost, 1966). The dates are for the first OED citations. Horticultural doppelg\u00e4ngers Q: Can \u201cdoppelg\u00e4nger\u201d refer to a lookalike plant as"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "the act of chopping someone directly on the spine. jenga chopping is usually only used in self defence. the term benga chop is plain mockery of jenga chop. Get a jenga chop mug for your grandma Jovana."}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "related to what you discuss above? I can't find an origin for this phrase. It was in the Barbershop Arrangers Facebook Group. One of the mixed blessings of social media is that whilst it allows you to share blogs much more widely than would happen by people just happening across it, it tends to divert discussion away from the blog and onto those forums. There was also some discussion on my timeline, but the quote from Alexander comes from the group discussion. I think the 'having chops' refers to the mouth - as in a good embouchure for wind/brass instruments. At least, that's how I've always understood it - now you've asked you've got me wondering! Interesting, I first heard the phrase \"chops\" regarding skilled guitarists, rather than wind instruments. Maybe it just became more generic."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "to the marrow in that snowstorm. The children were chilled to the bone in that unheated room. chink in one\u2019s armour a weakness or vulnerable point that provides an opportunity for attacking or impressing someone who is otherwise invulnerable. His love for his child is the chink in his armour. Jane\u2019s insecurity is the chink in her armour. a person (usually a male) who behaves in the same way as his father or resembles his father. (Usually informal.) John looks like his father\u2014a real chip off the old block. Bill Jones is a chip off the old block. He\u2019s a banker just like his father. chop and change to keep changing or altering something. The shop is always chopping and changing staff. The firm is constantly chopping and changing its plans. clap eyes on someone or something to see someone or something, perhaps for the first time; to set eyes on someone or something. (Informal.) I wish she had never clapped eyes on her fiance?. I haven\u2019t clapped eyes on a red squirrel for years. to get rid of doubts or hostile feelings. (Sometimes this is said about an argument or other unpleasantness. The literal meaning is also used.) All right, let\u2019s discuss this frankly. It\u2019ll be better if we clear the air. Mr. and Mrs. Brown always seem to have to clear the air with a big argument before they can be sociable. to admit that one is wrong; to admit defeat. They were sure they were in the right, but they climbed down when"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "When he sits on the couch, and you straddle him. By splitting your legs it's called a chop. Girl, I couchy chopped that hot guy from the bar last night. Get a couchy chop mug for your fish Zora."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "to find any historical sense of \u201cchum\u201d to mean anything close to \u201cchump.\u201d I\u2019ll keep an eye out for the movie, and if I find it I promise to listen very, very closely to that scene. But for the time being I think we\u2019ll have to assume that it\u2019s that ancient soundtrack that transformed \u201cchump\u201d into something that sounds like \u201cchum.\u201d July 20th, 2011 | Category: columns 1 comment to Chum / Chump WIX: Bats in the Belfry | julie rowan-zoch October 24, 2012 at 8:14 am \u00b7 Reply [\u2026] This time of year brings out the crazies, and I look forward to getting older for just that reason \u2013 madness that can be dismissed with age! \u201cShe\u2019s got bats in the belfry!\u201d they\u2019ll cry out as I skip by in my rain boots and bathing suit! In Germany one could say \u201cSie hat nicht alle Tassen im Schrank.\u201d She doesn\u2019t have all her cups in the cupboard. In England or Australia you might hear \u201coff her chump\u201c. I get the meaning, but on its own \u2018chump\u2019 means an \u2018idiot\u2019 or \u2018fool\u2019. So, to follow my sidetracked mind, I swooped around the internet and found and extracted this from The Word Detective: [\u2026]"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "Often misused, this Greek term means the common people, or the masses Ken Alan Laura (Alex: You don't have as much money as you usually have when you uncover a Daily Double in this second round.) (Ken: It's a big disappointment for me, too. I'm gonna wager $4,800.) ... (Alex: That's right. Not the hotsy-totsy.) Laura Leslie, a journalist from Sacramento, California Alan Paul, an economist from Los Angeles, California TV SHOWS IN OTHER WORDS MIDWESTERN CITIES I NEED MY \"SPACE\" This organ is flexible, so it expands when food is eaten; its capacity in an adult is about a quart \"Chaplin's Cherubim\" One of the Twin Cities, its name literally means \"water city\" Mr. Potato Head's \"Picnic Pals\" of the '60s included Mr. Ketchup Head & this other condiment character From India, the shashpar was a multi-bladed version of this spiked club A trapezius artist would draw the muscle pulling back or elevating this bone \"Identify This Melody\" Its pro sports teams include the Chiefs, Royals & Wizards Hmm... when Katie the Carrot was introduced in '64, this other female character went (temporarily) bye-bye A French riot policeman may wield this, simply the French word for \"stick\" It's been making people scream at Disney World since the '70s The sweat glands originate in this bottom layer of skin \"7 Plus 1 Completes the Need\" The Roger Maris Museum at the West Acres Shopping Center is a big hit in this North Dakota city It was no insult when this comic was hired to provide the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "would take it. \u2018Could I BE any more dead?\u2019 /canned laughter/ When a Plugger says he has a pair of choppers, it means they\u2019ve been spending too much time watching NRA videos. Cheese, motherfuckers! @pugfuggly: Or he\u2019s one of da ork boyz. jroggs January 19th, 2023 at 5:11 am Pluggers: No one, plugger or otherwise, refers to teeth or dentures as choppers. Granted, there\u2019s no funny double meaning to chompers, but you know, maybe we just don\u2019t need to force wordplay out of prosthetic dental work. 9CL: If I wanted to watch ugly animals climb around, make loud screeching noises, and sniff each other, I\u2019d go to the zoo. For Manhattan\u2019s cultural elite, however, this is just another sold-out performance at Carnegie Hall. MW: In case anyone forgot who the dumbest person in Santa Royale is after a year of exposure to intellectual powerhouses like Toby Cameron, Dawn Weston, and Zak Cougarsimp, today is your helpful reminder. Amelie Wikstr\u00f6m January 19th, 2023 at 5:12 am Pie cutters, word hole, smile factory, teefs, Bite Club, kisser lip service, slot A, set of bran flakes, your 32 white horses, Jaws 2: The Tooth is Out There, you-can\u2019t-make-up-the-teeth, there\u2019s so many fun slang terms for teeth/mouths that could have made this Pluggers cartoon a working joke and they went for \u201cset of choppers\u201d which is not, as has been pointed out, a homonym for anything that anybody anywhere owns \u2013 I think the closest you could get is that Scrubs episode where JD, Turk and Carla gets themed blue,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "solos. So if you transpose that to the drum kit I would take chops to mean the basics, and licks to mean the fancy stuff like fills ans solo's. mikel said: not where the terms originated at all it was a slang term used by jazz musicians referring to cats who could play and had the courage to put their expression out there the meaning in its origin is very simple it means you can hang.... thats it for example... the band leaders calls a tune and looks to the bass player he is unfamiliar with and says ... \" Cherokee, you got the chops?\".... asking him if he can hang today it has taken on some self indulgent acrobatic definition .... now a musical phrase is referred to as a \"chop\" .... and \"chops\" now often means look how fast and unmusically I can play this passage Thanks so much for your replies... sounds pretty subjective.. I was trying to figure out if the guy meant that his drummer couldn't keep tight rhythm and perform basic stuff, or if they're expecting a drummer that is more dynamic and showy, more experienced. I guess I'll just call him and ask!!! I'll also find out tomorrow night In reference to the other drummer, it sounds to me like the guy you are auditioning for, just didn't like the overall playing of the former drummer. I don't get the impression that he was being specific. Ha, Tony up to his usual \"I am right, this is how it"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "related to what you discuss above? I can't find an origin for this phrase. It was in the Barbershop Arrangers Facebook Group. One of the mixed blessings of social media is that whilst it allows you to share blogs much more widely than would happen by people just happening across it, it tends to divert discussion away from the blog and onto those forums. There was also some discussion on my timeline, but the quote from Alexander comes from the group discussion. I think the 'having chops' refers to the mouth - as in a good embouchure for wind/brass instruments. At least, that's how I've always understood it - now you've asked you've got me wondering! Interesting, I first heard the phrase \"chops\" regarding skilled guitarists, rather than wind instruments. Maybe it just became more generic."}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "related to what you discuss above? I can't find an origin for this phrase. It was in the Barbershop Arrangers Facebook Group. One of the mixed blessings of social media is that whilst it allows you to share blogs much more widely than would happen by people just happening across it, it tends to divert discussion away from the blog and onto those forums. There was also some discussion on my timeline, but the quote from Alexander comes from the group discussion. I think the 'having chops' refers to the mouth - as in a good embouchure for wind/brass instruments. At least, that's how I've always understood it - now you've asked you've got me wondering! Interesting, I first heard the phrase \"chops\" regarding skilled guitarists, rather than wind instruments. Maybe it just became more generic."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "\"my chops is beat!! It\u2019s one of those words with which most people are familiar, but have vastly differing opinions of what it means. It summons visions of men women with small tokens of affection and asking their hand in marriage on bended knee. For social scientists, studies of courtship usually look at the process of \u201cmate selection.\u201d (Social scientists, among whom I number myself from time to time, will never be accused of being romantics.) For the purpose of this article the , prior to the early 20th century, courtship involved one man and one woman spending intentional time together to get to know each other with the expressed purpose of evaluating the other as a potential husband or wife. Originally something so good, that it is hard to take. His playing is \"too much.\" Torch --- Used occasionally as a description of a song that expresses unrequited love. Train Wreck --- Event during the playing of a tune when the musicians \"disagree\" on where they are in the form (i.e. someone gets lost), so the chord changes and the melody may get confused for several bars, but depending on the abilities of the musicians (it happens to the best of them), there are usually no fatalities and the journey continues. Sorry I can't stick around Slick, I gotta \"split.\" Square --- A somewhat outmoded term meaning unknowing which can be a noun or a verb. Take five --- A way of telling someone to take a five minute break or to take a five"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "added to the end of statements or rhetorical questions, often to express irritation or impatience, as in this quotation from Adichie\u2019s 2013 novel Americanah: \u2018He could have given you reduced rent in one of his properties, even a free flat sef.\u2019 \u201cAlso coming from pidgin contexts is the verb chop, which is a common colloquial word in Ghana and Nigeria meaning \u2018to eat\u2019. However, beginning in the 1970s, chop also developed the sense of acquiring money quickly and easily, and often dishonestly. The negative sense of misappropriating, extorting, or embezzling funds is also in the earlier reduplicative noun chop-chop (earliest quotation dated 1966), which refers to bribery and corruption in public life. This likening of stealing money to actually devouring it is also reflected in the even earlier synonymous phrase to eat money (1960), as in the following quotation from Nigeria\u2019s News Chronicle in 2016:\u2019Our roads were not done. By the end of this year, you will know who ate the money of these roads.\u2019 \u201cA few other expressions in this update would require some explanation for non-Nigerians: a barbing salon (earliest quotation dated 1979) is a barber\u2019s shop; a gist (1990) is a rumour, and to gist (1992) is to gossip; when a woman is said to have put to bed (1973), it means that she has given birth; something described as qualitative (1976) is excellent or of high quality. \u201cBy focusing on contemporary language in this update, and adding words and phrases that form part of the everyday vocabulary of today\u2019s Nigerians, we hope"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "neighborhoods that you sometimes come across in South Africa. Chop is a perfect example. In Nigerian (and Ghanaian) pidgin, chop means to eat. In the case of the above video, \u2018chop my money\u2019 means that the woman all these men are interested in excels at spending their money. There\u2019s some additional pidgin \u2013 \u201cI know dey lie\u201d vs \u201cyou no go believe\u201d playing on the homonym (knowledge vs. negation) as well as a Yoruba verse that slides back into slang \u201cOmo ele I get pepper\u201d (Pretty baby, I\u2019ll find money). An expansive continent, sure, but with enough similarities to make a popsong work."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "means he can hang... thats it Obiwandrumobe chops... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10a45mgMGcY Pocket-full-of-gold A player's skill set......at least, that's what the term used to refer to. These days it's come to mean many weird and wonderful things.....the most prominant of which seems to be playing fast and flashy. But back in the day, it simply meant that you were able to apply your skill set. \"That guy's got great chops\" didn't mean he was a contender for the WFD. It simply meant he could play musically. His musical interpretations were what was required for the song/artist/band. It's also not a drumming term. It's a musical one in general. A guitarist can have \"chops\", a pianist can have \"chops\", as can a trumpet player. I interpret chops as the vocabulary and speed to play fast or technical things. Can I see a bigger photo of your dog? MileHighDrummer Exactly what Arky and Pocket...Gold said. It is your skill-set. If you've got your \"chops\" you (as Tony said above) can hang with the musicians you are playing with. EarthRocker I've always looked at this way, as wrong as it may be. Chops are your flairs. Bells & whistles. Dre25 said: Sure! He's grown up a lot since my avatar pic .. see attached... Zach for forum.jpg That dog looks like it would like some (pork) 'chops'. Aeolian \"Chops\" comes from the old jazz horn players. Their \"choppers\" or mouths/lips, and what they could do with them. Initially it meant complete skill in playing. Tone production, range (especially for brass players) and"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "classic rock band or even a funk band. As a side-note. Chops are relative. What's fast and complicated for one drummer is slow and simple for another. \"Uncle Larry\" I think it's fair to say that chops can mean a few different things. Chops to me means you have a good vocabulary (not just fills) and just as critical, the execution of your all around playing is clean, not sloppy. Technically proficient is a good way to describe it, like the definition you found. Having good chops.... implies that you have a good grasp of how to get around a drumset, and have the ability to make the drums sound effective, not someone who overplays for the situation. Chops mean different things to different people. It's a pretty far reaching and not very clearly defined term. A person can have great chops and not be an effective drummer. Chops.... if you think of them simply as fast, clean playing.... have to be combined with musical maturity to really shine. Your take-away...having the ability to play and sound good, is as good a definition as any. It's a pretty ambiguous term. Hope your audition goes the way you want it to. DrumEatDrum Among drummers, chops generally refers to being ale to play complex fills or ideas smoothly. But in the context of the conversation from the band, what Midnite said: If we go back to where , I believe, the term \"Licks and chops\" originated, the guitar. Chops meant chords, the basics, and licks, meaning riffs and"}, {"title": "rpj-stackexchange", "text": "Q: How did \"Pork Chop\" become a term of endearment? Pork Chop is such an odd term of endearment, any idea what its origin is? Update: For context, I heard the term used in two different contexts. The first was as a nick-name for my dog who is a large breed female Labrador and at the time was trying to convince someone to share their lunch with her. The second time I head it used was as a somewhat derogatory reference to someone that was overweight. In this second example, the nickname wasn't said with malice, more in a jocular manner."}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "What does 'off chops' mean in Australia? Australian slang 'off chops' meaning? To be wildly, excessively drunk. To have drank possibly more than your bodyweight in beer. See also wasted, drunk, off his head. Example: He was deadset wasted, after the shots he was completely off chops. Slang For something or someone to be very good, absolutely amazing, for the term offchops originally came from the meat off the chop of a lamb being so satisfying, the words off chops was brought to be known as expression for something as good as the lamb off a chop. -Example: Laurence said, \u201cThat photo is off chops\u201d as he admired a self portrait of himself, Liking it very much. :Example: \u201cOff chops\u201d I said as I looked out at the beautiful landscape stretching for miles with turquoise sea and green grass on the land in the distance, gawking in awe and amazement. Example: \"This is off chops\" Nathan said with delight as he ate one of Alannas home made Anzac cookies."}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "grammar. \"They can't use chopsticks\" sounds more natural than \"They all...\", but seeing that \u90fd character made me think some sort of quantity needed to be added to the translation. \"They both can't use chopsticks\" should also be accepted. How would we say 'They can't both use chopsticks' as opposed to 'they both can't.. ? I think the best translation is, \"Neither (one) of them knows how to use chopsticks\" It can also mean \"they are not allowed to use chopsticks\" Nope... the embedded answers and hovers are disconnected, and wrong . . . As in missing fingers or something? \"They can't all use chopsticks\" is the grammatically correct version unless it meant that \"none of them can use chopsticks\". But anyway, Duolingo rejected it for unknown reasons."}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "a signifier of poor piano playing with an inexplicable name, then it makes sense that the term \u2018Chinese 7th\u2019 won\u2019t make you feel uncomfortable. But it does make other people uncomfortable \u2013 that\u2019s where this whole discussion started - and so our choice is whether to ignore that or do something about it. They\u2019ll probably not make a big song and dance about it \u2013 as several people pointed out, it\u2019s not the most egregious bit of racism we\u2019ve ever come across, and most people understand that the term was likely coined more through some combination of innocence and ignorance than malice. But still, to continue to use it when we know it bothers some people would make me feel complicit; we didn\u2019t choose the term, but we can choose whether to use it. So I\u2019ll be happier in my musicking with Karri\u2019s new term. And this whole topic reminds me to recommend you take a look at Derek Scott's excellent article on orientalism in music. *Having said that, I was discussing this with a friend after I\u2019d written this, who said that the term\u2018chop\u2019, especially in the context of the \u2018chopping\u2019 style of performance instruction screamed out reductive East Asian stereotypes to him, with connotations of both martial arts and cooking implements. Hi, you mention the previous blog post got quite a bit of discussion going, but I can only see one comment. Where is the discussion? I'd be interested to read. Also, we refer to musicians with great skill as \"having chops\". Is this"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "side of you, this sentence makes perfect sense. The first instance of \u2018left\u2019 and the second instance of \u2018right\u2019 indicate the location of the rocks. The first instance of \u2018right\u2019 means \u2018correct,\u2019 and the second instance of \u2018left\u2019 is talking about the rock that remains. 17. Will Will Smith smith? / Will Smith will smith. As it turns out, the famous actor and rapper\u2019s name is made up of two verbs. The first possible combination asks if the Fresh Prince is going to take up forging armor as a hobby, while the second one affirms it. 18. I chopped a tree down, and then I chopped it up. Ah, the magic of phrasal verbs. To a non-native English speaker, \u201cto chop down\u201d and \u201cto chop up\u201d seem like they would be direct opposites (and might inspire some interesting mental images). Those who really know the language are aware that chopping something down means to hack at it until it falls, while chopping it up means to cut it into smaller pieces. 19. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. Noam Chomsky came up with this grammatically correct, but nonsensical sentence in order to prove that syntax and semantics are two very distinct things. You\u2019d probably never hear these words spoken in this order in actual conversation, but all of the words are used correctly. This fascinating video uses this technique to show us how English sounds to people who don\u2019t speak the language\u2014 it sounds like it makes sense because the structure is the same as what we\u2019re"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "to learn to slow down and improve in that dimension, both to make me better and to make the people around me better.\u201d In relation to the phrase \u201cchop, chop, chop\u201d, our reader points to Alice Cooper\u2019a video/performance of \u201cChop, Chop Chop\u201d and adds some lyrics: Some people call me the creeper \u2018Cuz they don\u2019t know my name or face I got \u2018em running in circles Because a homicidal genius never leaves a trace I\u2019m a lonely hunter City fullo f game Walkin in the neon lights Chop, chop, chop \u2013 engine of destruction Chop, chop, chop \u2013 a perfect killing machine Chop, chop, chop \u2013 it\u2019s a symbiotic function Chop, chop, chop \u2013 I keep the city so clean Truly strange choice of words. Lastly, regarding Paul Allen\u2019s baby, it\u2019s pretty much going the wrong way. From the latest news: Charter bankruptcy moves forward Charter takes step forward in bankruptcy effort Court Approves Charter Communications Disclosure Statement Court Approves Charter Bankruptcy Plan If economic depression now looms or reigns (for obvious reasons), then definite answers should not be so distant in the future. \u2588 Links 16/05/2009: GlusterFS 2.0 Out, OpenOffice.org 3.1 Benchmarks? Linux Poem Contest\u2013Write and Win $5 General:Write a minimum of 4 lines about Linux (could be distro specific like Ubuntu, Fedora, openSUSE, etc.)\u2026maximum length in not there. The lines should be rhyming though might not follow a meter system. No need to mention but still: absolutely original lines should be submitted. Security \u2013 It\u2019s Not Just For Geeks One of the most recent"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "Canada, the waiters were all of Asian descent (it has been about 10 years, so my memory may be fuzzy on the exact numbers). We were all starting to get a little aggravated when one of the guys waves to get attention and shouts \"Chink!\". He claimed he was saying cheap, but no one believed him. This was the same guy who shouted \"Quick! Hide the drugs!\" seconds before Canadian customs got on the bus. We tried to leave him in Canada, but the chaparones wouldn't let us. cpttactii Jan-13-2004 Erin; Re; Name Calling: Please note that only a certain *class* of Black people permit, use and accept using the N-Word in the manner you refer to. Personally, I refer to these folks usually as \"ignorant ghetto trash\" /;0) That word, IMVHO, is offensive no matter the context (kind of like the old Richard Pryor joke about pronouncing the N-Word, i.e. \"if you get your ass kicked you know you got it right\" :0J... blacksnake Jan-14-2004 Yes, a chink is a narrowing opening. A chink in the curtains refers to them being not quite closed. A chink in your armour refers to a gap in your defences rather than to Jackie Chan wearing your metal clothing. In its racial slur meaning, 'Chink'/'chink' is offensive. Unless the user is Chinese and then it's very similar to 'nigger'. M_Stevenson Apr-11-2004 BooBoo's 3rd definition is also correct. It's usually used in connection with money. 'The chink of coins'. anonymous4 Apr-11-2004 Chinks are no different than Niggers, Wops, Spics ..."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Greek poet Homer. In the epic poem The Odyssey, Odysseus and his men have to travel through the Straits of Messina, an area of the sea guarded by two fearsome monsters: Scylla, a monster with six mouths and 12 feet, and Charybdis, either a sea monster who produced a whirlpool or simply a whirlpool itself. Opting for either one was sure to result in death, for at least some of the crew, so the phrase \u201cbetween Scylla and Charybdis\u201d came to mean having to choose the lesser of two evils. 4 Bust One\u2019s Chops Today\u2019s meaning: Call one\u2019s bluff; criticize someone In the 1800s, when sideburns (and Ambrose Burnside) were at the height of their popularity, this phrase was often used as a challenge to someone\u2019s integrity. The phrase fell out of popular usage around the start of World War I, as men needed to shave the sides of their faces in order to accommodate protective gas masks. As a phrase, it was not only to be taken figuratively, \u201cbust one\u2019s chop\u201d was also to be taken literally. A \u201cbust to one\u2019s chops\u201d could reference a punch to the side of one\u2019s face. Thanks to the popularity of sideburns between the 1950s and the 1970s, and men like Lemmy, the phrase made a brief comeback before fading into relative obscurity today. 3 Give The Cold Shoulder Today\u2019s meaning: To disregard someone Although its true origins are unclear, the earliest written evidence of this phrase comes from the writings of Walter Scott, a Scottish poet and novelist"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the end of the 16th century, the OED says, the plural \u201cchops\u201d was being used to mean the jaws or mouth \u201cin contemptuous or humorous application to men.\u201d The dictionary cites an anonymous 1589 pamphlet attacking the Anglican hierarchy: \u201cWhose good names can take no staine, from a bishops chopps\u201d (from \u201cHay Any Work for Cooper,\u201d by the pseudonymous Martin Marprelate). Skipping ahead a couple of centuries and crossing the Atlantic, the term came to be used in jazz to mean the power of a trumpeter\u2019s embouchure\u2014the way the lips and tongue are applied to the mouthpiece. The OED\u2019s earliest example is from the August 1937 issue of the jazz magazine Tempo: \u201cSurely his chops can\u2019t be beat already.\u201d A few decades later, \u201cchops\u201d came to mean a jazz musician\u2019s skills: \u201cMaybe you could get your chops together on this horn\u201d (from Black Voices: An Anthology of Afro-American Literature, 1968, edited by Abraham Chapman). And by the late 20th century, according to OED citations, the word meant talent or skill in any field: \u201cMost academic writers just don\u2019t have the chops to make riveting reading out of the quiltwork of 19th-century farm wives\u201d (from the Boston Phoenix, April 27, 1990). Over the years, \u201cchops\u201d has had several other colloquial senses, especially in American slang, including \u201cto bust someone\u2019s chops\u201d (to harass a person, 1953) and \u201cto bust one\u2019s own chops\u201d (to exert oneself to the utmost, 1966). The dates are for the first OED citations. Horticultural doppelg\u00e4ngers Q: Can \u201cdoppelg\u00e4nger\u201d refer to a lookalike plant as"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [-0.13118821382522583, -0.1608225256204605, -0.11168761551380157, -0.10973765701055527, -0.11302751302719116, -0.10562364757061005, -0.12626712024211884, -0.09083560854196548, -0.13265760242938995, -0.10044249147176743, -0.15350723266601562, -0.12910446524620056, -0.0987544134259224, -0.1347333788871765, -0.12255313992500305, -0.13356487452983856, -0.11827273666858673, -0.11840473860502243, -0.11421898007392883, -0.11720484495162964, -0.12556833028793335, -0.08733958750963211, -0.1086248829960823, -0.08860620856285095, -0.07009197026491165, -0.09854251891374588, -0.03885510563850403, -0.09347210079431534, -0.12159965932369232, -0.10247381031513214, -0.06296725571155548, -0.1292077898979187, -0.1271432638168335, -0.08103003352880478, -0.12584860622882843, -0.13692991435527802, -0.09527678787708282, -0.11830358952283859, -0.11190186440944672, 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I already blount. It's Josh who needs to ante up.\" submitted by Leggett blousefarten - Volunteering, helping, or teaching little children. e.g., Since I refused to take swimming lessons, my father told me I had to do something productive, like blousefarten. submitted by Emily Elizabeth bloviator - Puffing with hot air but saying nothing. e.g., Obama's speeches about change and \"saving the world\" make him a bloviator. submitted by Jeff - (www) blow chunks - To throw up. | Blowing chunks: throwing up, puking, up-chucking. (ED. Possibly, as the second example suggests, \"deserves to be horsewhipped.\" Maybe just \"sucks.\") e.g., Chris did it again. Drank too much and blew chunks all over the floor last night. | \"8 The fact that this soldier did not just kick the crap out of this little douche is more proof to me that all of the MSM blows chunks for every slander they have thrown at our [m]ilitary for decades now. They can all kiss it high and deep. This particular one can eat my toe fungus.\" submitted by tim dunk | Rachel blow out - Being so tired (due to stress, fatique, a broken heart, etc.) that one cannot even be grammatically correct. Therefore, instead of being \"blown out,\" one is simply \"blow out.\" Makes more sense in a way, seeing as how stating it most of the time indicates that one is still in that state. e.g., I am"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "glasses], bottom's up.\" Break a leg Do well at a performance or on stage Bred in the bone An expression describing something firmly established or deep-rooted, similar to \"died in the wool\" \"What's bred in the bone is sure to come out in the flesh.\" Bright-eyed and bushy-tailed An expression meaning alert and ready to go! An expression meaning to intimidate someone into doing something, usually with stern or abusive words \"The captain browbeat the soldiers to climb the last ridge before the sun went down, there was no rest for anyone.\" Brown-nose, ass-kisser, kiss-ass Someone who sucks up to you to gain your favor. This is done by doing something for you for no apparent reason, laughing even if something wasn't funny, agreeing to everything you say Bull in a china shop Someone who is very careless in the way they move or behave An expression describing a woman who is pregnant \"With that little tummy bump, I knew she had a bun in the oven.\" Burning a candle from both ends Working so hard that you will wear yourself (or extinguish) your energy To do something that damages a relationship going forward \"Make sure you give two weeks notice so you remain on good terms with the boss in case you need a reference. You don't want to burn bridges.\" Bursting at the seams An expression used to describe something full or overflowing, also when someone is overwhelmed with emotion \"He's just bursting at the seams, can't wait to tell Victoria how he really"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "tell someone they were attractive, what might you call them? \"The Man\" has been giving you trouble lately, but who is \"the Man?\" Your friend is going to \"catch you on the flip-side.\" What are they going to do? Everyone has invited you to go streaking. What do they want to do? The Commodores had a song called \"Brick House.\" What did people mean when they said that? What did it mean if someone told you to \"keep on truckin'?\" Your friend wants to become a rock star but can't sing. You think it's pretty unlikely to happen, so what do you tell them? What might someone be feeling if they yell \"Dy-No-Mite\" out loud? This term to express that you have heard and understood someone is still used by truckers. What is it? What just happened if someone yells \"burn!\" at someone else? If a friend tells you everything is copacetic, what do they mean? What kind of beans would you mention if you were really in agreement with someone? If something was cool but also a little bit different than the usual, what might you call it? Your friend just said, \"Slap me some skin.\" What do they want? If someone got described as a \"burn out,\" what would that mean? What TV show made \"Up your nose with a rubber hose\" famous? If your surfer friends describe a wave as \"gnarly,\" what do they mean?"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "important. Relaxing is good. Taking work home to get ahead is a smart move. \u201cHanging loose\u201d simply means that you are relaxed. The term comes from the opposing visual to being tightly wound when stressed. Should you feel good if your friend said \u201cright on,\u201d after hearing your opinion? It\u2019s neutral. They didn\u2019t listen. \u201cRight on\u201d can mean that what someone said is not only correct, but exactly right. People are still debating if it\u2019s from \u201cright on target,\u201d or \u201cright on time,\u201d though these two thoughts essentially suggest the same concept. If you\u2019ve been \u201cbusted by the fuzz,\u201d where would you be now? Parent\u2019s house The \u201cfuzz\u201d simply refers to the police. Some people say the term comes from the fuzzy hair that cops used to have, like crew cuts. If your hippie friend says that another person is \u201call show, no go,\u201d is that person OK? Depends on the situation Befriend that person more \u201cAll show, no go\u201d is a fancy hippie phrase to say that something is superficial. In other words, it looks good, but it\u2019s actually useless or of low value. If you want to \u201clay it on\u201d your best friend, what are you trying to do? Get intimate Rest at their place Ask for money Tell something important \u201cLay it on me\u201d was used as a term for telling a person something important. Some people say the term comes from the idea of sharing a burden among friends or peers. If you have an \"ankle-biter,\u201d what does that make you? A"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "on more responsibility than is warranted \"Working at the grocery store and the restaurant while being a full time student is biting off more than you can chew.\" Bite one's head off An expression meaning to reply brusquely or sharply to someone \"She practically bit my head off when I admitted to her that I copied her homework.\" An expression meaning to decide to do something difficult or unpleasant that one has been putting off \"I'm just going to bite the bullet and clean my room before my mom comes home.\" Blind ambition An expression meaning to seek to improve only things for yourself, not like ambition, which is about improving and changing things in the world \"He's got blind ambition, all he can think about is getting into business school.\" Blind as a bat An expression meaning not being able to see very well (bats use echolocation, rather than sight) \"She can't see anything without her glasses on, she's blind as a bat.\" Going out with someone whom you have never met, usually arranged by a mutual friend Blindside someone An expression meaning to simply to do or say something the person is utterly unprepared for \"Robby blindsided Emily when he told her he was breaking up with her, she was totally shocked.\" Blowing a lot of hot air Talking excessively without really saying anything important Blow one's horn An expression meaning to be boastful about one's own accomplishments, similar to \"toot one's own horn\" \"Not to blow my own horn, but I sing the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "saying. For example, if you ask someone \"was it hard losing your home when that meteorite wiped out the dinosaurs?\" the implied insult - the shade - is that they are extremely old. To endorse or support a romantic coupling, even if they aren\u2019t a reality. Kind of like a fantasy pairing. To be so completely surprised by something, that your body is literally shook. Can also mean you\u2019re scared/can\u2019t believe your eyes. Short for \"Shaking my head,\" used to denote disappointment/disapproval Snack/Snacc A way to describe someone you find attractive. To be on point, looks-wise. For example, \"I've just been to the beautician and my eyebrows are snatched\" Often cited as being based on the character from Eminem\u2019s music video of the same name, this represents a crazy, OTT and often terrifying fan for something (be it a person or a form of media). Pronounced either as \u201ctick\u201d or \u201cthicK\u201d (with a heavy K) to refer to a person who is incredibly curvy and sexy. Larger than an hour glass figure. Short for, \"Today I Learned\" Short for \"Too Long; Didn't Read\" - the TL;DR version of something is a shortened, easily digestible version of longer content. When you exist purely for one thing, person you can be called XXX trash. Also used as a self-deprecating term for being a general mess and worthless person. This, for example, is one word that because of internet slang, has generated an entirely new meaning to some. Short for \"You only live once,\" usually used as a justification"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "[15] Looking in the wrong place. [note 1] \"Basket case\" One made powerless or ineffective, as by nerves, panic, or stress. [note 2] \"Beat around the bush\" To treat a topic, but omit its main points, often intentionally or to delay or avoid talking about something difficult or unpleasant. \"Beat a dead horse\" To uselessly dwell on a subject far beyond its point of resolution. \"Bed of roses\" A rich person. A very rich family. \"Best of both worlds\" A situation wherein someone has the privilege of enjoying two different opportunities. \"Bite off more than one can chew\" To take on more responsibility than one can manage. \"Bite the bullet\" To endure a painful or unpleasant situation that is unavoidable. \"Bite the dust\" Euphemism for dying or death. \"Break a leg\" [16] A saying from the theatre that means \"good luck\". \"Burn the midnight oil\" [17] To work late into the night, alluding to the time before electric lighting. [note 3] \"Bust one's chops\" [18] To say things intended to harass. [note 4] \"By the seat of one's pants\" [19] To achieve through instinct or do something without advance preparation. \"By the skin of one's teeth\" [20] Narrowly; barely. Usually used in regard to a narrow escape from a disaster. [note 5] \"Call it a day\" [21] To declare the end of a task. [note 6] Cat nap A nap. Chalk up [22] To attribute something to a particular cause. \"Champ at the bit\" or \"Chomp at the bit\" [23] To show impatience or frustration when"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "very bad or evil person, and especially one that is a main character in a play or movie.I am the brains behind this operation. \u2014 Yeah, dream on. \u201cTo be the brains behind an operation\u201d is to be the person who created or planned it (In this case, an operation is a particular plot or plan). \u201cDream on\u201d is a funny way of expressing disbelief or cynicism (i.e., \u201cI don\u2019t believe you have the intelligence to be the brains behind this).We got 40 actors and they\u2019re tearing through the zoo. \u201cTo tear through\u201d a place is to pass through it very quickly.They\u2019ll deny it up and down, but believe me, it true. This is George\u2019s way of saying that they\u2019ll never admit it, but this wording is rarely if ever used (Of course to deny is a key verb).Party time for Latka. \u2014 Not until you take off those overalls. A type of loose clothes, attached over the shoulders, and often worn over other clothes.40,000,000 people are watching your ass every week. George\u2019s way of telling Andy millions of people see him every week on TV (Your ass, of course, is your rear end, behind, derriere, etc).It\u2019s credibility. you make them love you now, andlater on your special, you can fuck with their heads. \u201cCredibility\u201d is an important word that refers to whether a person can be believed or trusted. \u201cTo fuck with a person\u2019s head\u201d is a vulgar but interesting way of saying to try and confuse or disorient them.The sky is the limit, man."}, {"title": "rpj-stackexchange", "text": "Q: Get everybody \"rustled\" in the place This is a comment that came out of a discussion on McDonalds: I remember working at McHell for over 2 years. 25 cars in the Drive-Thru was nothing. The worst part was a semi-full lobby/Drive-Thru and then a buss pulls in. That shit would get everybody rustled in the place... Shit being thrown everywhere, people yelling. Good times. What does rustle mean when he says the buss would get everybody rustled in the place? I couldn't find a definition in the dictionaries that's appropriate to the context. And I'm assuming he made a typo and meant bus instead of buss? A: It's a shortened form of rustle one's jimmies. Urban Dictionary is often useful for this sort of slang in forum/group posts. Urban Dictionary \u201cThat Really Rustled My Jimmies\u201d is an expression that is used to convey feelings of discontent or discomfort in response to someone else\u2019s post in imageboards and discussion forums, most notably on 4chan. To rustle one's jimmies means to make someone discontent or to bother someone. Rustled in the context you quote (in a fast-food outlet) simply means made unhappy, discontented, dicomfited, disturbed, annoyed, anxious... [And he almost certainly does mean bus. Buss is a ship.]"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "will hurt others. No result will be obtained by futile efforts, and that's just \"beating a dead __.\" \"To beat a dead horse\" suggests doing actions that will result to nothing, since these actions are just time-wasters, much like how one knows that a dead horse will not move anymore even if you flog it. It can also refer to making actions or decisions that will have no concrete outcome. Say that you will \"take a __check\" when you want to reschedule and do something at a later date or time. If you want to move a scheduled appointment to a later date, you simply say \"take a raincheck\" instead of dismissing it outright. It's a more polite way of getting out of a meeting, regardless of if you intend to really reschedule it or not. \"It's __ to me\" when certain information is unclear. When someone speaks using heavy jargon or tries to explain complicated information (like scientific or mathematical formulas) and the listener doesn't comprehend it, the latter can say, \"It's Greek to me.\" It pertains to the information being foreign to a person, or the person simply can't understand it. Don't \"throw someone under the __\" and let them suffer for your own personal gain. To \"throw someone under the bus\" is a manifestation of betrayal since one person sacrifices their relationship with another person for personal advancement or gain. It usually happens behind someone's back but can also take place while the parties involved are in each other's company. You're just \"preaching"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "directly if there's an issue, instead of behind your back. Even though it refers to online interaction, people use it in real life too. It is said more jokingly these days, though. For example: If you say, \"Someone in this house doesn't wash up properly,\" your child could say \"@ me next time, Mom.\" A whole meal If someone is looking good, they're \"a whole meal\". This phrase does have somewhat of a sexual connotation, so don't go throwing it around. If someone is regular, boring or does typical things, they are \"basic\". Bop/Banger If a song is really good or enjoyable, it's a \"bop\" or a \"banger\". Someone who enjoys the lavish and extravagant things in life. For example: Did you see her Gucci fanny pack?\" \"Yeah, she's so boujee.\" If someone does something the internet deems \"problematic\", they are \"cancelled\". For example: \"Did you see what R Kelly did to those women?\" \"Yes, he's definitely cancelled!\" Clapback A response to being \"called out\", confronted or insulted. Getting back at someone. Clapbacks are supposed to be smart and witty responses that \"burns\" your opponent. In social media context, \"clout\" means having a great social influence or following, being popular or being favoured in certain situations because of your social media or general social presence. Creps Sneakers. When something is of high quality. For example: \"Did you see those dank memes I sent you?\" Deadass For real/definitely/seriously/I agree. Example 1: \"This song is such a bop!\" \"Deadass!\" Example 2: \"I won a car!\" \"Deadass?\" Also see:"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "to do? You show up late to the party and your friend tells you they already ordered a cheese pizza. They want to know if that's OK. What might they ask? You're watching a new movie, and man is it a \"drag.\" What is that? Your friend says they've got $50 for you but then they pull it away. It's a trick! What do they yell? You might call someone this if they're being a jerk. You just got some news and man is it \"heavy.\" What does that mean? Your friend just walked into the middle of a story and wants you to fill them in quickly. What do they say? You just got bad news and it's bringing you down. How would you describe that news? You might toss out this term to describe someone who's not the smartest. You could say your friend is just a cool person, or you could say they're a cool what? If someone is a little klutzy, they might get called one of these. This was a term for a police officer, particularly on the highway. Uh oh! You were skipping school and then ran into the principal. He hasn't seen you yet so you should run. What do you tell your friend you need to do? Someone on the street just called you a \"chump!\" What did they mean? Your mom wants you to hang out with your cousin, but he's a real \"square.\" What does that mean? He's from out of town. If you wanted to"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "I could care less about you dating Brad.\" If I don't want you to talk about a sensitive topic, what will I say? D*** skippy You straight Yoink If I don't want you to talk about a sensitive topic, I will most likely say the phrase \"don't go there!\" For example, \"Don't go there, Stacy, you know I hate talking about my ex-boyfriends.\" Someone's \"crib\" refers to their\u2026? Financial situation Food in the fridge Someone's \"crib\" refers to their home or living situation. For instance, \"Hey, man, can I come to your crib tonight?\" A \"chick flick\" refers to which type of movie? \"Chick flicks\" refer to romantic comedies and was used in the '90s to stereotype the film interests of women. For instance, \"No, Sarah, I don't want to watch another chick flick with you!\" If someone is loaded with \"cheddar,\" they are loaded with\u2026? \"Cheddar\" is another way of saying \"money.\" For instance, \"Man, I got paid yesterday, and now I have a lot of cheddar to spend!\" If someone is \"bunked,\" they are acting\u2026? Perplexed Crazy/wild \"Bunked\" is another way of saying that someone is acting crazy or wild. For instance, \"Let's take Josh home from this party. He's been acting so bunked from all those drinks.\" If you want to emphasize being correct in a situation, which of these phrases would you use? Buzz kill Slammin' \"Booya\" is often used to emphasize being correct in a situation. For example, \"Booya! I told you the Eagles would win the Super Bowl!\" If I"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "your friends.\u2019 (p.74) = betrayed. \u2018Hit the shower, bro\u2019. You smell like a fucking grow house.\u2019 (p.173) I think \u2018grow house\u2019 means the kind of indoors greenhouse space used to grow marijuana. Uric ended up paying the Prince the full three hundred he wanted, which he ended up spending on chronic. (p.173) \u2018Among cannabis consumers, chronic can be used as slang for marijuana itself, but many users reserve the term for particularly potent strains of the plant\u2019 (Dictionary.com) nutsack = scrotum knuckle bump, aka fist bump \u2018I got a dope new truck\u2019 (p.214) \u2013 where \u2018dope\u2019 presumably means cool, neat, great. \u2018I can\u2019t take a chance that he hasn\u2019t suddenly stripped his gears.\u2019 (p.242) meaning lost it, gone mad, gone psycho. Two white-clad Brits stood in wait while the driver, whose name was Guppo, backed up the gaily painted Betancourt Pastries chariot. (p.247) \u2018Stood in wait\u2019? One day Nutter was approached in the chow line by an inmate who said a group of patriots on the outside was offering serious bank for the death of Diego Beltr\u00e1n. (p.254) = big money A buzz kill = something which destroys the mood, specially a romantic mood around sex (p.280) Studly = like a stud, as in \u2018a studly lover\u2019 (p.326) Reamed = getting reamed, being reamed = a strong telling-off (p.33) Rails = lines of cocaine (p.366) Toasted = stoned (p.380) I was surprised when Hiaasen has his sympathetic protagonist, Angie, in a spare evening, catch an episode of Fleabag, the award-winning British TV series. He also has"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "getting up early.\" beat: exhausted; very tired (adj.). \"This has been a long day. I'm beat!\" beat around the bush: evade an issue; avoid giving a direct answer. \"Quit beating around the bush! If you don't want to go with me, just tell me!\" beat one's brains out: try very hard to understand or do something. but I just can't solve it.\" Beats me: I have no idea. A: \"What time's the party?\" A: \"I'm really tired of working.\" B: \"Just be patient. The weekend will be here before long.\" bent out of shape: needlessly worried about something. \"I know you're worried about your job interview, but don't get bent out of shape. bite off more than one can chew: take responsibility for more than one can manage. bit off more than I could chew!\" blabbermouth: a very talkative person--especially one who says things that should be kept secret. \"Don't say anything to Bob unless you want the whole office to know. blow one's top: become extremely angry. A: \"Was your father upset when you came home at 3 AM?\" B: \"He was more than upset. He blew his top!\" boom box: portable cassette/CD player. \"Don't forget to bring your boom box to the picnic!\" the bottom line: the most essential information. the XYZ Company isn't for sale.\" Break a leg!: Good luck! \"I understand you have a job interview tomorrow. Break a leg!\" break someone's heart: make someone feel very disappointed/discouraged/sad. \"Joe broke his mother's heart when he dropped out of school.\" A: \"Can you"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "be used to agree with someone. For example, \"Hey, you all right with going to the mall later?\" \"Yeah, that's straight.\" A person who likes to be a show-off is called a\u2026? Po po A \"shooter\" is someone who likes to be a show-off. For instance, \"Ugh, look at that girl copying our outfits from last week. What a shooter.\" Which of these phrases is used to express happiness? \"Score\" is used to express happiness in a situation, as well as promoting one's accomplishments. For example, \"Score! I got into Harvard University!\" If someone was tricked or fooled, they have been\u2026? Flossin' Chillin' Aside from being a TV show in the early '2000s, \"punked\" was also used to describe someone who was fooled or tricked. For example, \"Dang, man, you just got punked big time!\" What is the meaning of the phrase \"quit icing my grill?\" Stop giving me the cold shoulder. Stop saying bad things about me. Stop running so late all the time. Stop damaging my meat grill. When someone insults another person in front of them, the other person may feel embarrassed and say, \"quit icing my grill.\" For example, \"Quit icing my grill in front of all these people, man.\" If something is \"off the heezy,\" what does that mean? It's another way of saying \"unique.\" It's another way of saying \"lame.\" It's another way of saying \"confused.\" It refers to an object's large size. If something is \"off the heezy,\" that means that it's different or unique. For example, \"I've never"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "authoritative position. You want to hang out with someone. You want someone to lower their voice. You want someone to stop bothering you. If someone is annoying or bothering you, you'll likely tell them to \"step off.\" For instance, \"Step off, Matt, you're being so annoying right now!\" If something is \"straight,\" that means that it's\u2026? Aside from being \"true,\" \"straight\" can also be used to agree with someone. For example, \"Hey, you all right with going to the mall later?\" \"Yeah, that's straight.\" A person who likes to be a show-off is called a\u2026? Po po A \"shooter\" is someone who likes to be a show-off. For instance, \"Ugh, look at that girl copying our outfits from last week. What a shooter.\" Which of these phrases is used to express happiness? Murk \"Score\" is used to express happiness in a situation, as well as promoting one's accomplishments. For example, \"Score! I got into Harvard University!\" If someone was tricked or fooled, they have been\u2026? Ganked Flossin' Chillin' Aside from being a TV show in the early '2000s, \"punked\" was also used to describe someone who was fooled or tricked. For example, \"Dang, man, you just got punked big time!\" What is the meaning of the phrase \"quit icing my grill?\" Stop giving me the cold shoulder. Stop saying bad things about me. Stop running so late all the time. Stop damaging my meat grill. When someone insults another person in front of them, the other person may feel embarrassed and say, \"quit icing my grill.\""}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "is to tell them bad news in a very loving or caring way, so that they will not be too hurt.How about a bathroom? I may have shit in my pants. A very crude way of saying to have defecated in your own clothes, and an expression that is often seen when people are extremely nervous.It makes Tony real. It gives him three dimensions. A \u201cthree dimensional\u201d person appears to be like a real person, even though they may be a character in a film, or perhaps a distant celebrity.If you book Tony, do not expect to get Andy. \u2014 I\u2019ll take my chances, all right? \u201cTo take one\u2019s chances\u2019 is to take a big risk for a possible big payoff.You make one more sound, and I\u2019ll put your fricking head in the soup. This is Tony\u2019s way of telling people to shut up. Remember that \u201cfricking\u201d is a less vulgar way of saying \u201cfucking,\u201d but it\u2019s also rare.Thank you. I do all my own stunts. A \u201cstunt\u201d is a dangerous act of bodily skill, such as jumping off a building, that is often filmed for a movie (A \u201cstunt man\u201d does them for a living, and is an important part of the movie industry).Kaufman is crapping on my act. \u201cTo crap\u201d is a vulgar verb meaning to shit or defecate, or here, to ruin.What do you have here? A big elaborate joke that is only funny to two people in the universe. \u201cElaborate\u201d means full of detail, with many parts, or complicated. What is the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "1920s you might also call him a \"lollygagger\". If you called someone a \"fire extinguisher\" what would you mean? Someone who is hot and sexy Someone who just can't get warm Someone who is a killjoy Someone who loves to explode fireworks A chaperone is an example of a \"fire extinguisher\". It is someone who takes the potential fun out of a situation. What part of your body is your \"gams?\" You can also call them \"pins\" or \"stilts,\" but \"gams\" means legs, usually of the female persuasion that are good looking. If you \"have to go see a man about a dog\" what are you really doing? Going to walk the dog. Going to buy some whiskey. Going to hitch a ride to the store. Going home. No dog is involved with this one. If you have to see a man about a dog, you are going to go buy whiskey. \"To know one's onions.\" What does that mean? To know how to cook. To know the best restaurants. To know your place in the pecking order. To know what's someone's talking about. Yes, you know your onions if you know what someone's talking about. You are up on the conversation. If you've been on a \"toot\"? What have you been doing? Riding a train Driving a long distance You are drunk, probably from having been on a toot, or a drinking binge. Other jargon includes \"splifficated,\" \"fried\", and \"blotto\". What does a \"soup job\" mean? A job that would pay you in meals A"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "means to do what? Help them Annoy them Leave them This '60s slang is still commonly used. Siblings bug each other all the time. What does it mean to \"moon\" someone? Show them your butt. Knock them out. Work for them. Cover their hit songs. In the '60s, rebellious youths would surprise people by dropping their pants and showing them their bare behinds. Back in the day, \"bread\" was slang for _________. Bread was slang for money. To this day, money is still sometimes referred to as dough. If something is \"solid,\" it's: A disaster A waste of time Something that's solid is OK or all right. This can apply to people, situations and objects. \"Threads\" referred to _______. Back in the day, threads meant clothes. It is still used, especially by clothing brands, to this day. An \"ankle biter\" is a: Small child Babies and small children are still occasionally referred to as ankle biters to this day. A man described as a \"chrome dome\" is: Unattractive This was a funny way of referring to bald men. It did not outlast the decade. Someone who is \"on the make\" is looking for a new ___________. Romantic or sexual partner This described someone who had recently been broken up with and was looking intently for a new mate. It could refer to both romantic and sexual intentions. If someone calls you a \"bozo,\" what are they calling you? This is a very old school insult. It's the same as calling someone an idiot. People \"scarf\" ____________."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "to use it: We planned a surprise party for Hannah, but I let the cat out of the bag when I left the invitations on the table. 3. Bite the bullet What it means: to perform a painful task or endure an unpleasant situation. Where it came from: Cleaning the bathroom can be a chore. But not as horrible as the experiences of patients in the 1800s who had to have surgery without anaesthesia. The patients would literally bite on a bullet to cope with the pain. Ouch! Smelly toilets never sounded better. How to use it: Just bite the bullet and clean the toilet! 4. Pull someone\u2019s leg What it means: to tease someone, usually by lying in a joking manner. Where it came from: There are two popular theories for the origin of this phrase. The first one refers to how thieves robbed their victims by tripping their legs. And the second refers to people who were hired to hang on the legs of gallows victims \u2013 speeding up their fate. So yes, legs were harmed in the making of this idiom. But luckily, the only thing bruised with this idiom today is one\u2019s ego. How to use it: Vikki cried when I said that I ate the last croissant\u2026 but I was only pulling her leg. 5. Barking up the wrong tree What it means: to pursue a misguided course of action. Where it came from: While this idiom doesn\u2019t involve actual barking today, it originated from hunting in 1800s America. Prey would"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "'Side hustle' and five other phrases that need to f**k off immediately DO you say any of these? Then everyone hates you. These popular but incredibly annoying phrases, like you, just need to f**k off forever: People might be working different in the pandemic 20s, but \u2018hustle\u2019 is a pathetic attempt to sound cool. You\u2019re not illegally importing truckloads of cigarettes from Europe, you\u2019re actually selling \u2018funky\u2019 facemasks made from old knickers that bring in the huge sum of \u00a33 a week. A social media favourite that doesn\u2019t really mean anything, so can be used for any old crap. Heard We Belong Together on the radio for the first time this year? All the feels! Your sister posted a photo of your nephew dressed as a slapdash Hagrid on World Book Day? All the feels! Frankly it would be better to just say \u201cI am a wanker\u201d. This expression, which makes someone sound like a very dull person trying to be \u2018wacky\u2019, makes you long for a time when people were strong and silent. Or language hadn\u2019t been invented. Not long ago, the news media decided to start calling everything a \u2018narrative\u2019. Anything and everything, like Boris going to Peppa Pig World, was \u2018part of the ongoing narrative\u2019. No, it was just an agonisingly embarrassing moment none of us will ever be able to forget, particularly when reminded by an article like this. The optics The sexy new cousin of \u2018the narrative\u2019 is \u2018the optics\u2019. It\u2019s really just a way of saying something looks bad, so"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "too hot out. Someone just got brutally insulted. They're hungry. Not a lot of '70s slang made it out of that decade to the present, but the word \"burn\" is still pretty common. A good burn is what you call a particularly brutal insult leveled at someone else, and the burn is in recognition of that insult. Public Domain via WikiCommons You've just been assured that everything is \"copacetic.\" What does that mean? Everything is good. Everything is falling apart. Everything has changed. No one has any idea what's going on. The word \"copacetic\" is a weird one because it sounds like one of those $10 words that's clearly smart and important in some way. It's not. It just means everything is fine, and no one is even really sure where the word came from originally. Paramount Pictures / Allan Carr Productions / Robert Stigwood Organization / Polydor Records It was good to be a cool cat, but what was the opposite of a cool cat? Dunderhead Jive turkey A \"jive turkey\" was not a good thing to be, by any means. This term generally meant someone was disingenuous and not cool. Maybe you were putting on a front, trying to be cool and trying to fit in where you didn't belong ... that could make you a jive turkey. If a person just explains what's going on, then asks if you can \"dig it,\" what do they want to know? Do you understand? Does this make you happy? Can you explain this further? If someone"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "need for bloodshed. This saying comes from the ol\u2019 Wild West, a time and place where life was much more dangerous than today. If you were sitting next to the driver you would be expected to wield a shotgun so as to defend the stagecoach (the transport of the day) from bandits and looters. More pressure than merely map reading! \u201cI\u2019m just here for the free ride\u201d This is a phrase often used to describe someone who is mentally unhinged. It was also the name of a big hit for Pop-Punk trio Green Day in 1994. This is supposedly a term from World War I, used to describe someone who has lost all their limbs. The first recorded use of the term in official use was by the US government in denial of this practice. In 1919 The US command on public information issued this statement: \u201cThe Surgeon General of the Army \u2026 denies \u2026 that there is any foundation for the stories that have been circulated \u2026 of the existence of \u2018basket cases\u2019 in our hospitals.\u201d according to all-that-is-interesting.com \u201cYeah, none at all\u201d This means \u2018wait a moment\u2019, and is often used to calm someone who is showing overt keenness or exuberance. It is believed to come from around 800BC. A line in book 23 of Homer\u2019s Iliad is commonly translated as \u201cAntilochus \u2013 you drive like a maniac! Hold your horses!\u201d That is, apart from the original translation in 1598 that has it as \u201ccontain thy horses\u201d. I\u2019m not sure why I prefer if"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "Someone who burns the candle at both ends lives life at a hectic pace doing things which likely to affect their health badly. Most of the children burn the midnight oil a few days before the examinations. If you burn your fingers, you suffer a loss or something unpleasant as the result of something you did making you less likely to do it again. Reservations are a burning question before our country. This marriage hall will be bursting at the seams when all the guests arrive. The politicians bury their hatchets when the elections are round the corner. Do not bury your head in the sand. I know that you have not succeeded in your attempts. A busman\u2019s holiday is when you spend your free time doing the same sort of work as you do in your job. When someone says that they are not going to bust their chops, it means they are not going to work that hard or make much effort."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "cool. For example, \"Your hair is so shibby.\" If I say \"shut up\" as a response, what do I actually mean? I believe everything you're saying. I need to leave. I can't hear you. I'm reacting in disbelief. To react to something in disbelief, or in shock, one might say \"shut up\" as a response. For example, \"I got fired from work today.\" \"Shut up!\" If I say \"That shirt is so '70s,\" what does that mean? Can I borrow your shirt? That shirt looks well-made. That shirt is out-of-date. That shirt looks awesome. If something is out-of-date, or has gone out of style, one might use the word \"so\" in conjunction with a year. For example, \"Her hair is so 60's.\" Which of the following is synonymous with \"airhead?\" Spangler If someone is a space cadet, that means that they are an \"airhead,\" or not a very intelligent person. For example, \"Tiffany is such a space cadet with how she talks.\" To \"sport\" something is to...? \"Stud\" it \"Step\" it \"Spazz\" it \"Wear\" it To sport something is to wear something. For instance, \"Look at that guy and how he's sporting that new jacket!\" Which of these phrases means to \"back off?\" Wig-out 'Za and brew To \"step off\" means to \"back off\" from someone or something. For example, \"Step off man, you're being a jerk.\" If someone is a \"wannabe,\" they are a ...? Tinkerbilly \"Tinkerbilly\" is actually an '80s British word for \"wannabe.\" For example, \"That girl follows us everywhere, what a tinkerbilly!\""}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "a hug, your face may well be buried against their shoulder. I\u2019ll put salt on your tail. An expression used when someone has done something wrong. I had no idea what this was about until I looked it up in the Concise Oxford Dictionary. Apparently children wanting to catch a bird were advised to put salt on its tail. Dogs sometimes chase their own tails. It doesn\u2019t get them anywhere. If someone feels that they are rushing around making very little progress, here is a short way of saying so. Bonds between family members are the strongest. is a prediction about someone who lives recklessly, perhaps. These are his bones (not dice, as in the final saying in this post). is often said to a child who has fallen over. My understanding of this is \u201cDon\u2019t disagree with what I am going to say\u201d. However the Dictionary of Phrase and Fable explains that bones here are dice. The meaning is not to make difficulty or scruple, thus favouring the dice. This was predicted in Psalm 22 verse 18 (NIV) They divide my garments among them and cast lots for my clothing."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "a Yogi Berraism), the second is indeed a mashup of two books and therefore is a malaphor. Dave Got one, hot off the presses: \u201cboiled to a head.\u201d Here\u2019s the full context: \u201cSunday\u2019s Bills-Jaguars game started off tense when Jalen Ramsey took time from his busy day to remind Buffalo\u2019s players they were trash. That conflict boiled to a head in the third quarter when a brawl erupted on the turf at New Era Field.\u201d The mashup is obvious\u2013boiled over and came to a head. Here\u2019s the citation: https://www.sbnation.com/2018/11/25/18111422/jaguars-bills-fight-leonard-fournette-shaq-lawson. Also possibly, \u201ccame to a boil.\u201d Cheers. Timothy Kendall says: My mother used the following two: \u201cDon\u2019t chew with your mouth full\u201d, and \u201cDon\u2019t talk with your mouth open.\u201d The person was probably joking, but today I heard someone say, Beat two deal bulls with one horn This is a triple combination: Kill two birds with one stone Beat a dead horse Take the bull by the horns Actually, that should be: Beat two dead bulls with one horn sounds a little too convoluted to be unintentional. Mal says: Back in the late 80s, when describing a poor choice of paint colour on a porch, an old friend of mine observed, \u201cIt stuck out like a sore eye!\u201d; a phrase that has given me decades of pleasure. Cruuvo says: I was talking to some of my friends about a parent video game company, Activision, losing one of its developer teams, Bungie, and their intellectual property \u201cDestiny\u201d and how now Bungie can develop on Destiny how they see"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "Luciano, chose that term. We both live right next door to hell: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZtJhYl8_ks I think it\u2019s a term for murder used by members of a nefarious club that doesn\u2019t really exist. David Meyer-Lindenberg Who the hell uses \u201cwhacked\u201d as a euphemism for icing a guy? Who the hell uses \u201cicing a guy\u201d for having a dude rubbed out? 4 November 2016 at 12:15 pm - Reply Who the hell uses \u201crubbed out\u201d as a euphemism for shutting someone up? 4 November 2016 at 7:55 pm - Who uses \u201cshutting someone up\u201d as a euphemism for sending a guy to sleep with the fishes? 5 November 2016 at 10:49 pm - I dunno, but I\u2019ve heard \u2018rubbed one out\u2019 used as a euphemism for \u2018whacked.\u2019 David Meyer Lindenberg 5 November 2016 at 11:42 am - Reply What kind of dope uses \u201csleep with the fishes\u201d as a euphemism for paying someone a visit? In Beckles, SCOTUS Perpetuates the Advisory Guidelines Fantasy Meet the New Fault Lines! (Update: Comments H ... by Scott Greenfield - Mar 9, 2017 by Matt Brown - Mar 8, 2017 by Richard Kopf - Mar 8, 2017 In Beckles, SCOTUS Perpetuates the Advisory G ... by Josh Kendrick - Mar 8, 2017 Local Governments Bill Parents for Kids\u2019 ... by Mario Machado - Mar 6, 2017 Coming to a PD Near You: Violent \u201cGypsy ... Chicago PD\u2019s Bizarro World: Cop with 90 Com ... by Mario Machado - Feb 27, 2017 Brooklyn Jail \u201cAlarms\u201d and \u201c ... Disclaimer: Advertising content does not reflect"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "also insulted badly. If a friend tells you everything is copacetic, what do they mean? They're totally confused. Things are really bad. Things are fine. They're sick. Copacetic is a strange word and apparently, no one even knows where it came from. There are some theories, but they're pretty diverse and range from Chinook to Hebrew to the African-American community of the early 1900s. Where it came from, it just means things are going the way they should. What kind of beans would you mention if you were really in agreement with someone? Best beans The term \"cool beans\" existed well into the '80s but it was popularized in the '70s as a way to express that not only did you agree with someone but you also had a pretty positive feeling about what they were saying. If something was cool but also a little bit different than the usual, what might you call it? Lots of things were cool but if they were funky, they were a bit different. Funk music was popularized in the '70s with songs like \"Play That Funky Music.\" That song still pops up today and is still pretty funky. Your friend just said, \"Slap me some skin.\" What do they want? A handshake High-five If you're slapping some skin, you are giving someone a high-five. That makes sense since it's an extremely literal definition of what a high-five actually is. If someone got described as a \"burn out,\" what would that mean? They're a chef. They're a drag racer. They're"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "P.E. Ah, school. It starts every fall\u2014and with a few breaks\u2014it ends every spring. For some, the only good part about school was the end of the year in the spring that let one look forward to those few glorious moments of summer. For others it was the learning, the friends, the classes and the teachers. What ones favorite part of school was says a lot about what kind of intelligence they have. What was the best part of school? What does it mean when someone says, \u201croast me\u201d? Cook me like meat Give me a spray tan Compliment me Insult me There has always been slang language, but now a days it seems there are an increasing number off odd catch phrases and wacky words with double meanings. One of these is the expression \u201croast me\u201d or \u201croasting\u201d which is used on the Internet\u2014and in person\u2014to describe something someone does. This can be confusing for a lot of people who do not know what the expression means in a colloquial sense. What does it mean when someone says, \u201croast me\u201d? No matter what, a broken shoe strap is a huge annoyance\u2014that is better off avoided\u2014but when the inevitable happens, what is the best way to deal with the situation? Buy a new pair of shoes Fix the strap with a piece of rope you found Call a friend to bring a backup pair Get a taxi home Uh, oh! When walking down the street, a strap on that worn out pair of sandals breaks. Not"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "o what you was sayin'\"Funny how you don't realise that not all english is the same english. I'm shagged out=tired (or just shagged) Straing the greens = urinating ex: \"I'm off to strain the greens\" Having a slash= ditto Talking to Hughie and Ruth= throwing up Cats, Rorty does mean happy but has tipsy, bawdy connotations - a great word. And the word crankle surves in crank which is a metal bar that has a corner or bend in it. And talking of bent, Steve, our term for \"queer as a nine bob note\" was \"bent as a box of top hats\" One button short of an overcoat and Irn Bru was always said to \"Put lead in your pencil\"so me granda always told me. Ah!, talking of GrandParents, My grandma used to say \"He wouldn't know his dick from his thumb if it didn't have a nail on it\" and if someone was scruffy she would say \"He looks like a bundle of arseholes tied up nasty\" But my Mother on the other hand would say, of the samy guy \"He looks like a sack of shit tied up with string\" my great aunt would say a bag of taters tied up ugly. But she was from the refined part of Manchester. If such a place exists. From: MMario I suspect it's a VERY local idiom, but \"watching for subs (submarines)\" was the local term for necking in my home town on Cape Cod. (Still is, according to relatives) The term for \"soft Drinks\" was"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "byy people with stronger accents). I don\u2019t use this phrase myself, but it basically means \u201cAny news, Whats up?\u201d its a \u201cculchie\u201d (country folk) phrase. Dogs bollax -according to my uncle- is actually GOOD. I always thought it was bad (since when I say \u201cOh I\u2019m bollaxed\u201d or knackered, I am saying I\u2019m really really tired, or if I were to say \u201cThe engine in my car is bollaxed\u201d, it means its broken. When my uncle says \u201cThese spuds are the dogs bollax!\u201d he actually mens they are really great. He can be a bit of a trixter though so perhaps dogs bollax means they are really good but he is pranking me. In high school -not sure if people still say it since I graduated a few years ago- when the kids were up to mischief (smoking around the corner etc) what they used to do was get someone to watch around the corner for teachers (this was called \u201ckeep sketch\u201d, a person who was watching the corner was keeping sketch), whenever a teacher came, they would say \u201cSKETCH!\u201d and basically it warned everyone to put out their fags (Irish people called cigarettes/smokes fags, my mom got in trouble in chicago once for asking for a pack of fags because she didn\u2019t know the term wasn\u2019t used in America). When calling someone gay as an insult/slur -the way fag is used in america- peope here would say \u201cfaggot\u201d instead, but with the accent its more like \u201cfaggit\u201d. They also say cunt and wanker a lot"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "capital, and limited opportunities for supporting themselves beyond sex work. Criticizing her for not turning away a potential paying client because he\u2019s married just seems to be heaping a whole lot of responsibility onto the person with the least power in the situation. It may have been the least unsavory of all the unsavory options she had. OP#4 Originally* October 20, 2017 at 12:20 pm It means someone who talks a lot \u201cGobby\u201d and they do it an awful lot \u201con a stick\u201d. It\u2019s a good term for someone who talks endlessly without being rude about them. There\u2019s another phrase, \u201cyou just want the moon on a stick\u201d which has a similar meaning \u2013 that not only do you want the moon, but you want it on a stick as well. Elizabeth West* October 20, 2017 at 1:16 pm I\u2019ve had that second one used on me, by a British person who was taking the piss. I replied back in a rather cheeky manner that of course I did and we had a good laugh. :) Gen* October 20, 2017 at 1:36 pm I\u2019m confused about how calling someone gobby isn\u2019t being rude about them? I mean it\u2019s not a top tier swear word and some people will own in like others don\u2019t mind being called a b-word but it\u2019s definitely an insult. Falling Diphthong* October 20, 2017 at 1:55 pm I\u2019m guessing it\u2019s a social subgroup thing, as to whether it lands as blabbermouth or chatterbox. Blue Anne* October 20, 2017 at 1:55 pm I"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "York strikers, a large inflatable rat, is an old tradition among unions. American union members took to calling the act of picketing \"hitting the bricks,\" due to the walking in circles holding signs. \"Zonked\" is an interesting state of being. Can you decode this American slang? Completely a mess Outside what is socially acceptable While \"zonked\" can refer to chemically-induced exhaustion, its common use is to refer to the state of natural exhaustion as in \"I can't watch another episode of this. I'm zonked.\" \"Bushed\" and \"blah\" can mean the same thing. Henrik Sorensen / DigitalVision / Getty Images What do you think \"snow job\" means? Theft of money Being made over to being very cool indeed Going out to have fun on a Saturday night Absurd bragging \"Snow job,\" meaning over the top bragging, could be likened to another slang expression, meaning telling an obvious lie: \"laying it on thick.\" Other expressions include \"jive\" and \"fish story.\" joshblake / E+ / Getty Images This sounds awful, but what do you think it means to \"top yourself\"? Do better next time Get a haircut Put an end to it all Buy a new hat In America, \"topping oneself\" means the act of being better at a task on a successive try. When Americans encourage their friends to \"top themselves,\" it's actually friendly encouragement! Hill Street Studios / DigitalVision / Getty Images In America, many people go about \"riding shotgun.\" What does it mean? Being reckless Controlling something difficult Keeping one's eye on goals Sitting in the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "Either way, it means someone doing something fast. In '70s slang, if something is\"bangin'\u200b,\" what is it? \"Bangin' has a couple of meanings and both of them are good. It could refer to someone's body, saying that it's attractive, or it could also mean that something, like a party, is really exciting. If you tried to do something \"to the max,\" how are you doing it? The best you possibly can. Pretty well Not that great In an awful way Some of these phrases are more confusing than others. Doing something to \"the max\" just means that you're giving it your maximum effort. The slang term is just a cooler version of \"the best.\" In the '70s people often said \"psych.\" What were they saying? They were being honest. They were spacing out. They were messing with someone. They were asking for an opinion. If you are having some mental issues, you might go to a psychologist, which is the point of this slang term. If someone says \"psych\" to you, they're getting into your mind, or at least trying to. Would you be happy if someone called you an \"airhead\"? No, they're saying I am dumb. No, they're saying I am a daydreamer. Yes, they're saying I am smart. Yes, they're saying I am imaginative. If someone says you're an \"airhead,\" what is being implied is that your head is full of air. As you might imagine, this wasn't considered a compliment when it came to slang in the '70s. If someone is \"ace\" at"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "unlike half of the kapuka that is on offer nowadays.No chicks in skimpy outfits, borrowed cars just the singers and their pals having an great ole time.That's what good videos are made of.Now will we are on that topic, how many of you out there have chongad viazi as a result of not having enough money to cover a bill? ps:Youtube may be down for maintenance so the video may not show! Does anyone remember the slang term \"crushed off?\" I think there are few slang terms that had as many definitions as this one.These were some of the meanings... 1.To beat someone up - \"Ebu keep quiet before I crush you off!\" 2.To catch strokes or shag - \"Chief!After tuning that mama I crushed her off in the digz!\" 3.To tackle in a game of rugby -\"My guy did you see him after the full back crushed him off when he thought he would make the try?\" 4.To eat ravenously - \"We were so hungry that we crushed off everything that he had in his kitchen!\" 5.To ignore - \"I tried to convince my boss but he just looked at me and crushed me off!\" I don't know if any of you ever used this term or used it in all these ways but I heard it used in all these ways.I guess some people adapted it to the circumstance at hand but it sounds so good that I'm going to start using it again ie...There are some bloggers that I wouldnt mind crushing off!"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "administration where important decisions are made. \"The matter is the subject of much discussion in the corridors of power at the present time.\" crack the whip If you crack the whip, you use your authority to make someone obey you or work more efficiently, usually by threatening them. \"Every so often I'll crack the whip to make sure we meet the deadline.\" dance to someone's tune If you dance to someone's tune, you do whatever that person tells you to do. \"He is the company's major shareholder so the management has to dance to his tune.\" draw a line in the sand If you draw a line in the sand, you establish a limit beyond which a certain situation or activity will not be accepted. \"That's it! We're going to draw a line in the sand and make this our final proposal.\" force someone's hand If you force someone's hand, you make them do something unwillingly or sooner than planned. \"The interviewer forced Brad's hand and made him reveal his relocation plans.\" friends in high places If you know important or influential people in business or government, you have friends in high places. \"He wouldn't have succeeded without help from friends in high places.\" get/have by the short hairs (or: by the short and curlies) If you get or have someone by the short hairs, you put them in a difficult situation from which they cannot escape, so you have complete control over them. \"They are in no position to refuse; we've got them by the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "was always getting into hot water, and if there was a wrong way of doing a thing, was sure to hit upon it.\u2014 What does take by storm mean? Definition of take (something) by storm 1 : to quickly become very successful or popular in (a particular place) or among (a particular group) The writer has taken the literary world by storm. The new fashion has taken London by storm. Do not throw in the towel meaning? To quit in defeat. The phrase comes from boxing, in which a fighter indicates surrender by throwing a towel into the ring: \u201cAfter losing the election, he threw in the towel on his political career.\u201d What does acting the goat mean? to behave in a silly way [British] to behave in a silly way. What does I hit the nail on the head mean? something that is exactly right DEFINITION: It means \u201cto do or say something that is exactly right.\u201d You can use this phrase when someone finds the exact answer of a problem or a question. What is the meaning of put my foot in it? Definition of put one\u2019s foot in it : to say something that causes someone to be embarrassed, upset, or hurt especially when the speaker did not expect that reaction I really put my foot in it when I asked her about her job. I didn\u2019t know she had just been fired. What is the meaning of the idiom smell a rat? smell a rat. Suspect something is wrong, especially a betrayal"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "I have come across is \u201cStory horse\u201d (pronounce \u201cstah-ree harse\u201d where I live byy people with stronger accents). I don\u2019t use this phrase myself, but it basically means \u201cAny news, Whats up?\u201d its a \u201cculchie\u201d (country folk) phrase. Dogs bollax -according to my uncle- is actually GOOD. I always thought it was bad (since when I say \u201cOh I\u2019m bollaxed\u201d or knackered, I am saying I\u2019m really really tired, or if I were to say \u201cThe engine in my car is bollaxed\u201d, it means its broken. When my uncle says \u201cThese spuds are the dogs bollax!\u201d he actually mens they are really great. He can be a bit of a trixter though so perhaps dogs bollax means they are really good but he is pranking me. In high school -not sure if people still say it since I graduated a few years ago- when the kids were up to mischief (smoking around the corner etc) what they used to do was get someone to watch around the corner for teachers (this was called \u201ckeep sketch\u201d, a person who was watching the corner was keeping sketch), whenever a teacher came, they would say \u201cSKETCH!\u201d and basically it warned everyone to put out their fags (Irish people called cigarettes/smokes fags, my mom got in trouble in chicago once for asking for a pack of fags because she didn\u2019t know the term wasn\u2019t used in America). When calling someone gay as an insult/slur -the way fag is used in america- peope here would say \u201cfaggot\u201d instead, but with the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "party got a little out of hand and I had to go outside to get some work done. I couldn't think straight with all that yelling and running around. \" Keep your chin up \" Remain positive in a tough situation. Sorry to hear that you were made redundant on the day your buried your mother. Keep your chin up mate. Although derived in the USA this idiom is more commonly heard now in Britain. More idioms about: effort the_human_body proverbial america ( How did the idiom \"Keep your chin up \" originate? ) \" Like a chicken with its head cut off \" In a frenzied manner. He was shouting and swearing because they had lost the contract - he was running around like a chicken with its head cut off. Worldwide, but not particularly common. More idioms about: animals excess hyperbole madness america ( How did the idiom \"Like a chicken with its head cut off \" originate? ) \" Lose your head \" Overcome by emotion and out of control. When the traffic warden had his car towed, Jack lost his head and hit him. Britain, late 18th century. More idioms about: body excess \" Off the hook \" No longer having to deal with something. I know it's your turn to organise the Christmas party but you're off the hook, Judy volunteered to take over. Britain, 19th century - in the writings of Anthony Trollope \" That Friday feeling \" Anticipation of the weekend after a hard working week. I'm ready for"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "shower, bro\u2019. You smell like a fucking grow house.\u2019 (p.173) I think \u2018grow house\u2019 means the kind of indoors greenhouse space used to grow marijuana. Uric ended up paying the Prince the full three hundred he wanted, which he ended up spending on chronic. (p.173) \u2018Among cannabis consumers, chronic can be used as slang for marijuana itself, but many users reserve the term for particularly potent strains of the plant\u2019 (Dictionary.com) nutsack = scrotum knuckle bump, aka fist bump \u2018I got a dope new truck\u2019 (p.214) \u2013 where \u2018dope\u2019 presumably means cool, neat, great. \u2018I can\u2019t take a chance that he hasn\u2019t suddenly stripped his gears.\u2019 (p.242) meaning lost it, gone mad, gone psycho. Two white-clad Brits stood in wait while the driver, whose name was Guppo, backed up the gaily painted Betancourt Pastries chariot. (p.247) \u2018Stood in wait\u2019? One day Nutter was approached in the chow line by an inmate who said a group of patriots on the outside was offering serious bank for the death of Diego Beltr\u00e1n. (p.254) = big money A buzz kill = something which destroys the mood, specially a romantic mood around sex (p.280) Studly = like a stud, as in \u2018a studly lover\u2019 (p.326) Reamed = getting reamed, being reamed = a strong telling-off (p.33) Rails = lines of cocaine (p.366) Toasted = stoned (p.380) I was surprised when Hiaasen has his sympathetic protagonist, Angie, in a spare evening, catch an episode of Fleabag, the award-winning British TV series. He also has a character, the one-handed psycho Pruitt, reference"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "the important details. You just got bad news and it's bringing you down. How would you describe that news? Copacetic A bummer Deadset Something is a bummer because it bums you out. And why does something bum you out? Because it's just not cool at all, man! You might toss out this term to describe someone who's not the smartest. If someone's an airhead, it's not a good thing at all. Basically you're saying their brain has been replaced by an empty space. You could say your friend is just a cool person, or you could say they're a cool what? Cat was a pretty blanket term for people. You can use it in all kinds of situations. \"This cat just sold me a far out burrito!\" or \"These cats have HBO!\" If someone is a little klutzy, they might get called one of these. Rube \"Don't be a spaz\" is the kind of thing you might say to someone who's freaking out, or keeps messing things up. You didn't want to be a spaz because it meant you were uncool and not in control. This was a term for a police officer, particularly on the highway. Popularized by the movie \"Smokey and the Bandit,\" the name smokey was a reference to the hat worn by highway patrol officers that looked a lot like the one worn by Smokey the Bear. Uh oh! You were skipping school and then ran into the principal. He hasn't seen you yet so you should run. What do you tell"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "You've been BIPPED! Thread: You've been BIPPED! Rhubarb_Runner At one time I was an active trader among the collection of internet blogger community (until eventually just focusing on The Bench for my trades), and one term that is well known there -- to be \"Bipped\" -- is approaching its 10 year anniversary. It's one of the most feared (and most hilarious) occurrences that a trader could experience: http://thorzul.blogspot.com/2010/01/...p-someone.html It's been several years, but I too was a victim of an anonymous \"Bipper\" once: https://mmmrhubarb.wordpress.com/201.../merry-bipmas/ May all your trades be Bip-free (except, you know, for the ones you actually wanted) for trade: https://mmmrhubarb.wordpress.com/bas...ds/trade-bait/ wants: https://mmmrhubarb.wordpress.com/bas...ards/#wantlist Kevin McReynolds We played a game in baseball camp when I was a kid where someone would throw out a set of baseball initials, and the group would have to guess who they were referring to. For example, if you said \"CRJ,\" you'd be looking for \"Cal Ripken, Jr.\" One day, a kid said \"BTSR,\" and we were stumped for a long time... and when we gave up, he said he was looking for \"Bip 'The Snake' Roberts.\" (After the wrestler of the same coinage, of course.) I will *always* think of \"The Snake\" as his nickname, even though it totally wasn't. LOL! Collecting: Kevin McReynolds, Keith Hernandez, Pete Harnisch, and Mets autographs Mets fans! Join the discussion at the Crane Pool Forum. tradelist: Google Doc http://bit.ly/wOIKng needlist: Google Doc http://bit.ly/wVFOp3 New Tradelist Link (still building): http://bit.ly/2HemWbq Jake \"the snake\" Roberts! Best regards, David mrmopar Washington State - The Pacific NW I"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "Read more about it here. When people use the phrase they are saying the person is being boastful and self-promoting. What it means in the figurative is that something seems suspicious or shady. It means what it did in Isaiah, a drop is a very small proportion of the whole. Just like in the fable, The Boy Who Cried Wolf by Aesop, the meaning of the phrase means someone who lies but when they choose to tell the truth nobody will believe them due to their previous lies. I found two different sources about the origin of this phrase. One source said it originated with tobacco, the other source says it was due to taking a bite that was entirely too big for one's mouth. Regardless of the origin of the phrase being due to food or tobacco the meaning today is that someone has agreed to do something more than they can handle. This American expression came into being in the Great Depression. Residence on Skid Row evokes imagery of someone who was slipping down in society - 'on the skids'. But the term wasn't just figurative, read all about it here. This phrase refers to someone trying to escape something something by climbing up a wall. It is not known when it was first used. Seriously, no amount of Googling yielded any results. The phrase today means to be annoyed, irritated, be driven to irrationality, etc."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "can hear this term being dropped casually \u2013 and often \u2013 by Marty McFly in the 1980s' trilogy, \u201cBack to the Future.\u201d If a party \u201cblew the doors off,\u201d was it successful? Could have been, but it was stopped Technically, yes, but it needed more booze When you \u201cblow the doors off\u201d something, it means that it was so good, it was like an explosion happened in a small room. It\u2019s a phrase used for emphasis to connote success. If you\u2019re \u201cwatching the submarine race,\u201d what are you doing? Making out and more Getting drunk If you\u2019re \u201cwatching the submarine race,\u201d you\u2019re not actually watching anything. However, you\u2019re probably making out and more, usually by the beach! Is a \u201cfive-finger discount\u201d a real deal? It's more like haggling. It's more expensive, actually. Don\u2019t ever do a \u201cfive finger discount\u201d because it\u2019s a flowery hippie phrase that refers to shoplifting! It eventually came to mean anything stolen in any way, so don't do it unless you want the fuzz on your trail. Tell Us Your Opinions About These Mythological Figures and We'll Guess Which Goddess You Are What Would Your Job Have Been in Medieval Europe? How Well Do You Remember \u201cForrest Gump?\u201d Do You Actually Belong in the Elizabethan Era? How Well Do You Remember These Events From The '70s? Try Your Best to Pass This Common Phrases Quiz Education 7 Minute Quiz 7 Min Can You Name These Male \u201960s Bands and Artists From an Image? Can We Guess Your Age Based on How Much"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "He's all talk, no trousers.\" who wears the trousers? = who has the power in a relationship: \"What do you mean, she won't let you come out with us? Who wears the trousers in your house?\" pull your socks up = work harder: \"You'll have to pull your socks up if you want a promotion next year.\" it will blow your socks off = very hot food: \"This is a fantastic stir-fry \u2013 it's hot enough to blow your socks off!\" hot under the collar = upset or angry about something: \"He gets really hot under the collar about cruelty to animals \u2013 he can't stand seeing animals suffer.\" it's pants (UK slang) \u2013 rubbish: \"What did you think of the film?\" \"Pants!\" get something under your belt \u2013 achieve something: \"I'm really glad I passed the driving test. Now I've got that under my belt, I can relax for a little while.\" belt up = keep quiet: \"What's all that noise? Just belt up, would you? I can't hear myself think.\" below the belt = unfair: \"You know he's really sensitive about the accident. I think it was a bit below the belt to mention it.\" the boot's on the other foot = your opponent now has the advantage: \"Now that she has been promoted, the boot's on the other foot! You should watch what you say from now on.\" get your skates on = to hurry up: \"Get your skates on \u2013 we're late as it is!\" have the shirt off your back ="}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "personality and a sunny disposition that lifts everyone\u2019s spirits. So if you hear this said of you, take it as a high compliment. Speaking of compliments, if you hear this one in one of Italy\u2019s premier fashion stores it means the person assisting you is working on commission. Seriously though, it means the dress or whatever it is you\u2019re trying on fits you perfectly. (It fits you so perfectly it looks like it\u2019s been painted onto your body.) To have too many acts in a comedy means someone is trying to accomplish too many things at once. In English, you could say the person is \u201cwearing too many hats\u201d or has \u201chands/fingers in too many pies.\u201d This one means exactly what it means in English. \u201cRompere il ghiaccio\u201d is to obliterate awkwardness between people in social situations, especially for those who have just recently met. This means \u201cspeak up.\u201d To remember it, you could imagine releasing a toad from your mouth and letting it freely speak about the beauty and wonders of from whence it came. This one is comparable to the English idiom, \u201ccaught red-handed\u201d or \u201ccaught with one\u2019s hands in the cookie jar.\u201d These idioms refer to someone who got caught stealing cash or something else, often helping themselves to the detriment of others. This Italian idiom is used to signify how life goes on even after the worst of tragedies. Your Italian boyfriend broke up with you? Don\u2019t worry, there are plenty of fish in the sea. If even the pope isn\u2019t indispensable,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "the straight lady in a Marx Bros. Movie, as in: When I cracked that joke at the meeting, the chairwoman was sitting there clutching her pearls. Crazy hour: Not any particular time or not even an hour long, but it referred to that point of the night (usually the night) when the cats would be so hyper and frisky, jumping around, springing backward, etc. Whimwhams: Feelings of anxiety, butterflies; insecurities Don\u2019t touch my shit: One of her golden rules. Just leave her stuff alone and no one gets hurt. Since Hector was a pup: I have no godly idea where this comes from. It is used to refer to a significant passage of time, or age, as in: That store has been there since Hector was a pup. Knee-high to a kitten: Again, another measure of age, usually referring to kids who have now grown up, as in: I remember him when he was knee-high to a kitten. Growth experiences are a bitch: Sort of a variant of what doesn\u2019t kill you makes you stronger. This one is a Band-Aid to get you through a tough time by making you laugh and reminding you that you will get through it. Shit happens: A bit of a variation of no big whoop. A general dispensation and way of addressing something big or small that has gone awry, especially if it\u2019s out of your control, as in: Yeah, it sucks that the tree limb fell on the car, but you know, shit happens. Plo-plos: Pillows. Especially used if"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "you stand your ground, you maintain your position and refuse to yield or give way. \"He claimed innocence and stood his ground in spite of the repeated accusations.\" Stick to one's guns If you stick to your guns, you show determination when faced with opposition. \"The government stuck to its guns in spite of the criticism.\" The sky's the limit To say \"the sky's the limit\" means that there is no limit to the possibility of success or progress for someone or \"How successful do you think the project will be? Who knows... the sky's the limit!\" Waiting in the wings If someone is waiting in the wings, they are waiting for an opportunity to take action, especially to replace someone else in their job or position. \"There are many young actors waiting in the wings, ready to show their talent.\" Clothing Idioms Example Sentences At the drop of a hat without needing any advance notice My Grandma will babysit for anyone at the drop of a hat. (Have a) bee in one's bonnet something that is annoying someone Milan has had a bee in his bonnet all day, but he won't tell me what's wrong. beyond what is fair or socially acceptable His comment about Manfred's handicap was below the belt. Bursting at the seams not fitting anymore I ate too much. I'm bursting at the seams in these jeans. Caught with one's pants down My students caught me with my pants down on Monday. I forgot about the field trip. (Have a) card up"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "with 2x4), \"you have to get their attention.\" All these answers were given before references were mandatory. Being hit by a two by four is such a common expression that I am not going to give a reference, but I will give a reference for getting the mule's attention. See Psychology Today, Changing the Mind of the Mule Why don't two-by-fours work as a management tool? Dan Brown was referring to a Vasari canvas print, a piece of wall art, upon which a well-wielded two by six would inflict a great deal of damage. ab2ab2 Maybe not 1.5\u00d7 as much, but how \u2019bout \u00b9\u2074\u2070\u2044\u2088\u2089\u00d7 as much? :-) \u2013 tchrist\u2666 Dec 2 '17 at 3:09 I think if the movie is to go by, it is a piece of ceiling art, that they aren't keen to destroy by dropping anything, including themselves or a piece of wood, through it. \u2013 Bent Dec 2 '17 at 22:18 We call them \"six-by-two\" in New Zealand. It's a piece of wood that's common here. TomachiTomachi Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged meaning idioms phrase-usage or ask your own question. What does \u201chit me like a two-by-four\u201d mean? What does 'gotcha' mean? What does 'ten of six' mean in regard to time? What does 'two-bit paper pusher' mean? What does \u201cdescriptive gauntlets\u201d mean? What does glassy essence mean? What does \u201csix point something\u201d mean? What does \u201cpuncture veneer\u201d mean? Is it a common idiom? What does \u201cprofessional grade\u201d really mean? What does \u201cmy six ounce\u201d mean? What"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "Are you looking for a phrase you can use to confront someone about an issue between you? You can use \u201cbone to pick\u201d to tell them that you want to have a stern chat with them. This post unpacks the meaning and origin of this expression. The expression \u201cbone to pick\u201d means that you want to confront another person or group about a specific topic. It means that you have something that you\u2019ve been thinking about for some time, and you\u2019re ready to confront the person to hear what they have to say about it. If you \u201cpick a bone\u201d with someone, you\u2019re usually talking about a heated topic, such as a betrayal of trust. It\u2019s a \u201chard talk\u201d with the other person, and there is a good chance that it will end in an argument. To \u201cpick a bone\u201d with someone means that you\u2019re confronting someone that you know about something they said about you behind your back. \u201cHey Mike, I have a bone to pick with you. Why did you tell Halley that you saw me out with Cindy on the weekend? Why are you interfering in my business.\u201d \u201cListen, Sam, I have a bone to pick with you. You\u2019re always leaving the toilet seat up, and it\u2019s driving me nuts.\u201d \u201cI\u2019m going down to the council now. I have a bone to pick with these people over how they charge rates. They\u2019ve been overcharging for months, and I\u2019m fed up with it.\u201d \u201cWhy do I have to come to you every time and"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "Lord Lucan,\" what have they done? Disappeared Been rude Eaten too much When someone runs off or disappears without a trace, they have \"done a Lord Lucan.\" This is in reference to Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan, who disappeared in the 1970s after being suspected of murder. If a place is \"chockablock,\" what is it like? Something that is stuffed, crammed or full to the brim can be described as \"chockablock.\" This is sometimes shortened to \"chocka.\" For example, the road is chocka at rush hour. Someone who is \"carrying coals to Newcastle\" is actually doing what? Carrying coals to Newcastle Something unnecessary You might hear a Brit say that someone is taking, bringing or carrying coals to Newcastle. This means that they are going to the effort of doing something that is totally unnecessary. If something is \"cheap as chips,\" what is it like? Chips are what the British call fries. If something is cheap as chips, it is incredibly inexpensive, as potatoes are very famously cheap. This is an idiom that's more often used by the working class. The idiom \"pea-souper\" is used to describe the weather. What kind of weather does it refer to? Smog or fog A hurricane This old idiom dates back to nineteenth-century England. It is used when smog creates a thick fog with an unnatural tinge. Over the centuries, London has struggled with pollution issues as it has become more and more populated. If someone is \"a few sandwiches short of a picnic,\" what do they lack?"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "Pad Someone's house. Example: There wasn't much to do so we all hung out at John's pad, drank Cokes and listened to records Pants An activity where usually two or more boys physically remove the pants from another boy so as to cause him embarrassment in a group setting. Peel Out (See Lay A Patch) PG Pregnant as in Nurse Sizer Pig Cop Pig Out Over eat Pound If someone was going to beat up someone else you said he was going to \"pound\" the other person. For an example, Joe caught Jim with the hubcaps that he stole from Joe's '50 Merc last night. He'll probably pound him after school Primo First class. Raunchy Raw, Rank, Disgusting Right On I agree; I concur Righteous Extremely fine, beautiful. For us guys it was generally used when talking about the most important areas of our lives; cars and women. \"John's got a righteous new paint job on his '55 Chevy\". \"Ron met this righteous babe down at 26th St.\". Examples:\"John's got a righteous new paint job on his '55 Chevy\". \"Ron met this righteous babe at A Street.\". Ripped Off To have something stolen, or to have stolen something Rule As in, \"Hodads Rule\"; To take ownership of Sano Usually referring to someones car, or part of ones car, as being pristine: \"Ron did a sano job on his 56 Chevy\". also \"Super Sano\" (Very Pristine) Scarf To eat very fast. Example:\"I'm going to scarf this hot dog\". Scheming When someone is really interested in the opposite"}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "This expression means that you like this person a lot. **Make ends meet:** When the money you've earned is sufficient to pay your bills, but no more, you've made ends meet. **Make mincemeat out of someone:** If you've chastised and humiliated someone, you've made mincemeat out of them. **Make one's flesh crawl:** When something scares you and gives you goosebumps, it makes your flesh crawl. **Make tracks:** You're making a quick exit\u2014making tracks out of there. **Mind like a sieve:** A person with a poor memory or one who is absent-minded has a mind like a sieve. **Muddy the waters:** When somebody makes a situation more confusing, they've muddied the waters. **Mum's the word:** When you agree to keep a secret, mum's the word. **Music to one's ears:** When you've gotten an agreement or when you've been told exactly what you want to hear; it's music to your ears. **Never darken my door:** If you never want to see or hear from someone again, tell them to never darken your door again. **No love lost:** When two people dislike each other, there's no love lost between them. **Off the hook:** This is one of my pet peeves. So many teachers I know use this phrase when their classes have been out of control. \"Off the hook\" does not mean \"out of control.\" If you're off the hook it means you were previously in trouble but you got out of it. **Off the record:** When you provide someone with confidential information, but you're unwilling to admit it"}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "he would talk about 'facing the music' if he was caught. Interestingly, another expression is associated with this one. If someone is fitted up \u2014 i.e. accused of doing something bad that they didn't do \u2014 then they would be facing 'drummed-up' charges or the case could be described as 'drummed up'. ### CHANCE ONE'S ARM There are two possible explanations. The first is that it comes from boxing. When a boxer extends his fist to hit his opponent, he is leaving himself vulnerable to counter-attack. In that way, he's chancing his arm. The other (earlier) possibility is that it refers to a soldier \u2014 specifically a corporal or a sergeant \u2014 doing something that might bring him into trouble and lead to him being demoted and therefore having his stripes removed from the arm of his tunic. In that way he would be chancing his arm. ### TOO MANY TO SHAKE A STICK AT Shepherds would control their sheep by shaking their staffs (large sticks) to indicate where the animals should go. When farmers had more sheep than they could control, it was obvious that they had too many to shake a stick at. **LET ONE'S HAIR DOWN** In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Paris, members of the nobility were obliged to wear elaborate hairdos \u2014 stacked preposterously high \u2014 which took several hours to prepare. At the end of a long day's intriguing and ingratiating at the Palace of Versailles, they'd go home to relax and the first thing they'd do would be to let their"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "a NZ TV Show...this helps give you a visual! Box of Fluffies In response to \"how are you\" and you are well - e.g. \"I'm a box of fluffies today, thank you\" Brother or good friend Carpenter/Chippy A word used for disappointment - e.g. when you tell someone your car broke down they respond, \"buggar!\" Also can be used to refer to an older man - e.g. \"did you see the old buggar yesterday?\" A mobile home trailer towed behind a vehicle Carked It Died - e.g. \"Bob carked it\" or \"the old car carked it yesterday\" Girl/Woman - e.g. \"Thanks chick\" or \"Go and ask that chick over there\". Also used as \"Chicky\" e.g. \"That chicky-babe over there\" Chippy Carpenter/Builder Chocka Full or overflowing \"the bus is chocka today!\" When pleased with something - e.g. \"I got you a ticket to the rugby\" you would respond with \"choice bro!\" Chook Short for Chicken. Also used in reference to an older lady e.g. \"the old chook over there\" Thank You - \"Chur Bro\" Crack Up When referring to someone that is funny - e.g. \"Bob is such a crack up\" Cracked Up Your reaction of laughter to something funny - e.g. \"He told a joke and I just cracked up\" Crash Here Sleep here - e.g. \"you can crash here tonight\" Small stream / very small river A holiday home. More commonly it is Kiwis in the South Island who refer to them as a 'crib' and in the North Island refer to them as a"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "these lines in spite. \"No Fair. Do Over.\" \"Chips on the Ball\" (if you lost a spalding ball in the course of a game, you had to buy a new one) \"I'm Larry\" Getting a final turn, last licks, going last in card flipping. \"Knuckle down\" \"Dibs\" Same as chips on the ball \"Red Light green Light, 1 2 3\" \"Dare\", \"Double dare\" \"Black, no backs,\" Say this while touching something black. The person you're talking to cannot talk back with a sassy remark to something you've just said, an insult or accusation. \"That's Boss,\" \"She's (he's) Boss.\" Praising the person or object, extolling its virtues, cool, groovy. \"I'll sound you so low you'll be playing handball off the curb.\" There were many of these types of sordid remarks. \"He's got more nerve than brains.\" \"Go stamp chestnuts.\" \"Take a long walk off a short pier.\" \"Tell the truth and shame the Devil.\" In a Foot Race often times someone would shout, \"Last one to the stoop is a rotten egg.\" Then the reply would come from the last runner: \"And the first one takes his place.\" \"You left me flat.\" \"Shake a leg.\" \"Put on your thinking caps!\" \"Go fly a kite.\" Murray the \"K\" Kaufman and the Swingin' Soiree began his show with a chant that went something like this: \"Bedah bey (OH), bedah bey (OH), cumma zawa zawa \" (twice) We were told it meant \"Come let us pull\" in Swahili. \"Last Licks.\" Getting up last in a street game. \"He's a real"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "bad emotional effect. For example: Jane is staring at the wall because she's trippin' and thinks the wall is breathing. When you talk about something being \"heavy,\" what are you talking about? An expensive home Something serious A difficult friend Something that's \"heavy\" is serious. For example: I'm sorry that during the past two days, you lost your job and your girlfriend left you. That's super heavy. What did \"spaz\" (a word that is now considered derogatory) mean? To call someone late at night To disappear from someone's life A nervous, jittery, clumsy person A harsh, authoritative person Not-so-fun fact: This term is actually pretty darn insensitive (and if you use it, you should probably ban it from your vocabulary from here on out.) It's a shortening of \"spastic,\" meaning a person who can't control their muscles (having spasms.) This became a derogatory term for a person who was a ball of nervous energy and a little clumsy. What does \"chump\" mean? Fool or loser Couch or bed To drive slow To take it easy Before \"loser!\" became a catchall insult, we had \"chump.\" Often male, he's the guy whose toast always lands butter-side-down. How was the word, \"boss,\" used in '70s slang? This was another synonym for \"very cool.\" If you had a \"boss car,\" you probably had a Mustang or a Corvette. Sadly, you weren't going to be able to afford gas for it for long. Just google \"1970s oil crisis.\" What was your \"pad?\" Apartment or home Steady significant other \"Pad\" was a"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "(slang), clobber (slang), wallop (informal), slosh (Brit. slang), tonk (informal), lay one on (slang) If he tries to bash you he'll have to bash me as well. 2. criticize, pan (informal), condemn, slam (slang), knock (informal), flame (informal), carp, put down, slate (informal), have a go at (informal), censure, disparage, tear into (informal), diss (slang, chiefly U.S.), find fault with, lambast(e), give (someone or something) a bad press He continued to bash them as being soft on crime. catch, clout, hit, knock, pop, slam, slog, slug, smash, smite, sock, strike, swat, thwack, whack, wham, whop. go on, have a bash! \u2192 \u00a1venga, int\u00e9ntalo! I bashed him on the head \u2192 Je l'ai frapp\u00e9 \u00e0 la t\u00eate. I bashed my elbow on the door \u2192 Je me suis cogn\u00e9 le coude contre la porte. The table bashed against the wall as they carried it into the kitchen \u2192 Ils cogn\u00e8rent la table contre le mur en la transportant dans la cuisine. I'll have a bash.; I'll have a bash at it \u2192 Je vais essayer. And, when Crooked-Eyes complained, Long-Fang said that he was himself a strong man, and that if Crooked-Eyes made any more noise he would bash his brains out for him. He had not been there a fortnight before it was evident to him that life, complicated not only with the Latin grammar but with a new standard of English pronunciation, was a very difficult business, made all the more obscure by a thick mist of bash fulness. Both Big Bravo and Big Bash,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "What does it mean to describe someone as a butt steak? In The Shawshank Redemption, the officer said to a prisoner: Do you speak English, butt-steak? What does it mean to describe someone as a butt-steak? dialogue the-shawshank-redemption edited Apr 4 at 19:17 Kodos Johnson asked Apr 4 at 7:03 Mostafa BayoumiMostafa Bayoumi For what it's worth, just about any noun could have served the same purpose as long as the tone of the delivery was the same. English is a mighty language :) \u2013 Mad Physicist Apr 4 at 16:01 I read this as butt-streak. Which is quite a good insult. \u2013 camden_kid Apr 5 at 12:56 The context is quite important. If it were Tina Belcher using the term the meaning would be completely different. \u2013 Bill K Apr 5 at 17:48 The key word is \"butt\". It's like calling someone an ass, but in a way that has a double meaning so as not to get in trouble from your superiors for using foul language. A butt steak is another term for top sirloin, so that's the double meaning. It was clearly meant as a veiled insult. Johnny BonesJohnny Bones Or perhaps a vealed insult. \u2013 pipe Apr 4 at 15:26 @AzorAhai it's not bad but it's certainly not the best cut. (\"Best cut\" is subjective but I'm not sure of any criteria that would put sirloin at the ahem \"top\" of the list) \u2013 MikeTheLiar Apr 4 at 18:54 @MikeTheLiar Actually, most lists have Fore Rib, Sirloin, Top Rump and Fillet listed"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "Blast from the Past [1992] Modern Day Sayings CEO -- Chief Embezzlement Officer .CFO -- Corporate Fraud Officer. BULL MARKET -- A random market movement causing an investor to mistake himself for a financial genius. VALUE INVESTING -- The art of buying low and selling lower. P/E RATIO -- The percentage of investors wetting their pants as the market keeps crashing BROKER -- What my broker has made me. STANDARD & POOR -- Your life in a nutshell. STOCK ANALYST -- Idiot who just downgraded your stock STOCK SPLIT -- When your ex-wife and her lawyer split your assets equally between themselves FINANCIAL PLANNER -- A guy whose phone has been disconnected. MARKET CORRECTION -- The day after you buy stocks. YAHOO -- What you yell after selling it to some poor sucker for $240 per share. WINDOWS -- What you jump out of when you're the sucker who bought Yahoo @ $240 per share. CASH FLOW-- The movement your money makes as it disappears down the toilet. INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR -- Past year investor who's now locked up in a nuthouse. PROFIT -- An archaic word no longer in use. thanks Duke Not tonight dear, I got a headache EMBED-Dude Drops Hot Chick On Her Head - Watch more free videos Those FunnyAnimals thanks Don H Two men were talking, seated on the benches in the City Park. \"My grandson asked me what I did during the Sexual Revolution,\" said one .\"And what did you tell him?\" asked the other .\"I told him I was captured"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "A person yells \"YOLO\" right before taking off their clothes and runs around your place of business. What does YOLO mean? I'm about to run around naked. What does the phrase \"Bachelor Sip\" mean? A friend of yours referred to another person as an \"Askhole\". What do they mean? What does a \"Name Shame\" mean? You have known a person for awhile but have forgotten their name. What has happened when one or more people in a room say \"Bye Felicia!\" Someone just referred to you as having done a \"Crapella\". What did you just do? A friend wants you to go to a party but you don't want to. You decide to give them the \"California No\". What does that mean? You and your friend have just experienced a \"Moon Landing\" together. What just happened? Congrats! You are an urban dictionary expert. Sorry but you are not an urban dictionary experts. Perhaps you should try avoiding speaking with people younger than you. The meanings of words change with every generation. If you don't keep up with how the kids are using words today, you'll be lost tomorrow. Take this quiz to see if you are an urban dictionary wiz!"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "literally does take two to tango--you can\u2019t dance the tango unless you have a partner. But this idiom means that if there\u2019s a suspicious situation, then there\u2019s more than one culprit. They couldn\u2019t have done it by themselves. No, the professor didn\u2019t give them a slice of cake to eat! When something is a piece of cake, it\u2019s so simple that it\u2019s as easy as eating one. When something costs an arm and a leg, you won\u2019t literally have to cut off your arm and leg to buy it. It just means that it costs a lot of money, so it would be as painful (for your wallet) as cutting off an arm and a leg to pay for it! You might be scared when you hear this idiom--did they really just tell someone to break their leg? When someone uses this idiom, they\u2019re actually wishing the person good luck. See how confusing idioms can be? This means the total opposite of what it seems to mean! A rule of thumb is a \u201crule\u201d that\u2019s not totally precise. It\u2019s based off common experience and common sense. They aren\u2019t based on science or research! To blow off some steam isn\u2019t to stand above a tea kettle and huff and puff! When you\u2019re feeling angry or upset, and want to do something to relieve those emotions, then you\u2019re blowing off steam--doing something or taking a break to help get rid of the stress. Which Vocabulary Should You Learn for Your Cambridge Exam? Join thousands of Cambridge exam students"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "muffin on the top of your buns. Do you have muffin top? It's... It's... You know what, ladies, gentlemen? It's... It's not really sexy to have a muffin top. Of course, you're going to have some body fat, but try and tuck it in, maybe buy your pants a bit bigger. Get rid of your muffin top. And, oh, Ronnie, got to have a nice one. \"Sweetie pie\". \"Sweetie pie\" generally means that the person is nice. Aww. So you can say: \"Ronnie's such a sweetie pie.\" Th-... What? Ronnie? Th-, this one? Yeah, I know. And let's move on to the enormous task of the toast. You probably know this definition of \"toast\", it's very common. You'll see in movies, the people will be at a wedding in Brazil, and they'll be like: \"Raise a toast to the bride and groom\", and they drink. So, \"toast\" means like saying: \"Cheers\", and usually the person has a wee, which means small, speech to talk about the people. So at a wedding: \"Raise a toast to the bride and groom\", and someone usually talks incessantly about the bride and the groom. This is where we get into the lowdown of the slang. \"Toast\" as an adjective means it's broken. So you might hear someone say: \"My car is toast.\" You drive toast? That's insane! Oh, it means it's broken. \"My computer is toast.\" Or: \"My marker is toast.\" It basically just means it's broken. English is weird. When we talk about people, people cannot be broken. You"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "really bad. If a person were to \"Bogart\" something, how were they acting? This slang term is named for the actor, Humphrey Bogart. If you were sharing a pizza but kept most of the pieces to yourself, someone might say, \"Hey, man, don't Bogart that pizza.\" Your friend is a little bummed, but you tell him to \"keep on truckin'.\" What are you saying? He should give up. He should get mad. He should work harder. He should go with the flow. This is a phrase of encouragement meaning that someone should keep doing what they're doing. It originally is a phrase from the 1930s' song, \"Trucking My Blues Away\" by Blind Boy Fuller. At a party, one person gives another a \"hairy eyeball.\" What are they doing? Spacing out Glaring It's hard to tell exactly where this slang term came from, but one thing is for sure, it isn't positive. If someone is giving you a \"hairy eyeball,\" it means they're glaring at you. Can You Define All of These Common \u201970s Slang Words? Prove You Know Your '70s Slang Words by Acing This Quiz How Well Do You Know 1970s Slang? Can You Identify All of These High School Slang Words From the \u201970s? Are You Able to Translate These '70s Slang Words? Can You Complete These Slang Phrases From the \u201980s? Can You Pass This Difficult Common Phrases Test? Can You Translate These American Slang Words? Can You Translate These Slang Words From the '70s? Interpret These Slang Words and Phrases and We\u2019ll"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "in coming years. Members of St Pancras borough council down the years included Barbara Castle, George Bernard Shaw and V.K. Krishna Menon. \"two shakes of a dead lamb's tail\" A piece I heard on the radio the other day about phrases meaning in next to no time, 'at the drop of a hat', that sort of thing, brought to mind a saying they didn't mention and which I haven't heard in decades. \"Two shakes of a dead lamb's tail\" - ring any bells? I mentioned the term to my 91 year-old father. Yes, it was once widely used; and yes, it meant in no time at all. I have vague memories as a very young kind of waving around a wilted flower stem, or perhaps a stick of rhubarb, and pretending I was doing a couple of shakes of a dead lamb's dangly bit. Though I recall finding the phrase distinctly macabre Looking at the web, it seems there are all sorts of variations, two or three shakes, and with the lamb not necessarily deceased. And from this comes the much more widely used 'two shakes' - as in \"I'll be with you in two shakes\". Where did it come from? Well, the online dictionaries variously suggest an American or Antipodean origin - though one points to an earlier Yorkshire (that's where I grew up) or Welsh origin. It seems to have regained currency through Uma Thurman's character in the movie 'Pulp Fiction' who apparently declares: \"Just make yourself a drink Vincent and I'll be down"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "brother play the cat with a can of tuna. submitted by dan to poach - An unexpected or unintentional diss. Used primarily in the phrase \"You just got poached.\" e.g., I knew I had been poached when I woke up to find my toes super-glued together. submitted by Brandon Boyle to ringarong - To dial the wrong number, to call the wrong person. e.g., Sorry, no Jason here. You rangarong. submitted by francis.co to rock - To wear. e.g., Are you jealous because you can't rock the Tommy Hilfiger jeans? submitted by Phil to rock one's face off - To thrill or inspire one in the extreme. e.g., This new breakfast cereal rocks my face off. submitted by Jordan - (www) to shine someone on - To lie or otherwise get rid of someone who is annoying. e.g., Chris was being a pain in the ass, so I shined him on. submitted by Lloyd Evans to spaff - To wake up in the morning with a huge amount of Facebook notifications and find out that one person has 'liked' every comment you made the previous day. e.g., I have just been spaffed. I'm getting a Spaffing as we speak. submitted by Al Bundowski to spielberg - To hide an advertisement in a work of entertainment e.g., Did you see the new Tom Cruise movie? They spielberg for everything from laundry detergent to ballpoint pens. It's worse than network television. submitted by Steve to squab a squib - To bum a smoke. e.g., Can I squab a"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "when baby boomers were young adults, they might have called the drive-in \"groovy.\" How might a baby boomer say \"OK\"? Cut the gas. If you got this question right, we say \"right on.\" While \"OK\" might not be the most fun way to say it, you can feel like a true baby boomer with this phrase. If someone says, \"sock it to me,\" you can say \"right on.\" Which of the following terms tells you that you're going to have trouble? Blitzed Cruisin' for a bruisin' Peel Out If you're cruisin' for a bruisin', then you may want to stop what you're doing. It can mean that you're annoying someone and making them angry, and they're letting you know that it won't end well for you. Someone tells you to \"beat feet.\" What should you do? Sing a song. Call a cab. Get away quickly. Eat something. \"Beat feet\" might be something you hear when you're somewhere you shouldn't be. Maybe a friend says it to you, or maybe an authority figure does. But what they really want is for you to get out of there. If you're \"clean,\" what are you? Going on vacation A house cleaner You've heard of the saying, \"fresh and clean.\" But in baby-boomer language, \"clean\" means \"looking good.\" The word can be used in different ways, such as in reference to a person or even a car. Which word means \"out of control\"? \"Don't have a hairy,\" is something you might have heard a baby boomer say. It means you"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "out,\" though they do share an origin in the word \"suspect.\" Correct use of \"suss\" (without any \"out\") looks like this: \"Should we drive the car over that bridge? The supporting beams are a bit suss.\" alashi/DigitalVision Vectors/Getty Images Do you know this British term for a massive mistake: plaubls? Balls-up Stubbleup De-bubble A balls-up means something has gone fantastically wrong, as in, \"The party was going well before gatecrashers came and puked everything. It was a total balls-up after that.\" You can substitute almost any word for \"balls,\" however, as in, \"It was a total arse-up.\" Robert Daly/OJO Images/Getty Images How might a Brit indicate that they are very tired: deckranrek? Crackered Obliterated Knackered Are you so tired that you are like a farm animal who has become useless and is now at risk of being sent to the knacker's yard? If so, then you are \"knackered.\" The rather cruel etymology of this term is no longer implied, however, so feel free to use it in the presence of vegans! Flashpop/DigitalVision/Getty Images When you feel very pleased, you're this. What is it: fufched? Chuffed Chomped Chaffed If you are absolutely delighted about something, you might well be \"made up,\" but you can also be \"chuffed.\" You can even be \"well chuffed\" or \"dead chuffed.\" It probably comes from the military, and dates back to early Victorian times. Generally speaking, this is a risky word to use if you are not Cockney or Northern, as it can sound inauthentic. Little Hand Images/Moment/Getty Images Can you find"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "his image, is \"spit and image.\" We tried not to laugh at her _____ comment. tongue and cheek tongue-not-cheek tongue-or-cheek This figure of speech refers to putting one's tongue into one's cheek to express irony or otherwise a joke - literally, \"tongue in cheek.\" He quickly figured out that the group planned to make a _____ of him. escape goat scape-wheel skip goat A person, or group, that's made to take the blame for something, regardless of their own innocence, is called a scapegoat. His manager gave him _____ over the project. free rain free rein free reign free ring It means the freedom to do as one pleases. And because of its origins from the vocabulary of horseback riding, the correct expression is \"free rein.\" Noticing she'd started to spend too much time binge-watching TV from the sofa, she decided to _____. nip it in the buck nip it in the bud nip it in the butt nix it in the bud This idiom comes from the vocabulary of gardening and gardeners. It's used metaphorically - trimming buds before they grow means it's better to handle a problem while it's still small. It is feared the hurricane will _____ along the coast. reek havoc wreck havoc wrought havoc When something like a blizzard, hurricane or other natural disaster brings about widespread destruction, it's said to wreak havoc on its target. If something _____, it means most people have stopped using it (or doing it or making it, etc.). falls by the waist side falls by"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "or in their dorm room, it could be a real buzzkill when someone told them to do their homework or study. If you were \"all that and a bag of chips,\" what were you?\" The greediest The hungriest The slowest If you saw yourself as \"all that and a bag of chips,\" you saw yourself as all that and so much more. Or maybe something you or your friend had something that was just \"it,\u201d the best thing ever. When something is \"fresh,\" what is it? Highly appealing Smelling good In the '90s, if you were a skateboarder and sported Keds or Vans, you had the \"fresh\" gear. If you wore oversized Girbaud jeans and shirts and Timberlands, your clothes were \"fresh.\" Humvees are \"bad.\" What do we mean by that? Run DMC said, \"Not bad meaning bad but bad meaning good!\" Along with NWA and Public Enemy, they were among the baddest rappers back in the day. Sometimes, you're so good; you're \"bad.\" If you got the \"bling,\" what do you have? Flashy jewelry LL Cool J showed us what was fabulous in gold rope chains and four-finger rings. Biz Markie had diamonds on his rope chains. And Jay-Z went next level by showing us platinum jewelry. What is someone saying you are when they say you're \"bodacious?\" \"Bodacious\" is part bold and part audacious. In the movie, Bill and Ted described Socrates as \"the most bodacious philosophizer in Greece.\" But you don't have to be Socrates to be \"bodacious.\" Do you know the word,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "We hope you have fun. Good luck and peace out! \"She was straight buggin' about her man talking to that other chick.\" What was she doing? Staring really hard Freaking out and upset Starting a fight If someone is \"buggin' out,\" they are really concerned to the point of being visibly upset. If someone is \"straight buggin',\" then \"straight\" can be seen as an emphasizing word, like \"very.\" \"Hey, I need to dip. I'll talk to you later.\" What does \"dip\" mean here? Chew tobacco Grab some chips and dip When it's time to go, it's time to go. You definitely don't hear \"dip\" used like this anymore. We're just back to chewing tobacco and yummy things we eat. Which one of these words is NOT slang for stealing something? Yoink All of these words mean to steal. You know the word \"carjack,\" which means to steal a car usually at gunpoint? That's where jack comes from, although if something is \"jacked up,\" it means it's messed up or screwed up. Yoink and gank aren't really in much use anymore. \"Man, this chicken tetrazzini is all that and a bag of chips!\" So how is this meal? It's really good. I've had better. It's disgusting. \"All that and a bag of chips\" has definitely gone the way of the dodo as a phrase. The less emphatic \"all that\" isn't around anymore either. But there was TV, with \"All That\" -- a sketch TV show on Nickelodeon which debuted in 1994 and stuck around for 11 years."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "tea.\" Positively referring to someone who is rather voluptuous in the thigh-butt region. \"Damn you thicc.\" This ain't it, chief Expressing disapproval. Another way for saying \"this just isn't the one\" or \"nah\". For example, seeing the price of petrol increase, \"This ain't it, chief.\" This term stemmed from the term \"internet troll\", and refers to someone who is joking about something, specifically trying to press your buttons to which they say, \"I'm just trolling.\" Weird flex but okay When someone boasts about something no-one really cares about, something that is kind of strange or when someone is being a humble brag, it's a \"weird flex\". For example: \"Look, I can fit my entire fist in my mouth.\" \"Weird flex, but okay.\" What's her @? \"Who is that girl?\" Car. Correlates with \"snatched edges\". A shortened version of \"snatched my wig\" or \"my wig is flying\", which expresses admiration or excellence. For example: \"Did you see this picture she uploaded? Wig!\" Another way for saying \"that's crazy\" or when someone is being rather provocative, you say, \"you wild\". Being socially and politically aware; someone who speaks up for social justice and educates themselves on important topics. Someone who chooses to not be ignorant. Yaaaas/yos/yusss Expressing approval or excitement; basically different takes on the word \"yes\". This is a very complex and versatile word that can be used in pretty much every context. Example 1: \"See you later.\" \"Yeet!\" Example 2: \"Do you want an apple?\" \"Yeet.\" Example 3: \"The state of this economy though, yeet!\" Yikes/That's"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "got five bucks in my kick.\" \u2022 Kicks (v.) -- fun; entertainment \u2022 Kill me (v.) -- show me a good time, send me. \u2022 Killer-diller (n.) -- a great thrill. \u2022 Knock (v.) -- give. Ex., \"Knock me a kiss.\" \u2022 Kopasetic (adj.) -- absolutely okay, the tops. \u2022 Lamp (v.) -- to see, to look at. \u2022 Land o'darkness (n.) -- Harlem. \u2022 Lane (n.) -- a male, usually a nonprofessional. \u2022 Latch on (v.) -- grab, take hold, get wise to. \u2022 Later -- goodbye; forget it \u2022 Lay on (v.) -- give; loan \u2022 Lay some iron (v.) -- to tap dance. Ex., \"Jack, you really laid some iron that last show!\" \u2022 Lay your racket (v.) -- to jive, to sell an idea, to promote a proposition. \u2022 Lead sheet (n.) -- a topcoat. \u2022 Left raise (n.) -- left side. Ex., \"Dig the chick on your left raise.\" \u2022 Licking the chops (v.) -- see frisking the whiskers. \u2022 Licks (n.) -- hot musical phrases. \u2022 Lily whites (n.) -- bed sheets. \u2022 Line (n.) -- cost, price, money. Ex., \"What is the line on this drape\" (how much does this suit cost)? \"Have you got the line in the mouse\" (do you have the cash in your pocket)? Also, in replying, all figures are doubled. Ex., \"This drape is line forty\" (this suit costs twenty dollars). \u2022 Lock up -- to acquire something exclusively. Ex., \"He's got that chick locked up\"; \"I'm gonna lock up that deal.\" \u2022 Main"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "terminology that one country uses can have a vastly different meaning in another country. For example, in Finnish, \"with long teeth\" means you're doing something you don't want to do. However, in French, to \"have long teeth\" means you're very ambitious. Quite different, right? \"Break a leg\" means good luck. When you encourage someone to \"break a leg,\" you might also want to encourage them to \"knock 'em dead\" or do a great job. When you encourage a friend to \"sing their heart out\" before a performance, you're encouraging them to give it their all (and have some fun). \"Get the hook\" means it's time to pull an actor off the stage because he's performing horribly. If you need to \"get the hook,\" the actor most likely \"bombed,\" meaning he was so terrible. If an actor \"bombed,\" then they're likely to be \"upstaged\" by another actor who performed better. If you're excited to \"sink your teeth\" into a new book, it means you're really excited to start reading it. If an artist \"breaks new ground,\" it means his work is important and innovative. Remember, a group of people with shared interests will have their own idioms. As with anything else in life, they'll be easier to understand if you listen to the context clues and ask questions when in doubt. You simply can't be literal when examining an idiom. They tend to make learning a new language difficult, but they're also used in languages all across the globe. Idioms aren't only regional; they also vary according"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "up is a milder variant. [24], Direct command with a meaning similar to \"be quiet\", \"Be Quiet\" redirects here. \u2014 Shower Thoughts (@TheWeirdWorld) May 21, 2018. To say that someone was \"shut up\" meant that they were locked up, quarantined, or held prisoner. [8] By derivation, a \"shut-up sandwich\" is another name for a punch in the mouth. The usage of this phrase for comedic effect traces at least as far back as the 1870s, where the title character of a short farce titled \"Piperman's Predicaments\" is commanded to \"Shut up; and answer plainly\". [22] When this (politer) usage is intended, the phrase is uttered with mild inflexion to express surprise. The command shut up is often followed by another. [8] In shut the heck up, heck is substituted for more aggressive modifiers. [8] Another common variation is \"shut your mouth\", sometimes substituting \"mouth\" with another word conveying similar meaning, such as head,[8] face,[9] teeth,[8] trap,[9] yap,[10] chops,[11] crunch,[8] cake-hole (in places including the UK[11][12] and New Zealand[13]), pie-hole (in the United States[14]), or, more archaically, gob. Relevance. Answer. Brenda Smith Myles, Melissa L. Trautman, Ronda L. Schelvan, \"Piperman's Predicaments: A Farce, in One Act\", (translated by, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shut_up&oldid=977309298, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 September 2020, at 03:48. For instance, if a person was receiving praise they liked hearing but wanted to feign humility, they might, with a bat of the hand, bashfully say, \u201cOh, shut up.\u201d, In the late"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "limits, pushing yourself; leading yourself to triumphs. I don't take breaks. I don't know how a break feels like because I want success; all I know is grind. Last edited on Jan 08 2014. Submitted by Anonymous on Jan 05 2014. to dance in a sexually suggestive hip gyrating motion, usu. pressed up against one or two partners on a dance floor. I wanna grind on someone. My boyfriend likes to grind on me in the club. Last edited on May 13 2013. Submitted by Morgan D. from Seattle, WA, USA on Aug 30 2003. to perform a repetitive task in a role playing game in order to increase one's character's stature. When I have to grind, I kill centaurs. acronym for \"I don't think so\". You're the most awesome person to ever live? IDTS. A nick name or a pet name commonly used for a loved one. \"Padma is my sweetheart. She alone owns my heart\" Last edited on Apr 10 2010. Submitted by Anonymous on Apr 10 2010. form of address for a young girl. Last edited on Jan 12 2012. Submitted by Walter Rader (Editor) from Sacramento, CA, USA on Jan 12 2012."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "limits, pushing yourself; leading yourself to triumphs. I don't take breaks. I don't know how a break feels like because I want success; all I know is grind. Last edited on Jan 08 2014. Submitted by Anonymous on Jan 05 2014. to dance in a sexually suggestive hip gyrating motion, usu. pressed up against one or two partners on a dance floor. I wanna grind on someone. My boyfriend likes to grind on me in the club. Last edited on May 13 2013. Submitted by Morgan D. from Seattle, WA, USA on Aug 30 2003. to perform a repetitive task in a role playing game in order to increase one's character's stature. When I have to grind, I kill centaurs. acronym for \"I don't think so\". You're the most awesome person to ever live? IDTS. A nick name or a pet name commonly used for a loved one. \"Padma is my sweetheart. She alone owns my heart\" Last edited on Apr 10 2010. Submitted by Anonymous on Apr 10 2010. form of address for a young girl. Last edited on Jan 12 2012. Submitted by Walter Rader (Editor) from Sacramento, CA, USA on Jan 12 2012."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "1950s dating terms Man, don't \"bug\" me with that jive about cleanin' up my act. That last take was really kickin', put on the \"cans\" and lets record the final take. I used to partake in late-night jam sessions with the \"cats\" over at Sid's. Hey, Pops, dig those \"changes\" that the Hawk is playin'. Crumb --- Someone for whom it is impossible to show respect. Goof --- Fail to carry out a responsibility or wander in attention. Got your glasses on --- you are ritzy or snooty, you fail to recognize your friends, you are up-stage. What do you expect, Eddie is a \"moldy fig\" and he'll never dig the new sounds. \" My Chops is beat --- When a brass man's lips give out. Burnin --- Used to describe a particularly emotional or technically excellent solo. Character --- An interesting, out of the ordinary person. Chill 'ya --- When an unusual \"hot\" passion gives you goose pimples. Sleazy Eddie is a real \"crumb.\" Cut --- To leave or depart. Groovy --- Used in the fifties to denote music that swings or is funky. Gutbucket ---Gutbucket refers to something to store liquor in and to the type of music associated with heavy drinking. That cat Satchmo started out playing some real \"gutbucket\" in the houses down in New Orleans. Hep --- A term once used to describe someone who knows or understands. Muggles --- One nickname for marijuana used by early Jazzmen (Armstrong has a song by this title). Too many high C's tonight, man,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "be used to agree with someone. For example, \"Hey, you all right with going to the mall later?\" \"Yeah, that's straight.\" A person who likes to be a show-off is called a\u2026? Po po A \"shooter\" is someone who likes to be a show-off. For instance, \"Ugh, look at that girl copying our outfits from last week. What a shooter.\" Which of these phrases is used to express happiness? \"Score\" is used to express happiness in a situation, as well as promoting one's accomplishments. For example, \"Score! I got into Harvard University!\" If someone was tricked or fooled, they have been\u2026? Flossin' Chillin' Aside from being a TV show in the early '2000s, \"punked\" was also used to describe someone who was fooled or tricked. For example, \"Dang, man, you just got punked big time!\" What is the meaning of the phrase \"quit icing my grill?\" Stop giving me the cold shoulder. Stop saying bad things about me. Stop running so late all the time. Stop damaging my meat grill. When someone insults another person in front of them, the other person may feel embarrassed and say, \"quit icing my grill.\" For example, \"Quit icing my grill in front of all these people, man.\" If something is \"off the heezy,\" what does that mean? It's another way of saying \"unique.\" It's another way of saying \"lame.\" It's another way of saying \"confused.\" It refers to an object's large size. If something is \"off the heezy,\" that means that it's different or unique. For example, \"I've never"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "is not the case with most idioms, there are rare occasions in which carte blanche is used literally\u2014to refer to a blank or white document; see above. However, for the most part, the term is used figuratively to mean the license and authority to do as you wish. Even if you\u2019ve never heard the term idiom, you have most likely heard many other idiomatic expressions. Here are just a few of the most common idioms used today: You\u2019re in hot water. His boss gave him the ax. It\u2019s time to face the music. You\u2019ve hit the nail on the head. If you took the first example literally, you\u2019d think it was describing a person standing in a bathtub full of hot water, perhaps. But the expression is actually used to describe a person who\u2019s in trouble. Likewise, rather than literally being handed a tool for chopping wood, if you get the ax from your boss, it means you\u2019re getting fired. It\u2019s time to face the music means that it\u2019s time to come to terms with the consequences of your actions. And when someone has hit the nail on the head, they\u2019ve gotten an answer exactly right or done something exactly as it should have been done. Word Counter can help you understand the meaning behind many of today\u2019s most common idiomatic phrases, like ignorance is bliss, money talks, hang in there, and more. To recap, carte blanche is an idiom that functions as a noun. The phrase was borrowed from the French language, in which it"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "describe a situation or person that is just simply too overwhelming to put into words. 83. \u201cGrindage\u201d As weird as this one sounds, it makes pretty literal sense. \u201cGrindage\u201d refers to eating, meaning that when you\u2019re looking for lunch you might as well say, \u201cI\u2019m ready for some serious grindage.\u201d However, we\u2019d suggest using this in very specific contexts only, as it may easily get misinterpreted. (Properly pronounced, \u201cgrinde-udge\u201c) 84. \u201cAbsotively\u201d This odd-sounding conglomeration of the words absolutely and positively was popularized in the 20s. I guess when you had flapper-dancing and cocktail-drinking to do, you just didn\u2019t have enough time to emphasize your certainty in more than one word. (i.e. \u201cAre you sure this speakeasy\u2019s not gonna\u2019 get busted?\u201d \u201cAbsotively!\u201d) 85. \u201cStoked\u201d Source: pixahive.com We\u2019re guessing you\u2019ve heard this one before, but if you haven\u2019t, it\u2019s a synonym for excited. If you\u2019re \u201cstoked\u201d to go to a party, it\u2019s going to be a good time. 86. \u201cGoing ballistic\u201d While this word refers to military-grade missile weaponry, it can also refer to someone\u2019s over-the-top temper. If you\u2019re a hotheaded individual, you probably know what it feels like to go \u201cballistic.\u201d 87. \u201cVeg out\u201d Still widely used today, this phrase is another way to say you\u2019re taking the day off, probably binge-watching your favorite HBO series or Netflix original, snuggled up in blankets with your favorite snacks. Don\u2019t feel bad; we all need to \u201cveg out\u201d a little every now and then. 88. \u201cWig chop\u201d Not everybody needs to wear wigs, but everybody occasionally needs to get"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "describe a situation or person that is just simply too overwhelming to put into words. 83. \u201cGrindage\u201d As weird as this one sounds, it makes pretty literal sense. \u201cGrindage\u201d refers to eating, meaning that when you\u2019re looking for lunch you might as well say, \u201cI\u2019m ready for some serious grindage.\u201d However, we\u2019d suggest using this in very specific contexts only, as it may easily get misinterpreted. (Properly pronounced, \u201cgrinde-udge\u201c) 84. \u201cAbsotively\u201d This odd-sounding conglomeration of the words absolutely and positively was popularized in the 20s. I guess when you had flapper-dancing and cocktail-drinking to do, you just didn\u2019t have enough time to emphasize your certainty in more than one word. (i.e. \u201cAre you sure this speakeasy\u2019s not gonna\u2019 get busted?\u201d \u201cAbsotively!\u201d) 85. \u201cStoked\u201d Source: pixahive.com We\u2019re guessing you\u2019ve heard this one before, but if you haven\u2019t, it\u2019s a synonym for excited. If you\u2019re \u201cstoked\u201d to go to a party, it\u2019s going to be a good time. 86. \u201cGoing ballistic\u201d While this word refers to military-grade missile weaponry, it can also refer to someone\u2019s over-the-top temper. If you\u2019re a hotheaded individual, you probably know what it feels like to go \u201cballistic.\u201d 87. \u201cVeg out\u201d Still widely used today, this phrase is another way to say you\u2019re taking the day off, probably binge-watching your favorite HBO series or Netflix original, snuggled up in blankets with your favorite snacks. Don\u2019t feel bad; we all need to \u201cveg out\u201d a little every now and then. 88. \u201cWig chop\u201d Not everybody needs to wear wigs, but everybody occasionally needs to get"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "safest thing to do when you don\u2019t know the water. But to dive in head first means to go for it \u2013 don\u2019t worry, don\u2019t think about anything; just do it. Boxing \u2013 \u201cHit Below The Belt:\u201d if you hit someone below the belt, especially a man, it\u2019s not very comfortable, and in boxing, you\u2019re not supposed to do that. So let\u2019s say I\u2019m angry at you and I tell you what I\u2019m angry about but I can do that in a nice way or I can just start saying things that are mean. And if I do it in a mean manner because I want to hurt you, that\u2019s hitting below the belt. And golf? I don\u2019t play golf but I know you can \u201cMAKE THE CUT\u201d or \u201cMISS THE CUT.\u201d Idiomatically, if you all apply for a job, and I say that a few people didn\u2019t make the cut, it means they were eliminated because they weren\u2019t good enough. Take your time when learning idioms. The first step is realizing that an idiom has been used. Then you need to understand the meaning. After that, you need to learn when it is appropriate to use the idiom. And finally, you need to know how to use it \u2013 can it be conjugated or adjusted according to context or is it used exactly as is? Take one at a time and slowly build your list. Good luck! Heather Chetwynd has worked for 30 years in the field of adult education and English as a Second"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "a plant's flower or shoot to appear, and if you cut it while it's small, it will prevent it from growing. 'Wet your appetite' While people can salivate at the sight or smell of delicious food, the phrase isn't to \"wet your appetite.\" To whet something means to sharpen, excite or stimulate, so when the smell of freshly baked cookies or cheesy pizza makes you hungry, what the food has done is \"whet your appetite.\" 'Waiting on someone' This one might seem nitpicky, but if you're waiting on someone, you're their server or service provider. If you're waiting for someone, you're waiting for them to arrive. 'Honing in' The original expression is to \"home in\" on something, meaning to find and move directly toward something. Since the 1960s, however, Americans have been misusing this expression, subbing in the word \"hone\" for \"home.\" Hone means to sharpen a skill or focus, so the expression's meaning still works in some sense with the incorrect word. 'Jive with' The jive is a swing or rock 'n' roll dance move, so it makes some sense that if you get along with someone, that you'd be able to dance well together. But the expression for finding yourself in agreement with someone is actually \"jibe with.\" To jibe is to be in accord. 'Deep-seeded' While it's true that seeds do need to be planted deep in the ground sometimes to take root, if you're looking to explain something that's firmly established or strongly held, you're looking for the phrase \"deep-seated.\" \"Seat\" can"}, {"title": "math", "text": "it. * Yesterday a cab driver made a crack about my pronunciation because my English is poor. 3. What's up? * means \"How are you\" * means \"What is wrong with you\" 4. want a word with somebody * means \"want to talk to somebody\" * There's a reporter on the phone. He wants a word with you. 5. make time * means \"\u62bd\u65f6\u95f4, \u6324\u65f6\u95f4\" * I don't get enough exercise. I need to make time to get to the gym. * You work too hard. Make some time for your family. ========================================================= ActionEnglish 23 1. make-up \u5316\u5986 make-up artist \u5316\u5986\u5e08 2. be spiked, spiked something * When somebody is \"spiked\", it means that alcohol or narcotic substances have been added to a drink or food. * What? Somebody spiked her Coke? 3. mark * \u539f\u610f\u662f\"\u6253\u4e2a\u8bb0\u53f7\", \u5f15\u7533\u610f\u4e3a\"\u4e00\u773c\u5c31\u770b\u51fa\u6765\" * I marked the spot where I buried the money. * I marked you as a girl-chaser the minute I saw you. \u6211\u4e00\u773c\u5c31\u770b\u51fa\u4f60\u662f\u4e2a\u82b1\u82b1\u516c\u5b50. 4. This is classic Mac * Mac is a people's name * means \"XXX\u7684\u60ef\u7528\u624b\u6cd5\" * This mess is just classic Adam. * This writing style is just classic Mr. Jin. * classic flavor \u6700\u6b63\u5b97\u7684\uff0c\u6700\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u9999\u70df\u3001\u8863\u670d\u4e0a\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u80fd\u770b\u5230 ========================================================= ActionEnglish 24 1. screen \u94f6\u5e55 2. ten-four * Ten-four is used in radio communication to state that you've heard and understood something. * \u6551\u62a4\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u8b66\u5bdf\u5e38\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bcd\u6c47 * We found him under the bridge. His leg is broken. Ten-four. 3. want to * \u5728\u53e3\u8bed\u4e2d\u53d1\u97f3\u4e3awanna * \u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e2aphrase\u7528\u5728\u975e\u7591\u95ee\u53e5\u4e2d\u610f\u601d\u4e0d\u662f\u60f3\u5e72...\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\"\u4f60\u6700\u597d\u5e72\u4ec0\u4e48\", \"\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u5e72\u4ec0\u4e48\" * I'm not gonna call him. But you want to. 4. You owe me ... * \u6b20\u8c01...\u94b1\uff0c\u6b20\u8c01...\u4eba\u60c5"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "of plastic and leather, coined in the early eighties. ***Reduplicating rhyming formation on \"suit\", first used in the 1940s. push present? In a more innocent age, new mothers generally considered their babies to be the greatest gift imaginable. Today, they are likely to want some sort of tangible bonus as well. This bonus goes by various names. Some call it the \u201cbaby mama gift.\u201d Others refer to it as the \u201cbaby bauble.\u201d But it\u2019s most popularly known as the \u201cpush present.\" That\u2019s \u201cpush\u201d as in, \u201cI the mother, having been through the wringer and pushed out this blessed event, hereby claim my reward.\u201d Or \u201cpush\u201d as in, \u201cI\u2019ve delivered something special and now I\u2019m pushing you, my husband/boyfriend, to follow suit.\u201d You just got to love the English language and the unabashed directness of its speakers when it comes to express the joy of materialism. (To add to the latter: When I looked up the article on the NYT website, there was a Tiffany ad next to it.) Because if not, you'll end up banging your head on the carpet, screaming \"What's wrong with you people?\" let's get going. chop, chop! Oh, what a boring episode. Chop, chop! It's a good thing they don't normally do menswear on Project Runway, even if \"pants are just 2 big sleeves sewn together\" (Chris). How can you discuss design when there's not a single garment on the runway that actually fits (\"The crotch looks insane\")? When most looks are unfinished or poorly executed, including the winning design (which only"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "a good chuckle this morning. Thank you! Dear, we need to have a talk here. You apparently want to present yourself as someone who is a master of the English language and can use it to effectively convince others of your superiority and intelligence. Just between you and me, that works so much better when you actually know what the words you are using mean. You said: \"Sure, everyone has the right to their opinion. However, if you fail to express it positively, you are counterproductive and jilted.\" The word \"jilted\" means to \"deceive or drop a lover suddenly or callously\". Please tell me how my expression of my opinion that Fleetwood Mac is not putting on the best shows they have ever done on this tour causes the end of the relationship suddenly and callously with my significant other. I believe the word you might have been looking for was \"stilted\" which means 'pompous, stiff, lofty, formal. \"Sure, everyone has the right to their opinion. However, if you fail to express it positively, you are counterproductive and STILTED.\" See how much better that works? I'm surprised an author didn't know that. Honey, put your thesaurus away and just use the words you are comfortable with. Just because something looks and sounds impressive and appears to be something the \"big boys\" might say, doesn't mean you should use it. You can get in trouble that way. Kenneth, you said: \"I just left that concert and it was AMAZING! And there is nothing any negative Nancy can"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "to jump through a lot of hoops in order to get a work visa. To jump down someone\u2019s throat means to speak angrily to them, strongly criticize or reprimand them (especially in reaction to something they said or did). All I did was say I\u2019d be a little late for dinner, and she jumped down my throat! If you get a jump on something, it means you start a project or process early in order to have an advantage or get it done earlier. I\u2019ve already got this week\u2019s lessons done, so now I\u2019m getting a jump on preparing next week\u2019s lessons. To jump in can mean quickly enter an activity that\u2019s already in progress. It can also be used for entering/interrupting a conversation in progress. There was a bunch of guys playing poker at the bar, and we jumped in. I was in the middle of explaining the situation when my manager jumped in and said she had never approved the project."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "wild. For instance, \"Let's take Josh home from this party. He's been acting so bunked from all those drinks.\" If you want to emphasize being correct in a situation, which of these phrases would you use? Buzz kill \"Booya\" is often used to emphasize being correct in a situation. For example, \"Booya! I told you the Eagles would win the Super Bowl!\" If I am \"slammin'\" this homework, what do I mean? My dog ate my homework. I'm completing this homework at a rapid rate. I'm not doing very well on this homework. I've lost my homework. When someone is \"slammin'\" a task, that means that they are completing it quickly and efficiently. Another example would be, \"I've been slammin' these drinks since noon!\" Which of these words is synonymous with \"awful?\" \"Brutal\" is used to describe something that is awful or really bad in nature. For instance, \"Man, this party is brutal, let's leave now.\" \"Po-po\" is a shortened way of saying\u2026? Pores (on the face) \"Po-po\" is a shortened way of saying police. For instance, \"Let's run from this party, man, the po-po is here!\" \"So\" is another way of saying\u2026? In the '90s, \"so\" was used often to replace the word \"very.\" For instance, \"Those shoes are so '70s.\" If someone is \"throwed\" at a party, what does that mean? The person is yelling. The person is dancing quite a bit. The person is sober. The person is drunk. \"Throwed\" is another way of saying that someone is drunk. For instance, \"Matt got"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "unlike half of the kapuka that is on offer nowadays.No chicks in skimpy outfits, borrowed cars just the singers and their pals having an great ole time.That's what good videos are made of.Now will we are on that topic, how many of you out there have chongad viazi as a result of not having enough money to cover a bill? ps:Youtube may be down for maintenance so the video may not show! Does anyone remember the slang term \"crushed off?\" I think there are few slang terms that had as many definitions as this one.These were some of the meanings... 1.To beat someone up - \"Ebu keep quiet before I crush you off!\" 2.To catch strokes or shag - \"Chief!After tuning that mama I crushed her off in the digz!\" 3.To tackle in a game of rugby -\"My guy did you see him after the full back crushed him off when he thought he would make the try?\" 4.To eat ravenously - \"We were so hungry that we crushed off everything that he had in his kitchen!\" 5.To ignore - \"I tried to convince my boss but he just looked at me and crushed me off!\" I don't know if any of you ever used this term or used it in all these ways but I heard it used in all these ways.I guess some people adapted it to the circumstance at hand but it sounds so good that I'm going to start using it again ie...There are some bloggers that I wouldnt mind crushing off!"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "flower or shoot to appear, and if you cut it while it's small, it will prevent it from growing. 'Wet your appetite' While people can salivate at the sight or smell of delicious food, the phrase isn't to \"wet your appetite.\" To whet something means to sharpen, excite or stimulate, so when the smell of freshly baked cookies or cheesy pizza makes you hungry, what the food has done is \"whet your appetite.\" 'Waiting on someone' This one might seem nitpicky, but if you're waiting on someone, you're their server or service provider. If you're waiting for someone, you're waiting for them to arrive. 'Honing in' The original expression is to \"home in\" on something, meaning to find and move directly toward something. Since the 1960s, however, Americans have been misusing this expression, subbing in the word \"hone\" for \"home.\" Hone means to sharpen a skill or focus, so the expression's meaning still works in some sense with the incorrect word. 'Jive with' The jive is a swing or rock 'n' roll dance move, so it makes some sense that if you get along with someone, that you'd be able to dance well together. But the expression for finding yourself in agreement with someone is actually \"jibe with.\" To jibe is to be in accord. 'Deep-seeded' While it's true that seeds do need to be planted deep in the ground sometimes to take root, if you're looking to explain something that's firmly established or strongly held, you're looking for the phrase \"deep-seated.\" \"Seat\" can mean a"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "with old sailors lingering about the docks with breath smelling like pilchards. But it has nothing to do with halitosis at all, as the term is actually \u2018bated\u2019, shortened from \u2018abated\u2019 \u2013 meaning lessened or lowered. It originates from William Shakespeare\u2019s Merchant of Venice, when the beleaguered usurer Shylock denies Antonio a loan, telling him he won\u2019t bow to him and speak in \u2018bated breath\u2019 (a soft tone) because of Antonio\u2019s previous jerklike actions (ie. spitting on Shylock, kicking him and being a general bastard). How the idea of anticipation entered the phrase, though is anyone\u2019s guess. Today\u2019s Meaning: \u201cEmpty, insincere or nonsensical langauge.\u201d \u201cMy god, it\u2019s so good I just have to.. I dunno, bang my hands together!\u201d It\u2019s easy to sneer down at the great unwashed from the lofty balconies of so-called \u2018high-brow\u2019 entertainment, judging them for their reality TV and canned laughter. True enough, the likes of Please Marry My Son and The Kardashians destroy brain cells faster than huffing spraypaint and a career in boxing, but people in glass houses should not throw stones. We may well describe inane television as \u2018claptrap\u2019 but the origin of the term lies in the glory age of high-brow snootery. At some point in the mid-18th century, classical composers and playwrights began to purposefully insert dialogue or crescendos designed specifically to rouse reaction from the audience. The kow-towing to the crowd was to spark applause \u2013 a trap for claps. The practice influenced a new direction in theatre especially, from Shakespearean plays to bombastic Victorian farce"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "these days, because everything is so dear!\u201d Faff This is used when someone delay or postpone something or when wasting time thinking over it without any action. \u201cYou have to stop faffing around, because we are already late and there is not time to procrastinate.\u201d Do This means partying. \u201cAre you going to Ben\u2019s birthday do tonight?\u201d Flog To sell something \u201cI managed to flog my old laptop for a decent price and now i\u2019m going to buy a new one.\u201d Swag This means style and attitude in someone's personality. \"Wow! This boy have some serious swag!\" Vlog This means video recording your daily life or activities. \u201cI have my own Youtube channel for Vlogs i shoot everyday.\u201d Fortnight It\u2019s an abbreviation for 2 weeks or 14 days. \u201cIt has been a fortnight since I last played football.\u201d Gobsmacked This means feeling amazed, astounded or utterly astonished. \u201cI can\u2019t believe I scored an A+ in my test! I thought i was going to score pretty bad. Oh my god, I\u2019m completely gobsmacked!\u201d OMG It\u2019s an abbreviation for \u201cOH My God!\u201d and it is used to express a surprise, shock or disbelief. \u201cOMG, I lost my phone! What am i going to do now?\u201d Chin Up It means be brave and strong to fight it out. \u201cCommon man, chin up! You\u2019ve got this, i\u2019m sure you\u2019ll do it.\u201d Splash Out When you have over spent money or paid way to much for something. \u201cI wanted to give my mother a surprise gift, so I splashed out on"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "slang To understand what someone is saying, especially when something is insinuated, rather than stated directly. A: \"I'm going to say that I'm busy on Sunday, and I think you should too.\" B: \"I'm picking up what you're putting down\u2014I don't want to go to this family reunion either!\" If I see you around here again, there's going to be trouble. Are you picking up what I'm putting down?"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "like that, it's hard not to take the \"icing\" aspect of this phrase literally. George Gojkovich/Getty Images Sport \"Please set the game clock to 0:00, because this is bullshit, and I am going home.\" The second and primary meaning of the phrase is an extension of the first, implying that some kind of \"mental icing\" is going on, possibly to induce cramping in his delicate, baby-soft kicking brain and get the kicker to psyche himself out somehow. \"Wait a second. Life is meaningless. We're all shadows screaming into an uncaring void.\" \"Are ... are you going to kick the ball or just stand there reciting your high school poetry? We don't have a ton of time here.\" So, a great, descriptive phrase all around, even if the tactic is basically useless. 5 Chin Music \"Chin music\" is a delightful phrase that arrives to us from the exciting world of baseball. Basically, the phrase is a polite, folksy term for attempted fucking murder, specifically a fastball thrown at a batter's head. Rich Legg/E+/Getty Images \"And with that the Sox bring on Hernandez. He's already got six stolen bases this year when pinch running in partial-decapitation situations.\" That's exaggerating a little; almost no one dies from pitches like this because that would mean something actually happened in a baseball game. The intent of this pitch is mostly psychological: it forces the batter to duck and pee a little, which flusters him for the rest of the at-bat. It can make him hesitate a fraction on the next few"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "example if someone says, \u2018Jolly Good\u2019 it means very good. \u201cThe cake we ate was jolly good!\u201d Throw a spanner in the works It\u2019s an expression to destruct something. \u201cWe all managed to keep the surprise a secret, but then my mother threw a spanner in the works by tell her!\u201d Kip A short sleep or nap. \u201cI\u2019m going to kip before everyone arrives for the party or else i won\u2019t get time to rest later.\u201d Wind up Making fun of someone \u201cI was winding up her for a bit of fun, but then she got really angry and left.\u201d Mate This means a friend, buddy or pal. \u201cMate, would you like to join me at a friend\u2019s birthday party?\u201d Not my cup of tea It\u2019s a saying for something that is not to your liking. \u201cI don\u2019t like loud metal music. It is not my cup of tea.\u201d Porkies It means telling lies. \u201cDon\u2019t trust a word he said, he\u2019s was telling porkies.\u201d Row A word used for argument or aggressive conversation. \u201cMy friend smashed his dad\u2019s car yesterday, and then he had a huge row with him. He\u2019s really upset!\u201d Donkey Years This means a person has not seen someone for a very long time. \u201cHey Jason! Where have you been? I haven\u2019t seen you in donkey\u2019s years! How are you brother?\u201d Take a chill pill It means ease up and relax. \u201cSarah, you are just overreacting! Just take a chill pill and stop thinking over it.\u201d Easy Peasy A term for something ridiculously"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "if you don't be quiet, I'm going to slap you! just (do something) One interesting way that English speakers use \"just\" is to talk about doing things which you're not supposed to do. You can talk about hitting someone this way: Arrrr! He made me so angry, I wanted to just smack him! Or about other things that are forbidden, like yelling at your boss: I thought about just standing up and telling Janice what I really think of her. hit (someone) in the face To talk about hitting someone's face, use the preposition \"in\": I hit him right in his ugly face! Use this for objects too: The ball bounced up and hit me in the face. You can either use \"the face\" or \"my/his/her/etc. face\". One common variation on this phrase is \"right in the face\", which means hitting someone hard and directly in the face. slam (someone) \"Slamming\" someone means hitting them hard. You can \"slam\" someone with your fist, or by running into them with your body. A car can also \"slam\" into another car. This is a very energetic, expressive word. You're likely to use it while telling a story. anger fighting idioms just at a bar or club \u201cWhere's the next one being held?\u201d \u201cShe is also the recipient of numerous awards, including the Pulitzer Prize fo...\u201d"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "'70s slang term, \"boogie.\" Either way, it means someone doing something fast. In '70s slang, if something is\"bangin'\u200b,\" what is it? \"Bangin' has a couple of meanings and both of them are good. It could refer to someone's body, saying that it's attractive, or it could also mean that something, like a party, is really exciting. If you tried to do something \"to the max,\" how are you doing it? The best you possibly can. Pretty well Not that great In an awful way Some of these phrases are more confusing than others. Doing something to \"the max\" just means that you're giving it your maximum effort. The slang term is just a cooler version of \"the best.\" In the '70s people often said \"psych.\" What were they saying? They were being honest. They were spacing out. They were messing with someone. They were asking for an opinion. If you are having some mental issues, you might go to a psychologist, which is the point of this slang term. If someone says \"psych\" to you, they're getting into your mind, or at least trying to. Would you be happy if someone called you an \"airhead\"? No, they're saying I am dumb. No, they're saying I am a daydreamer. Yes, they're saying I am smart. Yes, they're saying I am imaginative. If someone says you're an \"airhead,\" what is being implied is that your head is full of air. As you might imagine, this wasn't considered a compliment when it came to slang in the '70s. If"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "at all. I think its cool.'. But nowadays something disgusting is met with the phrase 'Gag me with a spoon.' We'd rather choke you with a rope, but whatever. And when something is 'In the mix', it means that it is cool. Well, it did back in the 80's but that's just another word for cool. Coincidentally, these same people coined the word 'wannabe', apparently as a method to describe themselves. Its not really smart to make up dumb words and phrases. You think that's all the bull-ha that you can take, but wait good fellow, wait till you hear all these stupid words in circulation. A head-banger, one who stands at rock concert, moving his head in an up and down motion, because he can't play any instrument, doesn't have a girlfriend or a life and can't sing for a penny, is actually known as a heavy metal fan. Yes, he must've been hit one too many times by heavy metal. K-Rad means radical whereas K-Fed means someone who is a loser(not really, the latter). Juicin' describes a steroid user, Killer means really cool, Mad and Major mean cool, mental means stupid, 411 means to get information and Oh My God, the list is endless and makes people writhe in anger and anguish, gathered from the mighty stupidity of it all. It's all gibberish really. It's a complete waste of time, like a sign of misspent youth. Like how such wannabe cool people cannot speak a sentence without using the word like. 'Like I was"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "to do with your weight at all. And how would it be used? Well, like this: \"Those new sneakers of yours are phat.\" When you wanted to leave, which of these slang terms would you say to your posse? \"Let's chill.\" \"Let's bounce.\" \"To the max\" \"Eat my shorts.\" Any cool cats from the 1980s knew what it meant to \"bounce.\" It had everything to do with leaving. \"Let's bounce this sad party\" meant you were leaving. The word \"gnarly\" describes what? Something ugly Something made of wood Something extremely cool To a surfer, \"gnarly\" means dangerous or difficult to do. To an '80s kid, \"gnarly\" was simply cool or awesome. For example, \"Your He-Man action figure is gnarly, dude.\" If you wanted to use another word other than \"obviously,\" what slang term would you choose? \"Skank\" \"Duh\" \"Tubular\" \"Word-up\" \"Maybe I shouldn't have worn a Yankees shirt to an Red Sox game.\" And the logical reply from someone to this would be, \"Duh!\" In the 1980s, to \"schmooze\" someone meant what? To give them a bar of chocolate To invite them to dinner To ask them for money To kiss up to them If your friend has something you desperately need, you might choose to \"schmooze.\" For example, \"Cedric, did I mention you look awesome today. Any chance I can borrow $10. By the way, you look buff. Have you been working out?\" Anyone said to be \"butter\" in the 1980s was very _________. \"Dude, you look so butter in those sporty sneakers!\" While this"}, {"title": "math", "text": "Children often point fingers when they don't wanna get in trouble. * How was Bill's party last night? Oh, it was a disaster! Everybody started pointing fingers when Bill couldn't find his wallet. ========================================================= ActionEnglish 202 1. I could use a hand * means \"\u6211\u9700\u8981\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\" * Are you busy? I could use a hand with dinner. * Lisa is moving into her new apartment this weekend. Let's go help her. She could probably use a hand. 2. It'll be fun while it lasts. * means \"\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u6109\u60a6\u7684\" * Although true love might not last forever, it'll be fun while it lasts. 3. soar * verb, means \"fly high and graceful\" ========================================================= ActionEnglish 203 1. \u300aGlory\u300b \u5149\u8363\uff0c\u8363\u8a89 2. cut someone some slack * means \"\u539f\u610f\u662f -- \u653e\u677e\uff0c\u5f15\u7533\u4e49\u4e3a -- \u653esomeone\u4e00\u9a6c\" * The professor cut me some slack and didn't reduce my score for being late. * Please cut me some slack in the rope so I can untie the boat. -- \u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u201c\u653e\u677e\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d 3. stand someone up * means \"\u653esomeone\u7684\u9e3d\u5b50\", \u4ee5\u524d\u5b66\u8fc7\u662fstand up for sb. \u8fd9\u662f\u8868\u793asupport sb. * After she stood me up a second time, I never agreed to go on a date with her again. * Don't stand us up, Phil. We expect you at the staff meeting tomorrow. -- staff meeting \u5458\u5de5\u5927\u4f1a 4. will do * means \"another way of saying OK, \u7167\u529e\" * Evelyn, will you please file these papers? Will do, Mr. Weng. -- file\u505a\u540d\u8bcd\u662f \u628a...\u5f52\u6863 \u7684\u610f\u601d * Please don't forget to call me when you arrive. Will do. Talk to you soon. ========================================================= ActionEnglish 204"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "in the armed services. That had to wait until you got back home and got a civilian job. Bust someone's chops: To enjoy your food. To lecture or yell at someone. To demote someone. To promote someone. Here's another one that's lasted into the present day. To demote wasn't too far off: Officers worried that a big enough screwup would get them \"busted back down to private.\" Ace: Expert or superior performer. Dangerous mission. Repeating rifle. Submarine commander. When it refers to a pilot, this adjective becomes a noun: \"a flying ace.\" But you can be an \"ace (noun)\" in many other fields, as well. Beef: A disagreement. A German. An artilleryman. Texturized soy protein in rations. A \"beef\" can just be verbal, or it can turn physical. You'll occasionally still hear this one today. Cook with gas: To be accomplished or doing something really well. To handle dangerous ordnance. To get drunk. To cook using alcohol. Nowadays, we most often use this phrase with \"now,\" suggesting a breakthrough or sudden improvement. \"You're cooking with gas now!\" Do You Know All of These WWII US Navy Slang Words? Interpret These Slang Words and Phrases and We\u2019ll Guess Your Age Can You Name All of These 1953 School Supplies? The Ultimate WWII Military Equipment Quiz Can You Define All of These Common \u201970s Slang Words? Could You Get Through Boot Camp in WWII? Can You Complete These Slang Phrases From the \u201960s? How Well Do You Know \u201980s Slang? Can You Get More Than 11 Right on"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "am \"slammin'\" this homework, what do I mean? My dog ate my homework. I'm completing this homework at a rapid rate. I'm not doing very well on this homework. I've lost my homework. When someone is \"slammin'\" a task, that means that they are completing it quickly and efficiently. Another example would be, \"I've been slammin' these drinks since noon!\" Which of these words is synonymous with \"awful?\" \"Brutal\" is used to describe something that is awful or really bad in nature. For instance, \"Man, this party is brutal, let's leave now.\" \"Po-po\" is a shortened way of saying\u2026? Pores (on the face) \"Po-po\" is a shortened way of saying police. For instance, \"Let's run from this party, man, the po-po is here!\" \"So\" is another way of saying\u2026? In the '90s, \"so\" was used often to replace the word \"very.\" For instance, \"Those shoes are so '70s.\" If someone is \"throwed\" at a party, what does that mean? The person is yelling. The person is dancing quite a bit. The person is sober. The person is drunk. \"Throwed\" is another way of saying that someone is drunk. For instance, \"Matt got so throwed at that party last night.\" What does \"TMI\" stand for? Too much ice cream Too many inquiries Too much involvement If someone gives you too many details on a subject that make you uncomfortable, you might say \"TMI!\" For instance, \"TMI! I don't want to know what happens during pregnancy!\" What does a \"throw down\" refer to? A church choir A study"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "Groups often speak their own language with ever-evolving slang Jennifer Smola The Columbus Dispatch Jul 27, 2019 at 7:55 AM Jul 27, 2019 at 7:55 AM When 22-year-old Elizabeth Bergman said a certain hairstyle was \u201cgoals\u201d on a social media post recently, her father reacted with utter confusion. \u201cMy dad was like, is this grammatically correct?\u201d said the Ohio State University senior from Grandview Heights. \u201cHe\u2019s just like, did you mean to do that? Was that a typo?\u201d Nope, she was just trying to say that that it looked good. Fleek, high-key, stan \u2014 don\u2019t know these words? Well, maybe you\u2019re not supposed to. After all, that\u2019s sort of what makes slang, slang. \u201c(It\u2019s) when one group of people knows what it means but another person doesn\u2019t,\u201d said Ohio State senior Sarah Chopko, from Howland Center in northeast Ohio. \u201cLike, we know what it means, but our parents don\u2019t.\u201d One example Chopko said she and her peers use is saying \u201clit\u201d to describe something that is going to be great or fun. (No, Mom, this is not to be confused with the old-school, slangy use of \u201clit,\u201d which describes a state of drunkenness.) Another is \u201chigh-key,\u201d which basically means \u201creally\u201d or \u201cto a great degree,\u201d and is sister slang of \u201clow-key,\u201d meaning \u201cto a small extent,\u201d or \u201csubtle.\u201d Duh. Technically, there are two approaches for deeming something slang, said Michael Adams, professor of English language at Indiana University whose scholarly works include writings on slang and jargon. One is what Adams calls the \u201cpointy-headed\u201d rule. \u201cThat"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "What most people think it means: taking a hair and splitting it in two. What it really means: getting too bogged down in tiny details. It\u2019s generally used to describe someone very meticulous, or too picky. Basically someone who gets worked up over nothing. The phrase is thought to have originated in the 17th century, with the Oxford English dictionary listing the phrase \"cutting the hair\", which paints an even clearer idea of giving something a whole lot of effort, for not a great outcome."}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "the wall. \"Two...jumbo...sausages...\" was all he could muster by way of explanation. It appeared that most people had succumbed to the lure of Chipbelly. At any given point during the show I could virtually guarantee there would be a nun, somewhere on the stage, taking advantage of a moment facing the back to blow her cheeks out exhaustedly and try to gain momentum again. The dance numbers felt as if we were wading through curry sauce. Getting a big enough breath to sing was a chore. Even bending over to put a pair of tights on was a struggle. A psychological disorder which renders the sufferer unable to control his or her onstage facial movements. At the opposite end of the medical spectrum from Mugging, this condition usually rears its head during dance numbers. The afflicted party will lack energy and appear listless, easily distracted and slightly behind the music. Movements will be small and unfocused. Only two known cures for Marking currently exist: the threat of a clean-up call or an announcement that the producer is watching. Don't pop the head, Cassie. Also known as How-to-get-a-day-off-when-there's-nothing-actually-wrong-with-you. A common affliction, particularly amongst lazier performers. Usually involves a pained expression, limp and/or cough, loud request for Neurofen, doubling over, refusal to eat and a brave \"No, I'll soldier on\" attitude. Precedes a day off. Anyone who has swung a show will have an acute ability to spot the seed-sowers, but it takes a strong dance captain to weed them out. A medical condition that renders the sufferer"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "in concrete, right? People often confuse the two.\" BURKE: \"Exactly. Something that's very concrete is very solid. But if you 'cement' a deal, it means you're putting the deal together, and that we've cemented it, which means it can't be broken. They all shook hands and 'ramped up' the project. So when you ramp up a project, it simply means to start a project.\" AA: \"Or speed it up, or increase it.\" BURKE: \"Exactly. After one week all three houses were finally built. That night, suddenly, the first little pig heard someone yelling outside his straw house. It was the wolf, and he was totally 'hammered,' which means completely drunk. \"'If you don't open up this door right now,' said the wolf, 'I'm going to blow your house down.' Well, after a moment, the wolf inhaled deeply and blew out with all his might until the house collapsed. \"The scared little pig ran down the road to the second pig's house, but the wolf -- who had a very large 'build' -- followed him. So a large build ... \" RS: \"A big guy.\" BURKE: \"If you have big build, or if you're 'built,' it means you are powerful and muscular. Again, after a moment, the wolf inhaled with all his might and blew down the house. The two pigs really 'painted themselves into a corner.' When you paint yourself into a corner ... \" RS: \"You can't get out.\" BURKE: \"You can't get out, you've created a situation that you cannot get out from. So"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "them, it will just scoff them all the same as if they were a carrot or a hand full of grass. Matt E. \u042d\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043d\u2666 BenCrBenCr A lot of it depends on context. If the context is referring to an individual not understanding, Casting Pearls Among Swine might be most appropriate. If the proverbial flutist doesn't know he is wasting his time, Whistling in the Wind seems appropriate. I would offer a new phrase: If the flutist knows he is wasting time, but doing it anyway Spinning Your Wheels might be good (this is generally a reference to someone whose car is stuck in the mud, but they hit the gas anyway in a futile attempt to get out). However, I once heard an Indian saying that could work very nicely: \"Playing the flute to a buffalo\"--the implications translate well to English. See what I did there. When I was teaching in a high school, we had a principal who loved to use a phrase that has to be a very old saying from deep country. He would say, \"You are grinning up a dead mules butt, boy.\" He would always look the person directly in the eyes and grin. RandallRichardsRandallRichards You can lead a horse to water but you can't make it drink. (implies knowledge not actual food) This saying is about stubbornness, not stupidity. \u2013 Matthew Read May 3 '17 at 21:46 Flogging a dead horse is used to refer to trying to make someone do something that they are never going to do in"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "kinds of failure or death. boonchai wedmakawand / Moment / Getty Images What does it mean to \"hit the books\"? To become famous for something terrible To study To fail miserably at something To cut all ties with social media \"Hitting the books\" is something with which American students will be familiar. More than the simple act of studying, it is closer to cramming, burying oneself in learning materials until the new information penetrates. Severin Schweiger / Bernhard Haselbeck / Cultura / Getty Images \"Bailing\" is an odd verb. What do you think it means? Fix a problem Leave suddenly \"Bailing\" means to leave suddenly as in \"Sorry, but I've got to bail on you.\" Other colorful American slang terms that mean the same thing include \"split,\" \"haul ass,\" \"blow,\" \"make tracks\" and the archaic \"scram.\" SammyVision / Moment / Getty Images Some people would love some \"tea\" while others hurl it. What do you think it is? \"Tea,\" likely derived from \"T for truth,\" is a modern slang term for truth. \"Sipping tea,\" conversely, refers to things that are \"none of your business.\" Other terms for truth include \"the dope,\" \"the score,\" \"the goods\" and \"not just whistlin' Dixie.\" Flashpop / DigitalVision / Getty Images \"Swag\" is a very odd term. What could it possibly mean? A state of coolness \"Swag\" has taken on new meanings over the years, but its origins remain a mystery. Some believe it has Dutch roots, originating in New Amsterdam. The meaning \"free stuff\" is interpreted as the word standing"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "1930s Hollywood popularized the phrase in movies like Dead End and Bowery Boys, featuring tough-and-up, macho-man characters hungry for a fight. 4. \u201cDon\u2019t flip your wig!\u201d This saying from the 1950s is another way of basically telling someone not to freak out. For example, \u201cDon\u2019t flip your wig Mom, but I accidentally threw a baseball through the kitchen window.\u201d 5. \u201cBurn rubber\u201d Source: SnappyGoat.com This slang phrase might not be the best advice to give to a newly-licensed driver. In essence, to \u201cburn rubber\u201d is to exceed the speed limit; put your pedal to the metal, so to speak. Maybe not such a good idea for any amateur drivers out there. 6. \u201cCruisin\u2019 for a bruisin'\u201d There\u2019s nothing quite like a little of that 1950s Greaser sass to get you pumped and oiled up for a street fight. If you look at it from a certain point of view, this saying doubles as both a threat and a semi-compliment. If you\u2019re \u201ccruisin\u2019 for a bruisin\u2019,\u201d it means you look particularly fight-able. 7. \u201cBust a gut\u201d There are ways to say \u2018LOL\u2019 without the mildly gruesome imagery that this saying implies, but I digress. In the early 1900s, if you laughed hard enough you were apparently in danger of \u201cbusting a gut,\u201d or giggling until your stomach exploded. Pretty cool\u2013also ew. 8. \u201cCome on snake, let\u2019s rattle!\u201d Like other phrases of the 1950s, this slang saying also had a double meaning. If you said this to someone, you were either itching for a fight or asking them"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "calm down. What did you mean if you said \u201crazz my berries\u201d? Dionisvera/ShutterstockRaspberries. The term referred to something that excited or interested you. If a movie was a big tickle, it meant what? fizkes/ShutterstockA family laughing together. It meant the movie made you laugh. If you called someone a \u201cwet rag,\u201d you meant that they were \u2026 ? vvoe/ShutterstockA cleaning rag. \u2026 No fun or a bore. You would call someone a wet rag if you were trying to goad them to go out and have fun. When you told someone \u201ccome on, snake, let\u2019s rattle!\u201d you meant what? The term had a dual meaning depending on the tone. It meant asking a girl to dance, but it could also mean you were challenging someone to a fight. If you asked someone \u201cWhat\u2019s your bag?\u201d what were you asking them? WeStudio/ShutterstockLuggage bags. You would be asking them what their problem was or where they were from. If someone asked you to the \u201csubmarine races,\u201d where did they want you to go? Associated PressA submarine. The slang term didn\u2019t mean actually watching submarines, rather it was a subtle way to ask if a significant other wanted to make out in the car. If you called someone a \u201cfink,\u201d you were referring to them as what? Oksana Mizina/ShutterstockA child pointing at another. A modern-day equivalent would be \u201csnitch.\u201d A \u201cfink\u201d was someone who betrayed your trust or revealed a secret. The phrase \u201cMeanwhile, back at the ranch\u201d meant what? Rena Schild/ShutterstockA ranch. Taken from the old westerns of"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "every body wang-ed every body chung-ed Thread starter Siavash2015 Siavash2015 Iranian-Persian What does it mean when someone says: We threw 2 parties, everybody had fun, everybody wang-ed, everybody Chung-ed. Is it a frequent word? Thanks a bunch in advance. sdgraham Never heard either. It sounds as though you're continuing to wade through the Urban Dictionary. EDIT: as I think about it, Dumpster-diving seems more appropriate where the Urban Dictionary is concerned. You two are clearly not familiar with Everybody Have Fun Tonight, a #2 hit in 1986 for the band Wang Chung. I quote the chorus: Everybody have fun tonight, Everybody wang chung tonight.\u200b sdgraham said: Definitely Dumpster-diving is more appropriate. But I came across this in a movie. It has nothing to do with dumpster-diving. It's a reference to the song: everybody \"had fun tonight.\" Glenfarclas said: So it means everybody had fun. Siavash2015 said: Right. It probably also implies that people danced, and that 1980s music was played (because why would you refer to this song otherwise?). So, it could mean dancing as well. Well, if someone told \" It would have 2 meanings and......it depends on the situation which meaning would fit. manfy German - Austria Don't search too hard for a deeper meaning - there might not really be one! I've heard that phrase several times in those 30minute light comedy serials, too. It's usually used to create a laugh-out-loud moment, without really knowing why. Since the song is rather old and since it was relatively short-lived, better don't think of using"}, {"title": "math", "text": "4. beat someone up * means \"\u75db\u6253someone\" * My younger brother and I always used to beat each other up, especially when we couldn't agree on what to watch on TV. ========================================================= ActionEnglish 141 1. low key light \u6697\u8c03\u7167\u660e 2. be left wide open * means \"\u72b6\u51b5\u5f88\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u653b\u51fb\" * With all their players down at the other end of the field they left themselves wide open for the other team to score a goal. * He was always gossiping at work so he left himself wide open to be criticized by his colleagues. 3. forge -- \u4f2a\u9020 v. forger -- \u4f2a\u9020\u8005 4. pick sth. up * means \"acquire sth.\" * The course was one week long but I missed a few classes so I didn't really pick anything up. * if you're going past the supermarket, could you please pick up some milk? 5. grieve -- v. \u4f7f\u60b2\u75db\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f24\u5fc3 ========================================================= ActionEnglish 142 1. eye-level shot \u5e73\u89c6\u955c\u5934 2. backtrack * means \"\u8d70\u56de\u5934\u8def, \u8fd4\u56de\" * Before the exam at the end of the year the teacher is going to backtrack over all the things we've learned. * We got lost driving to Shunyi so had to backtrack quite a lot until we finally found the correct road. 3. something to be right under someone's nose * means \"\u5c31\u5728\u773c\u76ae\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c...\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\" * I can't believe you couldn't find your wallet. It was right under your nose sitting on the coffee table. * I don't know why we're always looking for a new restaurant to go to when we've got an excellent one right"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "don't get sweets\", which pretty much means the same thing. \u2013 Carl Smith Jul 20 '13 at 16:25 I prefer Minsc's version. \"Squeaky wheel gets the kick!\" \u2013 Zibbobz May 21 '15 at 13:55 I heard this phrase used, I think by a Korean, in a documentary called BBoy Planet. There, it was translated as \"The nail that sticks out gets hammered down\", which seems to carry the meaning better into English. English phrases with similar connotations might include... Keep your head down. Don't stick your neck out. As you pointed out, Western culture has a different view of individuality, so a phrase like \"the nail that sticks out gets hammered down\" takes on a different meaning. Because of our culture, we infer that the message is something like Be More Sympathetic To Those Who Are Different - basically, Don't Be A Hammer. In an Eastern context, the meaning is obvious: Being Different Invites Trouble. Carl SmithCarl Smith I have heard this from both Japanese and Korean as well. It is very much an Asian ideal I think. \u2013 AthomSfere Jul 19 '13 at 3:09 A variant to those above is \"don't stick your head above the parapet\" \u2013 tinyd Jul 19 '13 at 11:21 Similarly, \"keep your nose clean.\" \u2013 John McCollum Jul 19 '13 at 11:32 I don't think this one is very common, but I've heard a version along the lines of \"Sticking your head out exposes your neck\" \u2013 David Kaczynski Jul 20 '13 at 2:19 I have often heard \"The chicken"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "How many different ways with words do you know? Start your FREE email English course now! \"Can I have some more chicken and corn, Mrs. Robbins?\" Tim asked. She replied, \"There's plenty of food. Eat to your heart's ..........\" (a) desire (c) accord (d) ease \"I don't think we should invite Wesley to the movies. He doesn't have a dime to his ........., so one of us will end up having to pay his way,\" Josh said to Joey and Luke. (a) pocket (b) wallet (c) bank (d) name \"You should have some grits this morning for breakfast. Grits stick to your ......... and keep you full until lunch time,\" Nancy advised Jeff. (a) hips (b) belly (c) ribs (d) tummy \"He is really bad with his money, to put it .......... He blew over $20,000 on pyramid schemes last year,\" Shannon said to Zack. (a) shortly (b) sweetly (c) meekly (d) mildly \"You have to find a job now. You have no money. Why won't you listen to ......... and put away those video games?\" Shelly asked her boyfriend. (a) argument (b) reason (c) lecture (d) sermon \"I'm glad we worked out a deal with my mom and your mother-in-law. Now we can finally put that issue to .........,\" Dave said to Alexis. (a) sleep (b) pause (c) rest \"The restaurant you took me to was gorgeous, to say the .........!\" Jennygushed to Mike. (a) worst (b) least (c) most (d) best \"If I get a job outside our home instead of working here, I'll"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "to throw him a biscuit.\" - \"That stinks like cyarn.\" - \"It's colder than a well diggers behind. (bee-hind)\" - \"Slower than the molasses in January.\" - \"Let me borrow (bahrry) your pig-sticker (pocket knife).\" - Have you got your pocket knife? \"I got my britches on, don't I?\" - \"Brogans\" = lace-up work boots - \"butter cutter\" - a soft insult to someone about their dull pocket knife. - \"Buggy\" = shopping cart - \"Oil\" is pronounced \"ohl.\" - Pin and pen both sound like pin; tin and ten both sound like tin. Get is pronounced \"git.\" - \"That little bait-gitter swallered it to his tummy-pucker.\" (A fish too small to keep swallowed the hook.) - And for Pete's sake, dressing and stuffing are two different things! (It's the holiday season as I am typing this, so it's a very present antagonization that I am dealing with since I do not currently live back home. There are so many more, but I've got to get back to work. :) \"You don't belong to be doing that when you're on the clock.\" Does 'Southern hospitality' exist? An upcoming change (but don't stop visiting) Newcomers: Don't miss Civics 101 In search of butter mints Lesson learned: Always check out your handyman Do Northerners and Southerners decorate differently? An ode to Charlotte's roads A matchmaker for newcomers? Local holiday traditions More light-rail tips from readers"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "Cockney rhyming slang - butchers hook = look. It's not commonly used but people do occasionally throw it into informal conversation. Instead of \"Let me see that,\" you might hear, \"Let's have a butchers at that.\" Chat up Flirting with the aim of picking someone up. Pick up lines are called chat up lines in the UK. Chuffed When you are really pleased, proud and embarrassed at the same time, you're chuffed. You might be chuffed at receiving an unexpected gift, or at seeing your child win a prize. People usually say that they are really chuffed. Dogs dinner A mess. It can be used as an unflattering way to describe the way someone looks - \"Don't wear that combination. You look like a dogs dinner.\" Or it can be used to describe any unfortunate mixtures of styles - \"With those Tudor windows and the modern glass addition, that house looks like a dogs dinner.\" Easy peasy A snap or a cinch. A common expression to describe something very easy, something you could do blindfolded. Flog No it doesn't mean whipping nowadays - though it can. It means selling. When someone tells you they are going to \"Flog the TV on ebay,\" they are not suggesting a weird practice, but a way of putting something up for sale. Full stop A period in grammar. British people never use the word period to mean a punctuation mark. Full stop is also used in the same way that period is used, for emphasis - \"Belt up. I will"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "his videos. What are they saying it is? Really poor Gen Xers could describe pretty much anything as \"the bomb\" or even \"the bomb diggity.\" Food, music or movies, they could use that term to describe a lot. Except for when they were in an airport. When someone said you were \"buggin,'\" what were they saying about how you were acting? Slow-moving When you were \"buggin,\" you were doing something out of character or just plain silly. When someone else was \"buggin,\" the rap group Whistle had the best advice to handle it: \"Don't take it seriously.\" You have to have \"cheddar\" to drive a BMW. Can you tell us what \"cheddar\" is? A snack A license If you had a fat bank account, drove the finest vehicles, flew in private jets, and wore designer brands, it was safe to say you were ballin.\" A casual observer might say you had mad \"cheddar,\" too \"Like\" what does someone mean using \"like\" in this way?\" When you're talking and you have a brain freeze or are stumbling for the right word, \"like\" is a universal gap filler. It's, \"like\" an all-purpose word that is fitting for many situations. It can be a \"buzzkill\" when someone is eating a banana split and someone tells them how many calories it is. Can you say the meaning of \"buzzkill?\" Something that is scary Something that's heavy Something that's loud Something that ruins an enjoyable activity When a Gen Xer was listening to music on their boombox in either their bedroom"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "ser and estar which respectively reflect the aforementioned characteristics. So, to say about anyone that es un gilipollas means that he is stupid/ annoying permanently, while to say est\u00e1 agilipollado reflects both his present state and the fact that it could change at any time to a non agilipollado one. This is not true for a capullo: if someone thinks about someone else that he is a capullo, he thinks so permanently, because the degree of evil he sees in the capullo's actions tends to be thought of as a permanent characteristic, inherent to the capullos personality. So the correspondent verb ser would be used: es un capullo, and the estar verb would never be used. Whenever used as an affectionate or heavily informal form of teasing rather than as an insult, though, capullo is used a bit more often. This may be because someone who does not have an intention to offend will resort to a lower amount of syllables, hence rendering the expression less coarse and ill-sounding. Therefore, expressions such as venga ya, no seas ___ (\"come on, don't be silly\") would use capullo more frequently than gilipollas. Buey/Huey/G\u00fcey/Wey/We/Way Buey/Huey/G\u00fcey/Wey/We is a common term in Mexico, coming from the word buey that literally means \"ox\" or \"steer.\" It means \"stupid\" or a \"cheated husband/boyfriend/cuckold.\" It can be used as a less offensive substitute for cabr\u00f3n when used among close friends. Mexican teenagers and young Chicano men use this word routinely in referring to one another, similar to \"dude\" in English. \"Vato\" is the older"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "surrounding the house.\" \"I love you heaps.\" \"Give it heaps!\" \u2013 give it your best effort! often in cooking someone would say, \"that's heaps\" meaning 'that's too much' (also used in Australia) hokey pokey (noun) \u2013 the New Zealand term for honeycomb toffee; also a flavour of ice cream consisting of plain vanilla ice cream with small, solid lumps of honeycomb toffee. jandals (noun) \u2013 the NZ term for flip-flops. Originally a trademarked name derived from \"Japanese sandals\". jug (noun) \u2013 a kettle (also used in Australia) kai (noun) \u2013 M\u0101ori word meaning food, or something to eat, used by M\u0101ori and P\u0101keh\u0101 alike kumara (noun) \u2013 sweet potato, specifically those historically cultivated by M\u0101ori. Kiwi (adj) \u2013 Not only does Kiwi mean 'a New Zealand person', but it is sometimes used to replace the name of New Zealand in NZ businesses or titles, such as KiwiRail, Kiwibank and KiwiBuild, or New Zealand-related nouns, e.g. \"Kiwi-ism\". It is also used to address something that is particularly related to New Zealand, e.g. \"that house is pretty kiwi\" (also used in Australia). N.B. Kiwifruit is always called \"kiwifruit\". luncheon sausage (noun) \u2013 devon sausage (also called \"fritz\" or \"belgium\" in some parts of New Zealand) metal road (noun) \u2013 a dirt road overlaid with gravel to assist drainage and keep dust down, typically found in rural settings puckerood (adj) \u2013 broken; busted; wrecked. From M\u0101ori \"pakaru\" \u2013 to shatter ranchslider, ranch slider, (noun) \u2013 a NZ term for a sliding door, usually of aluminium frame and containing glass"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "and is occasionally used at the last part of a statement) \"T-Dot\" (abbreviation word for \"Toronto\") \"Telly\" (slang for a hotel or a hotel room) \"Ting\" (a thing but usually refers to an attractive female) \"Two-Four\" (refers to a case of 24 pack beers) This noun is not unique to Toronto but is used across Canada. \"Wasteman/wasteyute)\" (a worthless, garbage, insensible idiotic person who makes bad decisions with their life, both words being used interchangeably) \"Two-Twos\" (unexpectedly or quickly) \"Wifey\" (girlfriend, or wife) \u201dWozzles\u201d (giving blowjob) \"Yute\" (Patois word from English \"youth\") Verbs \"Allow/Lowe it/that\" (to ignore, forget or not bother with) \"Ball up\" (smoking marijuana) \"Beef\" (argument, fight) \"Buss\" (to give/to send, to bust, or to ejaculate) \"Flex\" (to show off such as money and clothes) \"Link (up)\" (to meet up, give someone something, pre-relationship status) \"Nize it/that\" (to tell someone to shut up or stop talking) \"Pree\" (to pay and look close attention to) \"Reach/come thru\" (synonyms for \"come by\" or \"attend\") \"Scoop me\" (to get a ride somewhere, get picked up) \"Scrap\" (to fight) \"Y-pree\" (patois word, meaning \"what's up?\" or to mind your own: \"why are you in my business?\") Controversy The article on VICE, dated October 21, 2019, by Sharine Taylor, featured a CityNews article, \"New Toronto slang growing in popularity,\" and has sparked controversy within the community, which stated that it failed to represent Toronto slang. Following up, she stated the problem is the slangs are not \"new,\" as the title had implied, and belong not to Toronto but to"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "that of immaturity or a \"brat\". Also in Argentina, since pendejo literally means \"pubic hair\", it usually refers to someone of little to no social value. In Peru, however, it does not necessarily have a negative connotation and can just refer to someone who is clever and street-smart. In the Philippines, it is usually used to refer to a man whose wife or partner is cheating on him (i.e. a cuckold). In North Sulawesi, Indonesia, pendo (a derivative of pendejo) is used as profanity but with the majority of the population not knowing its meaning. The word was adopted during the colonial era when Spanish and Portuguese merchants sailed to this northern tip of Indonesia for spices. In the American film Idiocracy, Joe Bauers's idiot lawyer is named Frito Pendejo. Burciaga says that the Yiddish word putz \"means the same thing\" as pendejo. Cabr\u00f3n Cabr\u00f3n (lit.: \"big goat\" or \"stubborn goat\"), in the primitive sense of the word, is an adult male goat (cabra for an adult female goat) and is not offensive in Spain. It is also used as an insult, based on an old usage similar to that of pendejo, namely, to imply that the subject is stubborn or in denial about being cheated on, hence the man has \"horns\" like a goat (extremely insulting). The word is offensive in Mexico, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, as it means \"asshole\" and other insults in English. The seven-note musical flourish known as \"Shave and a Haircut (Two Bits)\", commonly played on car horns, is associated with"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "saying.\u201d When visiting the market and pricing market goods, if you want to beat down the price, you could simply say \u201chow much last.\u201d It means \u201cWhat\u2019s the final price?\u201d. If you find an item too expensive, you could say \u201d It too cost, how much last?\u201d It simply means \u201cIt\u2019s too expensive, what\u2019s the final price.\u201d This is one you would like to know how to say because nobody likes to be left with an empty stomach. This simply means \u201cI want to eat\u201d or \u201cI am hungry\u201d. The \u2018H\u2019 in the sentence means \u2018hungry\u2019. So if you are asking for directions to a restaurant, you could say \u201cwhere I fit chop\u201d. It means \u201cwhere can I eat\u201d This simply means \u201cmy place\u201d or \u201cmy home\u201d. So if you want to invite someone over, you could say \u201ccome my domot\u201d which means \u201ccome to my place.\u201d This is usually added to sentences as a show of courtesy. Abeg means \u201cplease\u201d but it could also be an impolite statement or used to show incredulity depending on how you use it. You could say \u201cAbeg, I wan chop\u201d which means \u201cplease I want to eat.\u201d You could also say \u201cAbeg!! I want chop\u201d which could mean \u201cDon\u2019t bother me!! I want to eat.\u201d In another instance, someone can say \u201cAbeg! E no possible\u201d which means \u201cRidiculous!! It\u2019s impossible.\u201d This means \u201cNo qualms\u201d or \u201cNo problem.\u201d It is an expression that shows approval. 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Boy Steve, you must be having a slow day today thinking I might want to \u201ctear into them\u201d for their observations if they added their name. My guess is they are not proud of what they are saying but I don\u2019t have any reason for \u201ctearing into them.\u201d"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "A New Year\u2019s I\u2019d Rather Forget! Recently my good friend John recounted a story about a visit to Guatemala. You can read it here. Among my buddies busting chops is an art. Such are the ways with us. It\u2019s a harmless method for us to bond and show affection but to also have fun \u2014 at each other\u2019s expense, of course. There is the chop-buster and the bustee, the person who is on the receiving end of getting his shoes squeezed. For instance, my friend John has a home in the Poconos where we have crashed many weekends and engaged in our customary goofy antics. On one of our very first visits, the house was sparsely furnished but a kitchen cabinet was brimming with boxes and boxes of Gevalia gourmet coffee. At some point, I asked for a cup of coffee, and John busted out a jar of some cruddy freeze-dried instant grinds. Well, not one to let a fertile moment go by, the No. 1 horn-breaker in our group, Pedro, seized it. He mockingly berated John for making us feel unworthy of his quality stash. There are a bounty of moments like these that get dusted off and replayed. We are equal-opportunity in our teasing. There are no sacred cows. And all it takes is one event \u2013 just one \u2013 for a chop-busting theme to take hold. There is no statute of limitations. For John, it might be about the coffee, or his lead foot driving, which has earned him the title of \u201cMannix,\u201d"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "mutton chops and cracked feet? What do you think his story is?\" the button, keep the flame burning.\" And boy, does my finger get sore."}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "He said 'I'm going to chop off the bottom of one of your trouser legs and put it in a library.' I thought \"That's a turn-up for the books. Quotes from the brightest (and dumbest)."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "Chopin.\u201d \u201cGuess we just got to break a window then,\u201d I said. \u201cI suppose we do, Chopin. Would you like me to try?\u201d \u201cBe my guest.\u201d I am pretty excited for what is coming next. Bigote winds up his body like a spring, and delivers a massive karate chop to the passenger window. His boney hand bounces off with a loud \u2018crack.\u2019 \u201cAAAAAHHH!\u201d Bigote says, clutching his hand. \u201cOh shit, sir, did you break anything?\u201d I try to say this with a straight face. \u201cIt is too early to tell the extent of the physical damage, Chopin. But it is safe to say that this glass is especially made to withstand assault. Try it with a hefty stone.\u201d \u201cYou got it,\u201d I say, and pick up a loose piece of asphalt nearby. Then I chuck it right at the window from point-blank range. But my hand slips and the asphalt hits the door right below the window, bounces off and hits me in the nuts, sending me to the floor. My world collapses like an accordion into a tight ball of breathless pain. All time and space disappear. I see the face of God, and He looks like my mom. I smell oil and stale beer and imagine that this is what everything must smell like when you\u2019re dead. Then, I snap out of it a little, and find myself sprawled on the ground clutching my crotch. \u201cOwowowowow,\u201d I say, when I can find my breath. \u201cGod damnit.\u201d \u201cChopin, are you alright?\u201d \u201cJust dying over here,"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "You are here: Home / 2015 Posts / Busting a nut in my coffee and living is what you\u2019re not gonna do. bruh. When not responding to the dictate:\" Will the Defendant Please Rise..\" CEO and Creator of OHN;Slaus, is a comic illustrator and Social Media whore who spends his free time building legos, playing video games, drawing fantasy characters and being abused by his wife, two sons and cat. If someone called the cops on me for beatin\u2019 this n!gga\u2019s azz, and if it took the cops 45 minutes to get there, guess what I\u2019ll be doing? STILL whuppin\u2019 that n!gga\u2019s azz. Yep. Wouldn\u2019t even stop to take a break."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "see parents on the news, and their kid just got busted for murdering a 7-11 clerk, and they're like, 'But my Bubba's a good boy. He'd never hurt a fly.' So I'm sure your parents would forgive you for whatever you did.\u201d \u2014 Alex Flinn \u201cI can take pot or leave it. I got busted in Japan for it. I was nine days without it and there wasn't a hint of withdrawal, nothing.\u201d \u2014 Paul McCartney \u201cWho gets to be the judge of reality? If it was deeply felt, believed, spoken about often or altered your life course, then it was real enough. Faith doesn't get the luxury of all those things one hundred percent of the time, but we call that normal behavior based on a gut feeling. I said. I looked at his wife and she busted out laughing. Her husband was trying to catch invisible butterflies above his head-dementia. My patients teach me the most sobering of truths: Why wreck his smile. If I could see them, I would want to catch them too.\u201d \u2014 Shannon L. Alder \u2014 Anthony Liccione \u201cThere's nothing you can do about busted ribs. You just have to wait for them to pop back into place again.\u201d \u2014 Kevin McCloud \u201cI busted my chin open trying to be Evel Knievel on my bike. When it happened, you could see straight through to the bone, I thought my dad was going to pass out. It left a scar that I still have now.\u201d \u2014 Karin Slaughter \u201cThere's a pounding"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "sit at the table wh... I said \u201cI love you\u201d to my cake. It burst into tiers. Edit: rip my inbox! Edit 2: so many awards but no gold? I dare you to gild me. Go ahead, make my day! Edit 3: Guys I was being sarcastic and referencing the movie Sudden Impact (cries in being old). Whoever gilded me just wasted their coins but still, thanks... As a home appliance salesman, a customer once told me, \"I thought my grandma was crazy when she talked to her fridge. Maybe she was just ahead of her time!\" He was looking at our Samsung fridge with an Android screen. This was 4 years ago when I worked at Sears (RIP) but I still think about it sometimes and laugh. Been lifting weights without much results. Saw a super ripped trainer at the gym and asked him how he got so jacked . . . He paused and then said 'Let me show you the whey'. RIP Grandpa I'll never forget my grandpas' last words to me \"Stop shaking the ladder you cunt\" RIP boiling water You will be mist. What happens to a book when it starts to exercise a lot? It gets ripped. A husband and wife go to church every Sunday. However, the husband would always fall asleep while church was in session. One day the wife went to the priest and said \u201cMy husband always falls asleep, and I can\u2019t see when he does, so whenever he does can you make a hand gesture"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "thing is that I do believe that Z. sees himself doing something exactly like that. lolololol!!! Lol, that was funny! @Big Willy\u2026OMG! LORL\u2026I haven\u2019t heard that in ages! Opercarla says: HaHa! In our Italian American family those were proudly referred to as \u201cfront butts\u201d Also known as a \u201cDunlap\u201d\u2026\u2026 As in\u2026..your belly done lapped over your belt buckle\u2026. I had lettered on the hood scoop of my last race car \u201cThe Over The Belt Gang !!\u201d Where do I send the crust from my morning toast? bigwillie501 says: About those threats. If nobody knows where he is, how is he continuing to receive threats? And, as an aside, has anyone actually kept up with the wackos from the NBPP\u2014who have been the fall guy in the threats department. While the Z. supporters have whined about how they were not arrested and locked up (for a poster that I believe was immediately pulled as soon as someone pointed out to them the kind of deep water they could be in with it), it seems that I recall that one of them was arrested shortly thereafter on a parole violation (possession of a firearm). Are there any NBPP folks currently out of jail? Lurker, there\u2019s only like 3 of them. And there\u2019s only so many sick days. So besides the one in jail I suppose the other two went back to work. \ud83d\ude42 LOL\u2013Right! Tommy'sMom says: Excellent as always! I really don\u2019t know how to copy a short cut,so I hope this works. Listening to a wonderful version"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "condition that prevented him from controlling his lips? Maybe he thought I was on fire and was trying to put me out? Maybe he didn\u2019t like my jacket? Maybe, he spat on me for no reason at all. No no. That can\u2019t be right. Ridiculous! It must have meant something! Surely! Maybe. Just maybe, I reminded him of one thing. The one thing he hated more than anything else in this rotten world. A thing that had haunted him since the day he\u2019d been born. A thing that chased him down long corridors in his nightmares. A thing that had killed his mother, his father, and his pet goldfish. A thing he feared, but a thing he also one day vowed to destroy: BISCUITS. Photo titled Hoodlum by carbonnyc. biscuitsblogcharvacharverchavculturedramahoodlumhumorHumourinspirationLifelifestylemeaningmusingsmysteryOpinionpeoplepersonalpsychologyrandom thoughtsruffianspat atspitspit in facethoughts Previous PostThe Annual Existential Crisis (Birthday)Next PostI Was A Superhero 18 thoughts on \u201cA Hoodlum Spat In My Face\u201d 2blu2btru says: I really enjoyed this! It\u2019s funny how you can think of so many scenarios in which you could be spit upon, from the mundane to the Shakespearian. Perhaps he could tell you kept a blog, and wanted to give you something to ponder and write a great post about? That\u2019s my vote, anyway. \ud83d\ude42 Dan B says: Perhaps you\u2019re right, perhaps he knew that I hadn\u2019t updated my blog in months and that spitting in my face would inspire me to do so! What a gentleman. Thanks for the kind words. aconn464 says: I\u2019d have a hard time stopping myself from"}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "snapping and possibly the sign-language gesture for \"kangaroo.\" I ended, strangely, by kissing the tips of my fingers, one by one, which I didn't want to be doing but which was one of those things where once you start, you've got to commit and keep going. \"I don't think I learned that one yet,\" Wesley said. \"Of course you didn't. I just came up with it.\" I slowly backed away from him, all sinister-like, toward the door. \"But I'll tell you what it means. It means you have an enemy on that battlefield. A spitwad ninja. Someone who isn't playing for either side. It means you should be very careful out there, Wesley, because I'm going to be a team of one. And I'm coming for you.\" I almost paused to repeat that in my head. I didn't want to forget it, because it sounded like something someone would say in one of Dad's action movies, and I wanted to remember it forever, in the likely event that I would never get to make an awesome good-guy-going-rogue speech again. I started out the door, then had a thought and turned back. \"Oh. It also means I'm not sitting in the uneven desk anymore. So... there.\" I plunged out into the hallway, a weird lump forming in the back of my throat. I supposed I had realized it as soon as I saw the blizzard on my window. But after everything I'd just said, it was officially sinking in. I wasn't just Wesley's enemy. I was everybody's"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "onto the streets below. He hears the faint shattering as they hit the ground, but manages to keep his footing and heads towards the opposite end. But he comes to a sliding stop after seeing the courtyard below, and the gap to the nearest ledge. But the decisions is made for him, when he hears more shingles shattering, meaning the other man has reached the roof. He backs up and readies himself for the jump, \"Ah hell. I need a new job.\" He makes the leap easier than he anticipated, smashing though a set of shutters and rolling into a patron's room. A woman shrieks and covers up her bare bosom, while her partner starts to threaten me. Getting up and running towards the exit to the hallway he remarks, \"Man I am such a cock block tonight.\" Barreling down the hallway, the man's screaming intensifies, meaning his new friend made the jump as well. The one fleeing hopes the angry partner will slow the other down, but he wouldn't be on it. He makes it down to the kitchen, but the seeker has caught up. In a desperation move, the man swings open a freezer door trying to knock the other down, but to no avail. The two of them spill out into an alley, and finally, the man is cornered. He draws his weapons and points it at the aggressor, \"I don't want to shoot you. But I will. There's no way I'm ending up in jail tonight. Or ever really.\" \"I wasn't planning"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "He turns to leave, and Sully says, \u201cFerd doesn\u2019t pay me to do his shed. Why should you have to pay me to do your garage?\u201d White stops. \u201cNow it\u2019s your turn to bust my chops?\u201d \u201cSully doesn\u2019t bust chops,\u201d I say. \u201cHe\u2019ll do it.\u201d \u201cYou shittin\u2019 me?\u201d \u201cNo, he isn\u2019t,\u201d says Sully. \u201cTed doesn\u2019t shit.\u201d White laughs like a shotgun. The skinny kid starts giggling. \u201cYou\u2019re up on 22, right?\u201d asks Sully. \u201cYeah,\u201d says White. \u201cFive miles out of town. If you come to your senses and change your mind, I\u2019ll understand.\u201d \u201cI don\u2019t like changing my mind,\u201d says Sully. White and the skinny kid, who\u2019s still giggling over the shit joke, cross the parking lot and walk up the road toward the new town hall to spatter more paint. The Muralist can be found at www.amazon.com/author/danapearson. Posted in Kindle Direct | Comments Off on The Muralist: Chapter 1 I can explain by Admin Posted on February 3, 2016 He\u2019s cute, but he\u2019s a menace. It probably didn\u2019t look good. I was calling a red squirrel a \u201cson of a bitch\u201d in an angry tone while chasing it down my driveway. And I was carrying a butcher knife. Yeah\u2026I probably looked (and sounded) psychotic. But I can explain. First, to clarify: I had no intention of murdering the red squirrel. I just wanted him to understand that his presence on my property was no longer desired. And since previous efforts to nudge him toward any of my neighbors\u2019 yards had proven fruitless, I figured a"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "but the air was extremely heavy. As always, on stories like this, some of the troops were getting nervous about The Stranger Hanging Around. I was standing in the kitchen watching Frank put some tacos together and wondering when he was going to start waving the butcher knife in my face and yelling about the time I Maced him on my porch in Colorado (that had been six months earlier, at the end of a very long night during which we had all consumed a large quantity of cactus products; and when he started waving a hatchet around I'd figured Mace was the only answer...which turned him to jelly for 45 minutes, and when he finally came around he said, \"If I ever see you in East Los Angeles, man, you're gonna wish you never heard the word 'Mace', because I'm gonna carve it all over your f--ckin body.\" So I was not entirely at ease watching Frank chop hamburger on a meat block in the middle of East L.A. He hadn't mentioned the Mace, not yet, but I knew we would get to it sooner or later...and I'm sure we would have, except that suddenly out in the living room some geek was screaming: \"What the hell is this goddamn gabacho pig writer doing here? Are we f--kin crazy to be letting him hear all this s--t? Jesus, he's heard enough to put every one of us away for five years!\" Longer than that, I thought. And at that point I stopped worrying about Frank."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "years ago, and my first thought was, \"Cop.\" I quietly told my friends to cool it, cool it, something's off with that guy, and everyone immediately began doing the I-Ain't-Doing-Nothin' Shuffle.

When the man started walking towards me, I began to do an inventory in my head of the cash I had on hand, the cash my friends had, in the event I wound up needing bail money. He presented himself before me, put out his hand, and introduced himself.

I hope I'm not intruding, he said. Not at all, I told him with trepidation flying around my head like I was Tippi Hedren. I offered him some coffee while my friends milled around the campsite pretending they weren't baked and had important stuff to do, casting furtive glances my way as they waited for the hammer to fall.

Listen, he said, I noticed you guys were smoking a joint.

Uh-huh, I replied.

I don't know anyone who smokes weed, he said.

Uh-huh, I replied.

My father has cancer, he said. It's bad. He can't eat because of his treatments, and that's as bad as the cancer. His doctor pulled me aside last week and mentioned marijuana as something that could help him.

Uh-huh, I replied.

You don't know me, he said, but I was wondering if you could give me some, so I can see if it helps him. I don't know anyone else I can ask.

I was still. This is either a set-up, I thought, or this guy is for real. As a NORML supporter, I knew full well that what he was"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "the title is to do what I do. I simply look at them and say \"Hey, you.\" Hey!1 I'm a drunken fight Mick and I resemble that......uhhhhh....... Even wonder why they call it the Paddy Wagon? Yeah, I'm about as Irish as an american gan get (all 4 grandparents emigrated here from Ireland) and i don't find it remotely offensive. what I do find offensive is people that get offended to easily. so I'm gonna get drunk and start KICKING THEIR ASSES!!!!!! Mmm...pork chops... Because of the number of Irish cops in New York"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "went to claim our beer and to our surprise were handed a whole jug, each. After managing to pass one jug off to a neighbouring table, we were still left with the problem of three jugs to get through. The solution? Drinking games, of course. We kicked off with a favourite called \u201cAr Saw Chor\u201d. Kev had taught it to our group a few nights prior and it\u2019s supposed to be an old game Japanese kamikaze pilots used to play to psyche themselves up before flying off. Given the strong anti-Japanese sentiment that still exists among many Chinese after what happened in the last World War, we conveniently omitted this fact when Jack asked us where the game came from. The rules are simple. There are three words which are yelled out: Ar, Saw and Chor. Each word is associated with a hand action. Ar is said with the right hand being brought down once in a karate chopping motion. Saw is the same, but with the left hand. Chor is said with both hands being brought down. Whenever you make the chopping action, you point to another person, and their job is to continue the sequence. So the first person says, \u201cAr!\u201d and points to another person with their right hand, who then has to shout out, \u201cSaw!\u201d and point to another person with their left hand, and so on. First person to break the sequence by using a wrong hand action, or by thinking too long takes a drink. It\u2019s pretty fun, and you"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "the fuckin' smog's the fuckin' reason you have such beautiful fuckin' sunsets.\" Death Glare - Chili makes good use of these, often commanding people \"Look at me\" to that he can aim one at them. Martin is intrigued by it so much that he spends a scene trying to imitate it, with Palmer coaching him on how to do it right. Harry's attempt to copy the effect with Ray Bones is a hilarious Epic Fail. The Ditz: A variation; Ray Bones is a big, intimidating mobster. He's also a complete fucking idiot. Ray Bones: Let me explain something to you. Momo is dead. Which means that everything he had now belongs to Jimmy Cap, including you. Which also means, that when I speak, I speak for Jimmy. E.g., from now on, you start showing me the proper fucking respect. Chili: \"E.g.\" means \"for example\". What I think you want to say is \"i.e.\". Ray Bones: Bullshit. It's short for \"ergo\". Chili: Ask your man. Bodyguard: Best of my knowledge, \"e.g.\" means \"for example\". Ray Bones: E.g., i.e., fuck you! The point is this: is that, When I say \"jump\", you say \"OK\", okay? Dynamic Entry: Chili pops Ray Bones in the nose the second he opens the door, then calmly collects his leather jacket and leaves. Fish Out of Water - Lampshaded, but subverted. Chili's direct manner is frequently discussed as being at odds with the Hollywood machine, yet he's well-liked by all the actors, agents and other Hollywood archetypes he encounters. Bo: It says here"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "by your right--\" Exasperated, the square-jawed, lightly-tanned templar says: \"And then my ears! I understand. Let's get on with it--\" With emphasis upon the first of his words, the blonde, mustachioed man exclaims: \"WRONG! Your ears you'll keep, and I'll tell you why: So that every shriek of every child at seeing your hideousness will be yours to cherish. Every babe that weeps at your approach, every woman who cries out, 'Highlord, what is that thing?' will echo in your perfect ears. That is what 'to the pain' means. It means I leave you in anguish, wallowing in freakish misery forever.\" With a dubious turn of his head, a dash of caution flickering to life in his features, the square-jawed, lightly-tanned templar says: \"I think you're bluffing.\" Impassively, the blonde, mustachioed man says: \"It's possible, pig. I might be bluffing. It's conceivable, you miserable vomitous mass, I'm only lying here because I lack the strength to stand.\" After a moment's passage, the blonde, mustachioed man says: \"Then again... perhaps I have the strength after all.\" His emerald-eyed gaze never leaving the square-jawed, lightly-tanned templar's form, the blonde, mustachioed man stands up from an elegantly made bed. Lifting his blade, the blonde, mustachioed man says: \"Drop. Your. Sword.\" The square-jawed, lightly-tanned templar's jewel-encrusted sword clatters against the ground. Post by: Redheart on June 13, 2014, 10:06:00 PM I thought this sounded very zalanthan: From 47 Ronin A troop of Ronin samurai are here. The half-Japanese, half-Caucasian man is here, crouched down surveying a set of beastly tracks."}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "you use the sword to carve roast beef as though it's perfectly normal. On one such occasion, I notice the gleam in your eye becoming a tiny silhouette. _Cut, cut, cut_. You are laughing about a comedy sketch you saw on Channel 4, rubbing the sword against a large kitchen utensil, sharpening your instrument. The smell of oxtail gravy makes my mouth water. And the rattling in my head begins. In early April, while we're curled up on the sofa one evening, you tell me you've been fired from your job. You don't explain the circumstances fully, except to say you dangled one of the directors out of the window for insulting you. You are defiant, dismissive even. \"Luna, fuck them! I worked there for seven years and that's how I get treated? All the directors are on cocaine anyway. I'll start my own company.\" The concern on my face stops you in your stride. You place your hand gently on my back, steadying the anxiety gathering. \"Baby, don't look so scared. This is what happens when the time comes.\" I grab your hands, holding onto their warmth. \"When what time comes, Cosmo?\" \"There are wars looming, enemies hovering. People take their level of comfort for granted in this country, nobody's prepared.\" I shake my head slowly. \"You're talking in riddles, I don't understand.\" We continue watching TV. An early episode of _Twin Peaks_ is on. Setting your half-drunk can of Guinness down, you uncurl like a snake ready to dispatch poison. \"You understand, I know"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "and onto the floor. The big dude says, \"That was a karate chop from Korea.\" The little guy thinks \"GEEZ,\" but he gets back up on the stool and starts drinking again when all of a sudden -- WHACK!! -- the big dude knocks him down AGAIN and says, \"That was a judo chop from Japan.\" So the little guy has had enough of this... He gets up, brushes himself off and quietly leaves. The little guy is gone for an hour or so when he returned. Without saying a word, he walks up behind the big dude and -- WHAM!!!\" -- knocks the big dude off his stool, knocking him out cold!!! The little guy looks at the bartender and says, \"When he gets up, tell him that's a crowbar from Sears. I guess that's why sears tools come with a full return policy. Subject: Re: Todays joke Mon Feb 03, 2014 2:13 am The judge frowned at the tired robber and said, \u201cthen you admit breaking into the same store on three successive nights?\u201d \u201dYes, your honor.\u201d \u201cAnd why was that?\u201d \u201cBecause my wife wanted a dress.\u201d The judge check with his records, \u201cBut it says here you broke in three nights in a row!\u201d \u201cYes sir. She made me exchange it two times.\u201d Subject: Re: Todays joke Tue Feb 04, 2014 7:53 am A man calls home to his wife and says, \"Honey I have been asked to go fishing at a big lake up in Canada with my boss and several of"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "air horn in my ear holes. People being mean became a normal thing. It was worse when people told their sad story about how lonely they were and how nice it was to talk to somebody. Those people weren\u2019t buying shit, though, so you had to move on to the next call. You\u2019re like, \u201cI wish I could punch your grandkid in the face for not visiting you, old lady.\u201d Talking about the hoes you get, that\u2019s the funniest rap. People f***, dude. You f*** too? Cool, man. You know you\u2019re talking to mostly guys about this, right? \u2014Anders Anders: A lot of people said, \u201cOh yeah, hang on a second,\u201d and then set the phone down. They thought they got me but it was the best thing ever because I didn\u2019t have to do anything. I could pretend I was on a call while the boss trolled around. If they hung up, your computer redialed automatically. Some dudes would scream, \u201cI\u2019m a fucking lawyer! I\u2019m gonna sue you!\u201d You\u2019re not suing me, homie. You\u2019re gonna sue some company that I couldn\u2019t care less about. It\u2019s clear from the raps on your show that you know hip-hop on a deep level. Did any of you ever want to rap seriously? All: No. Did you freestyle in school? Anders: Unfortunately, yes. [Everyone laughs.] At every party at my high school, there would be somebody banging their keys against the keg, dropping beats, and people being like, \u201cOK, OK! All right, all right! OK!\u201d Adam: Just the beginning?"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "after my dog ran jumped over a stump, dislocating his elbow. He would pick me up from work and we'd go for walks in nature and he always supported my crazy dreams. I started thinking, maybe I didn't need to break up with him, maybe I wasn't giving him enough love and attention for him to grow into the person I knew he was. \"Can I ask you something?\" \"Yeah,\" he replied, take a sip of his coca-cola. \"Okay, well, you don't have to answer this but,\" as I stirred the ice around in my glass, \"you know me, I'm curious. What was the worst thing you did when you were dealing...you know...crack?\" He nervously giggled and started to pick at his fingernail. \"Well, I would usually just see a lot of bums, and you know, you'd just sell them crack. Like sometimes I'd have some problems when they didn't pay, but they were usually cool. I mean, it's like crack, ya know?\" he giggled and took another sip of coca-cola. Though he sold crack, it made me feel good that he didn't beat up bums. See Natasha? He was a nice drug dealer. He nervously adjusted himself in his seat, \"uh well,\" he continued, \"there was like this one time I was called by this chick to go to her house, and uh, when I got there, her kids were on the floor in front of the TV. I think they were watching Sesame Street or something.\" He warmly smiled, \"they were pretty cute.\" He"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "a totally unrelated post at Field's in a week. You're not worried about it. I'm the one worried about it. You're just off to bed, nonchalantly unimpressed. Yet you'll be the one who brings it up again at random fucking intervals, bitching that it's my fault your hand was caught in the cookie jar. In the mean, anyone who wants to read the context is welcome to do so. Not that it matters one iota. But it all exists there in and black and white. Kid said... Hey Field, Rev. Sharpton and the founder of Emerge just gave you a shout out on the radio show. Mr. Curry evens have the original painting of Clarence Thomas on the wall of his office. \"Were it me holding your stance, I'd not only have the trolls busting my balls but also Field, PX, Yisheng, Lilac, and Pete knows who else. But when it's you, the pretension held in reality version B is that no one sees it. And that's fair. As you've told me multiple times, this is a \"black blog.\" c'mon Josh, when you're wrong you're wrong. You are occasionally correct and I for one won't bust your balls when you are correct so please don't say I attack you just for being you. Doesn't work like that and I'm sure the same is true for Yeshing, Field, Lilac and Pete (whomever Pete is). Thanks for playing. I'm sure you'll have some wise ass retort but I'm too tired and busy to respond so don't waste too"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "when it\u2019s just about to kick off over someone being rude and one guy thinking he\u2019s the man, but in reality they\u2019re just killing the vibe. I thought I was buzzy and spacy from two Americanos.. This name is also quite ancient. She\u2019s determined to master the art of roasting, so her guest in the kitchen is the master of meat, Neil Perry."}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "in character. Are you seriously trying to claim you never got into a punch-up, when you were in the field?\" \"Oh, God, no,\" Frank said easily. \"Would I ever say such a thing? I've been in many a punch-up; I even won most of them, not to blow my own horn here. Here's the difference, though. I've got into fights because the other guy jumped me first\u2014\" \"Just like this guy jumped us.\" \"When you deliberately goaded him into it. You think I haven't heard that tape?\" \"We'd _lost_ him, Frank. If we hadn't made him break cover, he'd have got away clean as a whistle.\" \"Let me finish, babe. I've got into fights because the other guy started it, or because I couldn't get out of them without blowing my cover, or just to earn a little respect, bump up my place in the pecking order. But I can safely say that I've never got into a fight because I was so emotionally involved that I couldn't resist beating the holy crap out of someone. Not on the job, anyway. Can you say the same?\" Those wide blue eyes, amiable and mildly interested; that impeccable, disarming combo of openness and just a hint of steel. The edginess was building into a full-on danger signal, the electric warning animals get before thunder. Frank was questioning me the way he would question a suspect. I was one misstep away from being pulled off this case. I forced myself to take my time: gave an embarrassed little shrug,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "squeezed it tightly. She glanced over her shoulder checking to see if anyone was behind us. Chop! Chop! My teeth chattered. Goose bumps covered my arms. Chop! Chop! Chop! The sound of the ax striking the trees sounded like it was getting closer and closer. It sounded like it was right behind us. On top of us. Run! Get out of here! You don\u2019t want the headhunter to catch us, do you? Roberta\u2019s big blue eyes bulged out of her head. Her hands trembled. I was too frightened to speak. I shook my head. Susan said he chops the heads off kids who come into his woods. Roberta and I ran through the woods and didn\u2019t stop until we reached the bus stop on the other side. Hands on our knees, we stood on the cracked sidewalk gasping for breath. Wind swirled around us, pushing up our skirts. We slapped them down. We didn\u2019t want the boys to see our bright white underpants. Roberta and I had been taught that good girls never let boys see their underwear. But see it they did. The boys stood with their eyes bulging out of their heads and their mouths gaping open. The headhunter\u2019s gonna getya. Gabriel, a stocky fifth grader attired in tailored slacks and a long sleeve white oxford cloth shirt, stood on the sidewalk swinging his Howdy Doody lunch box back and forth. My father said he likes pretty girls. You gonna let him do to you what he did to Natalie? I shrugged. Natalie had"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "to Larry that in Mypos, \"boxing one's ears\" means putting the ears in a box. Happens in Scrubs in \"My Soul on Fire, Part 2\" where the Janitor punishes J.D. for convincing everyone to come to his wedding on such short notice by keeping him at the top of a lighthouse for ten minutes... J.D.: But that doesn't explain why these fish are taped to my hands! Cue the flock of seagulls hungry for fish. In Spaced, Tim, unable to cope with The Phantom Menace, is admonished by his boss for getting cross with a child who wanted to buy a Jar Jar Binks doll. When he asks his boss what he's going to do about his behavior, his boss responds, \"I'm going to have to let you go.\" Tim, relieved that he's being let off the hook when he thought he was going to be fired, takes a brief moment before understanding that firing him is exactly what his boss had intended doing all along. In The Suite Life on Deck, upon learning Zack, Woody and Marcus set up a fake beauty pageant, Moseby punishes them by making it real. At first, the boys are ecstatic, before being told that they have to do the setup and cleanup all by themselves and aren't allowed to flirt with the contestants. You Can't Do That on Television: One sketch had a child being 'grounded' and having his shoes taken away. The kid points out that having his shoes taken away won't stop him leaving the house. The"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "was home schooled. Just me there by a bowl of punch, listening to Kool and the Gang. Why I rented that limousine, I have no idea. This woman said to me the other day, \"Zach, I like your beard,\" and I said, \"Look, I'm Greek. This isn't a beard. This is part of my eyebrow.\" [To the band] Are you guys just gonna sit there? I thought we were gonna rehearse something. [The band joins him] There we go. Sometimes I'll do something and I say to myself, \"That is so Raven.\" And then, other times I'll do something and I'll be like, \"That was not very Raven.\" If you read my blog, you know I'm a pilates freak. And by pilates, I mean waffles. I've been trying to quit drinking. The other day I drank a 12-pack of O'Doul's, and I went riding around in my car and I got pulled over by a cop. He's like, \"Son, have you been drinking?\" And I'm like, \"Uh, sort of.\" he said, \"What have you been drinking?\" and I said \"O'Doul's, nonalcoholic beer.\" And he wrote me a ticket for being a gaylord. I was reading on CNN.com today, before the show. You know that kid who had sex with his high school teacher about a year ago? I read online today that that kid died, today. He died of high-fiving. He was in a high-fiving accident. Tina Fey/Justin Bieber [35.18][edit] Sarah Palin: Are You Smarter than a Half-Term Governor? Gabourey Sidibe/MGMT [35.20][edit] Seth Meyers: Where can"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "don't you? You play football? Hmm? Do you play football? Yeah, well, your brother, Denny, sure could play football. Here you go, kid. $1 .50 of hamburger. Hey, you, kid! What are you doing there? Come over here! You, come back here, God damn it! I'll sic my dog on you. Run, Gordie, run! Run, Gordie! Chopper, sic him! Sic him, boy! Now, he said, \"Sic him, boy.\" But what I heard was, \"Chopper, sic balls.\" That's Chopper? Chopper was my first lesson in the vast difference between myth and reality. Come on, Choppie. Kiss my ass, Choppie. Choppie. Kiss my ass. Come on, bite shit. Go on, Choppie. Sic balls, Choppie. You kids, stop teasing that dog! You hear me? Stop teasing him! Sonny, I'm gonna beat your ass, teasing my dog like that! Yeah, I'd like to see you try and climb over this fence and get me, fat ass! Don't you call me that! You little tin-weasel peckerwood loony's son! What did you call me? I know who you are. You're Teddy Duchamp. Your dad's a loony. A loony up in the nuthouse at Togus. He took your ear and he put it to a stove and he burned it off. My father stormed the beach at Normandy. He's crazier than a shithouse rat. No wonder you're acting the way you are, with a loony for a father. You call my dad a loony again and I'll kill you. Loony, loony, loony. I'm gonna rip your head off and shit down your neck."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "compress myself inwards, and noticed that I was holding my stomach tight, like I was bracing for a punch. I do that when I\u2019m nervous talking to people, like if I put one toe over the line they\u2019ll sock me and leave me gasping on the ground. No one said anything. They kept smoking. Some looked at me, most didn\u2019t. Six or seven of them, wearing castoff Carhartt jackets and flayed white sneakers. \u201cI\u2019m looking for Handsome?\u201d I said. I didn\u2019t mean for the question to creep into my voice, but there it was. And now they knew, She has no idea what she\u2019s doing here. And it was true. I was afraid. They were going to jump me, steal my bag and insulated rubber boots, leave me to walk back to my apartment bloodied in my socks. \u201cWhy?\u201d one of them said. I didn\u2019t know who. The voice seemed to rise from all of them. \u201cI heard he found Chops.\u201d From the way he stepped forward I knew the guy who spoke next was Handsome. \u201cYeah,\u201d he said. \u201cI found him.\u201d It looked like his nose had been broken a half dozen times, and one of his bottom front teeth was shriveled and brown. \u201cWho\u2019s asking?\u201d He had a smooth voice, a thick southern Maine accent. Some people said southern Maine accents sounded the same as Boston accents, but I knew that wasn\u2019t true. I had a lot of family in Boston, I knew how they sounded. I had a dad from southern Maine, who"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "with you.\" That wasn't always true. When I was a young boy, I was bullied. And my dad was a cop, so that made it even more embarrassing. Later in life, I took up martial arts and even trained with my good friend Bruce Lee. That's why you can trust me when I say that fighting is almost always a mistake. There's a Chinese proverb that says, \"The man who throws the first punch has lost the argument.\" That means that when an argument turns into a fight, it's because the one starting the fight realizes he isn't smart enough to win verbally, so he resorts to violence. It's always the dumbest guy who resorts to violence. What do you do if someone threatens you with violence? You walk away, even run away if necessary. Even if you're pretty sure you could take him. Bad things can happen in a fight, even if no one means them to. Someone can take an unexpected fall and crack his head open. Teeth can be knocked out. Facial bones can be cracked. And all the crying later about how \"it was an accident!\" won't change that. So, if you're threatened, leave and tell your parents. Some people are of the belief that you should just go right after the bully, fighting him to show you're not afraid. While this works well in movies, it doesn't work as well in real life. These days violence tends to beget violence. The bully doesn't just slink away, he returns with a baseball"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "response from his increasingly fierce swats other than to glance in his direction playfully and coo. Thick skin, so thick I don\u2019t recall ever cutting myself on sharp objects, and I mean ever. I fell down while running with scissors once, the sharpened tips nipping on my outer thigh as I bounced on the kitchen linoleum. Most kids would have been rushed to the hospital with the objects imbedded deep into their leg, with a possible severed artery and blood spilling out like a flood, but not me. I\u2019d merely scraped my skin, producing a sickly white scar that healed over within the next few days. I mean, it was as if the scissors had known they couldn\u2019t puncture me straight through, so they turned aside in an effort to claw at my thigh instead. So from an early age, I knew I was special. My bones are strong, too. I\u2019ve been given estimates ranging between ten to twenty times denser than a normal person\u2019s. This makes me somewhat slower than most people, and for added defense I took up martial arts; tae kwon do, kung fu, judo. I can absorb a blow from a baseball bat by merely holding up a forearm and tensing it, and I deliver punches that I term \u2018one-hitter-quitters.\u2019 This means that if I connect anywhere near my target: head, neck or chest, my opponent is not getting back up. I don\u2019t consider myself a superhero. I was always brooding in the back of class, trying hard not to be noticed,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "are disconcertingly focused; they are powerful and unblinking. When the man's mouth moves, there is the slightest of hesitations when he pronounces his first syllable. \"Three bucks.\" The adrenalin that Anders experienced minutes before comes back to him stronger. \"You've got to be kidding.\" The tough bald man holds his hands out from his pockets as if to say: hey buddy, that's all I got. Then the man says, \"You think you're worth more?\" A voice in Anders's head tells him that he should back off. It tells him he's making a huge mistake, engaging in confrontation. Everybody else in the room knows this man's a jerk. Why say it to his face? So Anders, thinking he's being conciliatory, says, \"I'll do it. But yeah, I think I'm worth more.\" \"Let me tell you something about what you're worth,\" the man says. He holds up his hand, making a zero sign with his thumb and forefinger. \"I could have you replaced like that.\" He snaps his fingers with startling volume. \"Now you get back to your friggin' station or you take a walk out the door.\" This is too much. Anders glares. \"Maybe more than one person will walk out that door.\" \"What's that supposed to mean --?\" \"People here are pretty sick of working for eight bucks an hour. We get no raises, no benefits, no consistent hours, and the company rakes in millions.\" Anders feels as if his nerves are exposed. He's absolutely convinced the man is going to hit him. He's startled; he"}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "an expression that still stirred fear in T.C. Technically it just meant come here or let me talk to you, but it had been what the boys had called out before they jumped him in high school, and once before he even started hustling, three dudes cornered him with the same line before they pressed a gun against his temple. \"I'm just messing with you.\" Tiger walked up closer. \"You know I'm just messing with you,\" he repeated, laughing so hard his shoulders shook. \"You done gained weight, huh?\" He leaned into T.C. and felt his biceps. \"You know it, ain't nothing else to do in there,\" T.C. said, feeling his heartbeat settle. He had an urge to knock the boy out for scaring him like that, but he took a couple of deep breaths like the counselor inside had taught him, told himself to calm down. \"But looka you, you ridin' on them thangs, huh?\" he asked after a while, nodding at the new rims. \"Yeah, yeah, you know how I do.\" They both walked closer to the car. \"But looka you, your dreads all twisted up, and long. They almost catchin up with mine.\" Tiger fingered T.C.'s thick, black hair. His own hung past his bright green T-shirt, nearly touching the top of his tapered jeans. He was shuffling his feet, socked up in Adidas slippers. \"Still light bright and damn near white though,\" Tiger play-scoffed. \"That's why they let you out early? I thought you had another two weeks.\" \"Nah, overpopulation, nigga,\" T.C."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "and when he got up the big guy said, ''That was a karate chop from Korea.'' The big guy went to the restroom and the little guy ordered himself another beer. About 20 minutes later the big guy came back and karate choped the little guy in the back again. The little guy got up and dusted himself off and the big guy told him,''That was a karate chop from China.'' The little guy got up and decided he wasn't going to take any more of this, so he left the bar. About an hour later the little guy comes back to the bar and he hits the big guy in the back. The big guy is knocked out cold and he's on the floor. The little guy tells the bartender , ''Tell him that was a crowbar from Sears!'' Q: I've heard that cardiovascular exercise can prolong life. Is this true? A: Your heart is only good for so many beats, and that's it. Everything wears out eventually. Speeding up your heart will not make you live longer; that's like saying you can extend the life of your car by driving it faster. Want to live longer? Take a nap. Q: Should I cut down on meat and eat more fruits and vegetables? A: You must grasp logistical efficiencies. What does a cow eat? Hay and corn. And what are these? Vegetables. So a steak is nothing more than an efficient mechanism of delivering vegetables to your system. Need grain? Eat chicken. Beef is also"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "and when he got up the big guy said, ''That was a karate chop from Korea.'' The big guy went to the restroom and the little guy ordered himself another beer. About 20 minutes later the big guy came back and karate choped the little guy in the back again. The little guy got up and dusted himself off and the big guy told him,''That was a karate chop from China.'' The little guy got up and decided he wasn't going to take any more of this, so he left the bar. About an hour later the little guy comes back to the bar and he hits the big guy in the back. The big guy is knocked out cold and he's on the floor. The little guy tells the bartender , ''Tell him that was a crowbar from Sears!'' Q: I've heard that cardiovascular exercise can prolong life. Is this true? A: Your heart is only good for so many beats, and that's it. Everything wears out eventually. Speeding up your heart will not make you live longer; that's like saying you can extend the life of your car by driving it faster. Want to live longer? Take a nap. Q: Should I cut down on meat and eat more fruits and vegetables? A: You must grasp logistical efficiencies. What does a cow eat? Hay and corn. And what are these? Vegetables. So a steak is nothing more than an efficient mechanism of delivering vegetables to your system. Need grain? Eat chicken. Beef is also"}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "thirty. Her high ponytail swings like a wagging finger behind her. I lift up my shoulders and turn back around. I don't like the insinuation. It doesn't mean I'm looking for trouble. It doesn't mean anything. I start to mutter how I was only walking (just walking, with stardust beneath my feet), but think better of it. By the time we get to the same small square edge of the park where teenagers have gathered on the Fourth of July probably since my parents were kids, everyone is already loosey-goosey hugging and stumbling, falling, breaking into hysterical laughter. Red Solo cups are scattered across the ground. A nameless junior slams the hood of Mateo's Jeep and slurs, \"Theredtruckhasakegintheback.\" \"This won't get busted?\" Mateo asks. \"I mean, it's a city park.\" \"It'll get busted,\" Alex says, \"but there are so many MIPs to give out, it's like trying to catch every ant busting out of an anthill. The more-sober survive. Besides, there's, you know, worse stuff for cops to deal with. They don't seem to worry about breaking up this party till after the fireworks.\" Somebody's car stereo is pumping bad '80s music. Nat pulls me over to a group of drama and student council girls who are jumping around and singing. Alex and Mateo stand aside, chatting like BFFs. This circle is full of shiny smiles, as if every girl dancing truly believes there will never be a moment as fun as the one they're in right now. As if they are invincible. Unlike the kickball"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "the gong, and they were saying to me, \"Don't go on! There's grandmothers, there's kids...\" I said, \"This has to be my crowning achievement' So I went out there in just me jocks, and big dribble hangin' off me chin, with the roast chook. A bloke who\u2019s in Shonkytonk now, the guitarist, he was the narrator, the Butcher From Brighton - he stood behind the gong and read out a beautiful narration. I started rootin' this chook (laughs) and this whole table, they're throwing chairs at me! The whole football team, and grannies are having heart attacks, and grabbing their kids by the ears and takin' them out. Smashing pots everywhere, getting cut to the shithouse ... I didn't care. I just had to do it 'cause THEY NEEDED IT! And then they wouldn't pay us unless we put on a public apology in the paper for all that shit. And the chicken act was deleted from the act everywhere we went after that. But every town heard about it, the whole place\u2019d be packed, all the people would be banging on the table screaming, \u201cWe want the chicken act!\u201d (laughter) So I'd go out really quickly, go... (makes rooting gestures) and throw the chicken at them! And everyone was starvin' on the tour, so they'd always start eatin' the chook! Apart from ST KILDA\u2019S ALRIGHT getting busted by the Vice Squad, how much trouble did you get in while you were in I Spit On Your Gravy? I didn't...just the band couldn't play for about"}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "be something I don't like, and I'm gonna have to have my boy Louie Louie bust your chops. Let's clear the room of the feminine kind. Don't want the little lady seeing bloodshed.\" He didn't have fingers, hence he couldn't snap them. He put up a balloon that said \"Snap\" instead. \"Take a hike,\" he ordered his girlfriend. \"You can't just tell me what to do like that,\" said Honey in a balloon as scalding as a puff of steam. \"I ain't your slave! I got rights! I got feelings! I gotta tell you, I'm not happy with the bossy way you treat me. I deserve better!\" \"Tell you what\u2014we'll talk about this later, okay? Like maybe when Hell freezes over. Until then, you do what I tell you. If you don't like the arrangement, how's about you give me back all the clothes, and the jewelry, and the little two-seater car? You get on a bus back to Podunk Village or wherever you was living before I turned you into what you are.\" Honey opened her mouth, ready to argue. She thought better. She picked up her mink coat. The six Toon minks making up the coat arranged themselves snugly around her body. Honey stormed out. \"What's up with youse guys?\" said Willy. He didn't have any knuckles to crack so he clicked his tongue instead. Louie Louie stood in a corner, shadow boxing. Louie Louie was fast and good. He kept knocking the shadow to the floor. The shadow, a gamer, kept coming back"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "woman's husband spoke up and asked the judge if he could say something. The judge, figuring he was going to make a speech pleading for leniency, figured he pretty much had to let him speak. \"Go ahead, sir,\" he said. The husband said, \"She also stole a can of peas.\" A drunk was proudly showing off his new apartment to a couple of friends late one night, and led the way to his bedroom where there was a big brass gong and a mallet. \"What's that big brass gong?\" one of the guests asked. \"It's not a gong. It's a talking clock,\" the drunk replied. \"A talking clock? Seriously?\" asked his astonished friend. \"Yup,\" replied the drunk. \"How's it work?\" the friend asked, squinting at it. \"Watch,\" the drunk replied. He picked up the mallet, gave the gong an ear-shattering pound, and stepped back. The three stood looking at one another for a moment. Suddenly, someone on the other side of the wall screamed, \"You asshole...it's three-fifteen in the morning!\" 1. It's important to have a woman who helps at home, cooks, cleans and has a good job. 2. It's important to have a woman who can make you laugh. 3. It's important to have a woman who you can trust and doesn't lie. 4. It's important to have a woman who is good in bed and likes being with you. 5. Its very, very important that these four women don't ever find out about each other. An American touring Spain stopped at a local restaurant"}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "same way you come in. I always wanted to take me a ride on a train.\" \"A cold, empty boxcar isn't the glamorous fun it sounds like. Anyway, they'll have the train yard covered.\" \"Well, we can't fly.\" \"Oh, I don't know,\" Mr. Lyss said. \"If your skull is as hollow as it seems to be, I could tie a basket to your feet, blow hot air up your nose, and ride you out of here like you were a big old balloon.\" For a block or so, Nummy thought about that as the old man switched on the defroster and as the windshield, which had started to cloud at the edges, became clear once more. Then he said, \"That don't make no sense unless it was just you being mean.\" \"You may be right.\" \"I don't know why you have to be mean.\" \"I do it well. A man likes to do something if he's good at it.\" \"You aren't as mean to me now as you was at first, back when we just met.\" After a silence, Mr. Lyss said, \"Well, Peaches, I have my ups and downs. Nobody can be a hundred percent good at something 24/7.\" Mr. Lyss sometimes called him Peaches. Nummy wasn't sure why. \"A couple times,\" Nummy said, \"I even sort of thought maybe we was getting to be friends.\" \"I don't want any friends,\" Mr. Lyss said. \"You take a Kleenex and blow that thought out of your head right now. Blow it out like the snot it"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "dub ... well said. The failure to condemn those that represent or support gang activity, is tacit approval for that lifestyle. So many people are mourning the deceased, yet not one person has said anything about the victims of his gang. \u2014 syscom3 June 7, 2011 at 8:46 a.m. Tell your kids not to bang. Shooters dont care about your charisma or talent, thats makes you more of a target. By not addressing his banging, {seen by a few thousand},you condone it or cause other youngsters to miss the big picture....dont bang. \u2014 jay dub June 6, 2011 at 10:24 p.m. thats to bad \u2014 jack June 6, 2011 at 5:22 p.m. its horrible that people could be so blind to whats around them. i knew duck very well. as a kid duck was in my home everyday. at birthday parties to just walking me to the store. i loved him dearly. and it really hurts to know that people could only try to point out the negative with in him. who are you to dear say he \"banged\"? who are you to say that he meant less to us if he banged?or he was less of a person? you need to respect the family and friends of duck that comment was not needed . You weren't there, when we as a unit endured the pain of loosing a family member , friend , brother son whatever it may have been. its comments like that ,that makes African Americans look ignorant . any one that knew"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "as a complete sentence, you better run. Every 60 seconds in Africa, a minute passes. If the koreans cannot do it, they will tell you that they won do it. There is endless debate about the existence of the human soul. Well it does exist and Chuck Norris finds it delicious. Sure, white people can't say the \"N word\" but at least we can say phrases like, \"Thanks for the warning, Officer\" and, \"Hey, Dad.\" What do you call a short black person? By their name, you racist. The attorney tells the accused, \"I have some good news and some bad news.\" \"What's the bad news?\" asks the accused. \"The bad news is, your blood is all over the crime scene, and the DNA tests prove you did it.\" \"What's the good news?\" \"Your cholesterol is 130.\" I finally realized my parents favored my twin brother. It hit me when they asked me to blow up balloons for his surprise birthday party. So a dude turns to the guy next to him at a bar and asks, \"Hey, you wanna hear a redneck story?\" The guy says, \"Buddy, I'm six feet, 210 pounds, an' ma name's Billy Joe. You see the guy on the other side of you? That there's Bubba. He's 225 pounds of solid muscle and he's a redneck. And the boy next to him? Mike's a trucker who weighs 295 and he's a redneck, too. Now, do you still want to tell your redneck story?\" The fella says, \"Naw, you're right... I'd hate"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "part. - This? - Yeah. There's an entire unspoken conversation happening between them. \"Please stand still so I can hit you\"? They're telling each other what they think of each other. See there? When he keeps his gloves down like that? - Doesn't mean he's tired. - He looks tired. But it doesn't necessarily mean he is tired. Might be a-- an invitation to his opponent to take a shot, free and clear. When you invite a punch, you're saying you can take it. So what looks like vulnerability is exactly the opposite. By playing weak, you're saying, \"I'm stronger than you. \" Now. See, that is an insult. Moore just insulted him. - He did? How? - A right-hand lead. It's a right punch thrown like a jab, but you don't set up with your left. You're saying to your opponent, \"I don't think much of you. \" I don't understand. Well, come here. I'll show you. So, put up your dukes. They really say that? Now, when I come at you like this, with a right-hand lead, see how far my fist has to travel through space, all-- all this extra distance - past your shoulders? - So? So, that's the time you have to respond. If you see something coming, you can stop it. All right, well, how do I do that? You don't. It's coming too fast. You just said that I could-- that I could see it coming. Yes, but the fact that I'm throwing a right-hand lead proves to you"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "it fairly certain they were in the throes of breaking up. My brain, without my direct guidance, decided what I really wanted to do with my right-handed hammer swing was connect to my left hand instead of that measly nail. The blow came down on my left index finger with all the force my biceps could muster. The end of my finger burst like a ripe tomato. It didn't hurt for a few seconds. The shock was in the appearance. I held up my finger stupidly and said to the nearest woman, \"What happened?\" She was a clipped-of-speech butch who worked as a prison guard. She said \"Put something cold on it\" and went back to hammering. When I didn't move -- her sentence didn't really make sense to me, I was in such shock -- she got up irritably and went to the nearby cooler. But all the ice had melted, and the only thing left was a Pepsi in a can. She brought that back to me and said \"This is still cold, hold it again your finger.\" As if sleepwalking, I did what she said. It didn't help, and contact with the ruptured flesh finally registered as pain. I cried out \"Oh my god, oh my fucking god.\" This got the attention of others, and Laney rushed over, her back and breasts covered in sweat, her workpants stiff with sawdust. \"Come on\" she said. \"Let's walk you back to the house.\" She helped me stand and led me gently through the mesquite, a"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "The knife! It attacked me! Doctor! Long story short: I'm a victim of knife crime. I was just stood there (in my kitchen) helpless (making a salad) when all of a sudden, suddenly, with suddenness, a flash of silver same at me like a Bruce Lee movie without the 'heeuuyaaaaa'. There were vegetables and a pineapple involved but rest assured that the authorities are on the lookout of 'hoody' covered youths, most likely with a limp, low riding pants and a London-cockney accent, carrying pointy things. ASBO alert. A: This is where the knife hit at a jaunty angle, causing the tip of my finger to slice off. We have found and stapled the fingertip back on. B: 'Twas a deep cut. My finger went numb. I was in need of a doctor. It hurts. Next week: Why eating chicken wraps, Skittles and 4 dozen marshmallows in your mother's car with the windows down at 10pm listening to The Weepies and Massive Attack at full volume, driving without destination and using the phrase 'you holy fleurking schnit' at every other driver is not what your mother meant when she said, 'here, get some air inshaAllah, take the car, take your friends, be back before 6'. OMG! I laughed out so loud, multiple times reading your post. You are really a Riot! Get well soon."}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "means money over bitches, Jaden. You wouldn't know nothin' bout that.\" The conversation paused for gaming two lovely young ladies and quickly picked back up when they kept on walking by. \"Stuck-up bitches. Let's go splurge. Matter of fact, we need to get some more,\" Eric sucked his teeth and said. \"First things first,\" Nick said. \"We can't go into these schemes with box cutters and screwdrivers anymore. People know us. We need blickeys.\" Eric nodded and we were off to the pizza shop on Broadway. The money was divided on the way. We were excited about the paper and sat close at the window to clock the ladies while Eric voiced concerns. He took a bite of a pepperoni slice and said, \"You know how many young ones are strapped nowadays? Just the other day this nerdy-ass idiot I used to push around, flashed a pistol.\" \"You talking about Rob? He never had the heart to talk to a chick. Now he wanna be a killer?\" I asked. \"I was thinking the same shit, my nigga. But then again, I did put a major whooping on him a couple times.\" Nick laughed. \"That shit was wrong, dude.\" \"We need straps.\" Later, I asked General Lee about a place to buy guns. He told me about a spot downtown on Madison Av and for me to mention his name. We took the train down to the shop and walked in bright-eyed. The store owner knew right away that we were first-timers. I reeled from his loud"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "know what he was thinking. I was often suspicious if Bruce was too nice; it meant he wanted something or was about to take advantage of you. This character made people like him, and at the same time, made it easy for me to trick him. I asked him how he developed the ability to close in that quickly. He said\u2019 \u201clook, Hawkins, in the United States you don\u2019t have any good training partners to practice wing chun with. You can say that my wing chun is better than any so called wing chun masters there. I can\u2019t go any further. But I have had a lot of challenge fights. My opponents are fast, so I have to be faster; they\u2019re strong, so I have to he stronger than them. There\u2019s no other way, because in the U.S., I\u2019m a \u2018gung-fu\u2019 guy. Because my wing chun is limited and my structure can\u2019t hold up against larger opponents, I have to use no way as the way, no limitation as the limitation.\u201d That was the first time I heard Bruce say that. There is a Chinese saying Called, \u201cBik fu tiu cheung,\u201d meaning, \u201cThe cornered tiger has to jump over a wall.\u201d It is the equivalent of saying, \u201cHaving no way out\u201d in English. I realized that Bruce felt frustration in his martial arts training. Although Bruce was becoming Westernized, he still felt pride that he was Chinese and he never wanted to appear inferior when comparing Chinese gung-fu with other nations\u2019 martial arts. Bruce continued: \u201cI"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "life. So I\u2019ve had that same experience when I\u2019ve been with friends who were white and someone drives down the street, rolls down the window, and says, \u201cHey, you chink, go back to where you came from,\u201d or something like that. While that\u2019s not something I enjoy, it\u2019s not actually novel or interesting. Sometimes when a kid comes up to me and does karate moves on the street and \u201cching-chong\u201d noises, I\u2019m not offended as an Asian American. I\u2019m offended as someone with a sense of humor, because if you\u2019re gonna diss me, at least get some new material. Wu: I got you to laugh. (See, I\u2019m not going to be as funny in print. You have to add in the introduction how funny I am.) When I was a kid, I\u2019d be teased and taunted, and teachers in school would always say to me, \u201cJust reply, \u2018Sticks and stones will break my bones but words will never hurt me.\u2019\u201d That\u2019s among the stupidest advice I\u2019ve ever gotten. It shifts responsibility away from the bullies, as well as the teachers. There are two reasons this is not good counsel. Reason one is the words lead to the sticks and stones. It\u2019s on a spectrum. Sometimes people say, \u201cOh come on, lighten up, it\u2019s just name calling.\u201d All right, you\u2019re right, if it\u2019s just name-calling. But it\u2019s never just name calling. There\u2019s always the possibility that if someone has a baseball bat in their car, they\u2019re gonna come out and kill you. Rumpus: There\u2019s a link. Wu:"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the need for employment, having thought that the book's message was that people should \"spend [their] lives doing pretty much just hanging out and stuff\". Heist is surprised that someone would interpret the 435-page novel that he spent three years writing as a call to do nothing. Heist says that he abhors real violence, but says that \"fake violence is fucking brilliant\", and names Crotz's My Heads on Swivels as a work of fiction that accurately conveys what combat is really like, calling it \"beyond horrific\". In contrast to Klara, Heist does not believe that war is justified even to defend one's land, saying that \"Dirt is dirt.\" After the family spends one week at his home, Prince Robot IV arrives there to look for the family. When Prince Robot IV sees the manuscript to Heist's next (and last) novel, The Opposite of War, he surmises that it is an allusion to peace, but Heist contends that peace is not the opposite of war, but merely \"a lull in the action\". Pressed by Robot, Heist asks him about what Robot saw in his visions during the near-death experiences he himself had during battle, which Heist correctly guesses were explicitly sexual. After Robot admits that he saw himself in an orgy with every man and woman he ever fought alongside, he realizes that the opposite of war is sex. Heist is accidentally killed in an ensuing confrontation by Gwendolyn. After his death, Klara reads another one of his books, despite calling it \"juvenile twaddle\", because it was"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "never hurt anybody and that he just needs help while Alyah pulls a knife out of the drawer after setting the shotgun down. Alyah then cleans a wound on the back of Dante's leg. Now held at knifepoint, Dante goes on to explain that he has to get to Puerto Angel as he needs to find someone. Alyah tells Dante that when her husband comes home it will be bad for him but that she can help him and that she knows someone who can take care of him. Alyah pushes Dante onto the bed and removes her headscarf and unfastens her dress. She says to him that since he is here without papers he does not have much of a future. Alyan pulls off her dress explaining to Dante that if you're pretty people hide you forever from your work. She then climbs on top of him while telling him that you belong to everyone who can pay and that it changes you as you might even like it. Alyah then kisses Dante and they start to make love. When Dante protests saying that he needs her to help him she says that she does not like men and could kill him no problem. She further explains that in Puerto Angel she \"was a puta\" under the employ of Kufard and that she was stoned most of the time, which is what led her to dislike men. Alyah then says that her daughter, the little girl who was with her, came into her life and"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "that way much, unfortunately. Which is not to say that busting someone's chops does not have therapeutic value. Especially for someone who, like me, might be grieving. Because that's what I was doing, of course. Grieving for Jesse. Except - and I don't know if this applies to all mediators or just me - I don't really grieve like a normal person. I mean, I sat around and cried my eyes out after the realization first hit me that I was never going to see Jesse again. But then something happened. I stopped feeling sad and started feeling mad. Really mad. There I was, and it was after midnight, and I was extremely angry. It wasn't that I didn't want to keep my promise to Father D. I really did. But I just couldn't. Any more than Jesse could apparently keep his promise to me. So it was only about fifteen minutes after my phone call to Father D that I emerged from my bathroom - Jesse was gone, of course, so I could have changed in my room, but old habits die hard - in full ghost-busting regalia, including my tool belt and hooded sweatshirt, which even I will admit might seem a bit excessive for California in July. But it was nighttime, and that mist rolling in from the ocean in the wee hours can be chilly. I don't want you to think I didn't give serious thought to what Father D had said about my telling my mom everything and getting her and"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "we should teach our kids to declare \u201cWakanda Forever.\u201d We need to start telling ourselves and our kids another story. Let us not flee from Jesus - let us take our stand with the Prince of Peace.

You may disagree with me, but how can I think anything different when this is what our King told us: \u201cHere\u2019s another old saying that deserves a second look: \u2018Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.\u2019 Is that going to get us anywhere? Here\u2019s what I propose: \u2018Don\u2019t hit back at all.\u2019 If someone strikes you, stand there and take it. If someone drags you into court and sues for the shirt off your back, giftwrap your best coat and make a present of it. And if someone takes unfair advantage of you, use the occasion to practice the servant life. No more tit-for-tat stuff. Live generously.

\u201cYou\u2019re familiar with the old written law, \u2018Love your friend,\u2019 and its unwritten companion, \u2018Hate your enemy.\u2019 I\u2019m challenging that. I\u2019m telling you to love your enemies. Let them bring out the best in you, not the worst. When someone gives you a hard time, respond with the energies of prayer, for then you are working out of your true selves, your God-created selves. This is what God does. He gives his best\u2014the sun to warm and the rain to nourish\u2014to everyone, regardless: the good and bad, the nice and nasty. If all you do is love the lovable, do you expect a bonus? Anybody can do that. If you simply say hello"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "eye must jerk in order to be counted as a jerk? How many millimeters?\u201d If the officer continues to hesitate, rescue him: \u201cSorry, Officer, I\u2019m not busting your chops. There is no definition, right?\u201d Write: No Def. of How Far Jerk (mm). \u201cHow many times does the NHTSA manual say the eye must jerk in order to be counted as a clue of intoxication?\u201d Write: No Def # of Jerks. Some officers may get cheeky and say it just has to be distinct and sustained. Break it down for the officer, gently. \u201cDistinct means you clearly see it. And sustained means it must be continual. And that\u2019s just for the second pass when you are holding it out for at least four seconds. What about in the first clue\u2014lack of smooth pursuit? How many times does it have to jerk when you are just going side to side? And then in the third clue\u2014onset prior to 45 degrees\u2014how many times does it have to jerk before 45 degrees for you to stop your pen before you get to their shoulder?\u201d Most officers will state just once. If they are still being evasive, refer back to the learned treatise NHTSA manual. \u201cShow me in this manual where it says once, twice, three times a lady that it had to jerk?\u201d Even writing this type of evasive answering makes me want to destroy this officer. Repeat to yourself: This officer is human, he is loved by someone, somewhere. Get back to your center. \u201cOfficer, I\u2019m not trying to"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "in his next movie. Kevin says he doesn't know what his next movie's going to be. Jonathan says it's going to be \"Jonathan, Ethan, and Bodie sleep with Kevin Smith's wife.\" Kevin starts yelling and defending his wife. Bodie says it will be a short film because they don't believe in foreplay. Over the credits, they remind him that lying about a job in a state university is a federal offense punishable by up to one year in prison. Kevin then gets on his phone and calls his wife Jen to cancel dinner with the Afflecks because she has to sleep with three of his students. In reply to a question, he says \"Yeah, they're kind of sexy.\" Episode Four: Kevin's breakdown Intro In the intro to Episode 4, Kevin writes a letter to the students saying he quit because he sucks as both filmmaker and a teacher after reading the reviews of the show on the Internet. Because peer acceptance means jack if someone on the Internet doesn't like your stuff. It closes by a student asking, \"does anyone else think it's weird that the man shot a montage to accompany his letter?\" Dagmar and Jonathan: squirrel fishing Since they need \"a fat guy on such short notice\", they dress Jonathan up to look like Kevin. This is pretty much a way to play with and feed wild squirrels, either by pushing bait out on a line, or the freehand method. If using a line, it is fun to lift the squirrel off the ground,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "not sure why you\u2019re reading this post. I like using coconut water/juice (I always keep it around because it\u2019s all I drink when I\u2019m sick), but water or chicken broth work great too. My mom always soaks chicken in salted water for half an hour before cooking it, \u201cto get rid of the smell.\u201d Brining does keep the chicken super moist, but I\u2019m always too lazy to do it. It\u2019s good if you feel like it though! Also, traditionally the chicken parts are chopped up into bite-size pieces for this dish. Part of that is frugality and part of it is flavor- more surface area to soak in more of the sauce. Plus it\u2019s fun to bust out your cleaver! I generally make the pieces baby-fist sized (so three or four bites) because I am lazy. You could also not chop them. I guess they had to give that suburban sitcom star a nickname instead of just calling him by his last name. Then it\u2019d sound like a serial killer sitcom instead of a family one: Leave it to Cleaver! Next, chop up some garlic, onion, and ginger. A few thoughts on this: for our wedding someone gave us a mortar and pestle, and it is AWESOME for garlic. I don\u2019t even peel or smash the cloves, I just throw them in and smash them a couple times. The paper falls off and you can pick it out. This isn\u2019t great if you care about uniform sizes, but if you want a ton of garlic quickly"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "aggravated. \u201cNo one calls me Woodrow.\u201d \u201cRelax,\u201d Gus says. \u201cI\u2019m just busting your chops because I\u2019ve heard Sugar call you that. I think she\u2019s calling you that for a reason.\u201d \u201cYeah, it\u2019s because she\u2019s busting my chops too. It\u2019s her way of saying, I knew you when, and when I knew you, you were this way, so please remember what the pecking order is. Girls like Sugar want to keep the power structure from high school exactly the way it was at the time of their senior year, when they were on top of the social ladder.\u201d \u201cNo,\u201d Maloney says. \u201cIt\u2019s not about being on top and keeping the pecking order. I think it\u2019s about preventing you from thinking you\u2019re better than her, I mean, going to college like you are, and all. Last winter, over break, I used to talk to her all the time. She felt left behind. All her friends were in school and it made her feel bad about herself.\u201d \u201cDid you guys smooch?\u201d Kenny asks. \u201cNo, retard. We\u2019re friends. I see how others would find her pretty, but she\u2019s not my type. I\u2019m not fond of that All-American, girl next door kind of look, but perhaps with bigger breasts....\u201d \u201cYes, you, peering through the blinds into the bedroom window of the girl next door, you should know about her breasts,\u201d Gus said, ending his own joke with what he usually ends his own jokes with--a manic laugh. \u201cShe was, umm,\u201d Woody stops in mid-sentence, as they all stopped to listen to"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "finally shows up. Egon Spengler, previously depicted as an object-moving poltergeist or a faceless body, is shown helping his granddaughter with the final zapping necessary to send the bad guy back to Hell or wherever and it\u2019s the digitized face and body of Harold Ramis on screen, the movie\u2019s true ghost, doing the busting instead of being busted. Reitman says this was done with the full approval of Ramis\u2019 family and I believe him, I have no reason not to. Family members can make bad decisions when they\u2019ve lost someone. It\u2019s interesting how even here, we don\u2019t hear Egon speak, even though the technology to play a dead man\u2019s voice is even easier to deploy. Maybe that was too weird? Putting words in a dead man\u2019s mouth? But putting his face up there was no problem, a digital specter that finally confirms the movie\u2019s insistent thesis of Ghostbusting gravity \u2014 it\u2019s a job, a story, a movie so important that they had to bring someone back from the dead to make it happen. This fucker has more dignity \u201cEvery time I say the word progress, my tongue literally rolls backwards,\u201d one of the villagers in Burial says as they prepare a letter to the government demanding they keep their land and their dead. Then he reminisces about his father who helped chop down the old forest so the main road could come by. The old man watched the ribbon-cutting ceremony and his words, his son recalls, were not enthusiastic: \u201cMy son, what they call progress, it"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "gains nothing. Letting them get away with murdering troops thru actions like this does not, either. 'Leadership' sometimes means making decisions you are not happy with but are best in the long run. Last week, I had a chance to listen to a speech at Ohio University by LTG Freakley, the Accesions Command chief, who detailed how we in America have ''a serious leadership problem- in too many places strong leadership is sorely lacking, and too many so-called 'leaders' have no idea how to do so.'' His comments that night resonated loudly throughout the crowd. And I agree with him 100%. Mr Wolf Posted by Mr Wolf on Thursday, April 30, 2009 at 08:20 AM in Bust Their Chops, Caring For The Defenders, Current Affairs, Military | Permalink | Comments (47) Someone you should know: five men earned the Medal of Honor on May 8 Robert \"Concrete Bob\" Miller - Someone You Should've Known Arthur J. Jackson - someone you should know \"No Survivors\" - The Eagle Flight Anniversary Casey Sheehan - A Palm Sunday Someone You Should Know Busting Their Chops! A National Shame Willfully Aiding & Abetting Child Rape National Airborne Day: The Best Photo of a Paratrooper by an AP Photographer Daily Beast: Wounded Warrior Project Fights - to Get Rich Climate Change Is Our Largest National Security Threat? Two To Keep An Eye On David Bellavia Medal of Honor Presentation Book Review: Blood Oath Book Review: Dark Tribute Book Review: Cold Stone Heart Book Review: Desert Vengeance Book Review: Run Away Book"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "his presidencies of American Cancer Society and American College of Surgeons One of your teachers, I know, was W. Montague Cobb, and that's someone who--?$$Absolutely, Dr., Dr. W. Montague Cobb was one of my favorite teachers [at Howard University Medical School, Washington, D.C.]. He was a man I met in my first year because he taught anatomy. And he used to have what we would call \"bust out sessions\". Now, what does that mean? You'd go into him, and you'd say \"bust me out\", meaning, ask me any question you want to ask me. I think I know the answer. And, and I liked that kind of challenge. And he liked that. He liked young students who felt so confident that they would walk in and say, \"Dr. Cobb, bust me out\" (laughter), and that meant, ask me anything you want on anatomy. And we wanted to let him know that we knew the answers. And I just enjoyed him as a teacher. And we used to have something called the cadaver walk. On the final examination, they would ask a hundred and eighty questions, and the cadavers have all been dissected then. All the cadavers are dissected. And they would have labels on some of everything, arteries, veins, muscles, bones, all this. And you had to identify those structures. And I really loved that. And when I was a medical student in my later years and as a surgical resident, I used to come back every year to go over with the freshman, medical and"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [-0.11298301815986633, -0.09521271288394928, -0.08036752790212631, -0.06330432742834091, -0.07996266335248947, -0.07018813490867615, -0.03281920775771141, -0.014895890839397907, -0.13146662712097168, -0.060218967497348785, -0.06608068943023682, -0.07117918133735657, -0.06463899463415146, -0.06716430932283401, -0.08942708373069763, -0.04084763303399086, -0.0445234552025795, -0.09435338526964188, -0.0671684741973877, -0.06148037314414978, -0.07228678464889526, -0.09336760640144348, -0.07416103035211563, -0.08466848731040955, -0.13787265121936798, 0.014326149597764015, -0.07542898505926132, -0.06026437506079674, -0.027838697656989098, -0.03568859025835991, -0.09418460726737976, -0.1301996111869812, -0.07022713124752045, -0.019333377480506897, -0.08466848731040955, -0.04390849173069, -0.06651831418275833, -0.005764940287917852, 0.0037577743642032146, -0.08039174228906631, -0.01517365500330925, 0.028047900646924973, -0.056406185030937195, -0.051893219351768494, -0.053148798644542694, -0.05180397257208824, 0.04196663945913315, 0.040414586663246155, -0.1305687129497528, -0.11298380047082901, 0.06436964869499207, -0.034654054790735245], "y": [-0.0710330381989479, 0.03900905326008797, -0.001080416957847774, -0.057691071182489395, -0.04225577041506767, 0.024007784202694893, 0.0066498867236077785, -0.04391352832317352, -0.00020588307233992964, 0.004881745204329491, 0.025100670754909515, -0.03470659628510475, -0.06035757064819336, 0.0065803565084934235, -0.0016611188184469938, -0.12156131863594055, -0.03845011442899704, -0.01571608893573284, 0.06661641597747803, -0.07329174131155014, 0.05085050314664841, -0.00957572367042303, -0.010573282837867737, -0.06353616714477539, -0.08139940351247787, -0.07837150245904922, -0.0317169725894928, -0.03339195251464844, 0.0712985247373581, -0.09557164460420609, -0.0900152400135994, -0.04873856157064438, -0.03468472883105278, 0.054103538393974304, -0.06353616714477539, -0.008335301652550697, -0.10227450728416443, 0.1060601994395256, -0.024193959310650826, 0.021866312250494957, -0.06017228960990906, -0.0938258022069931, -0.010321026667952538, -0.07860693335533142, -0.06359982490539551, 0.0249228123575449, -0.036457013338804245, 0.033525533974170685, -0.04512545466423035, -0.07103331387042999, 0.012352516874670982, -0.015425366349518299], "mode": "markers", "name": "Cluster 8", "marker": {"size": 8, "color": "rgb(217,217,217)"}, "text": ["Document 73", "Document 84", "Document 92", "Document 128", "Document 133", "Document 139", "Document 163", "Document 186", "Document 189", "Document 193", "Document 194", "Document 214", "Document 231", "Document 258", "Document 268", "Document 276", "Document 284", "Document 295", "Document 299", "Document 313", "Document 317", "Document 337", "Document 357", "Document 367", "Document 369", "Document 382", "Document 387", "Document 393", "Document 401", "Document 418", "Document 460", "Document 491", "Document 600", "Document 604", "Document 652", "Document 685", "Document 762", "Document 775", "Document 815", "Document 818", "Document 828", "Document 834", "Document 836", "Document 856", "Document 923", "Document 966", "Document 1089", "Document 1114", "Document 1278", "Document 1331", "Document 1365", "Document 1418"], "customdata": [{"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "your butt.\" \"Whatever! You love my weird things!!\" \"Does ex-girlfriend mean extreme girlfriend?\" \"If Jenny was a friend of mine...\" \"If someone comes into my 18\" bubble, either kick me or kiss me. You better be busting some slob or chops.\" \"I'm a man man you're a little man. When I'm dead and gone, you can take my man.\" \"They are reading out of their mind and making us go out of ours.\" \"You'll have to recharge your fist because your magic is naked.\" \"I\u2019d acquired a taste for niquor and licotine.\" \"Put down the munker [marker].\" \"You can't question me, I'm captain of the Bible Quiz team.\" \"The Bible says don't toot your own horn. I don't want anybody to toot.\" \"But I love you more than I hate it.\" \"Every now and then your butt looks camouflaged.\" \"It hurtens every time I straight it.\" \"The scars in your eyes light up the sties.\" \"Is the steering wheel hot?\" \"Yes. But I'm hotter.\" \"By the time it's noon, they're already in college.\" \"You might be mathematically smart, but you are everything else challenged.\" \"Soon you will have no ish.\" \"It'll be okay.\" \"Lottle\" \"Me three.\" \"I want you to stay here so I can constantly admire your leather pants.\" \"You'd hit an armed manned person?\" \"You wouldn't abuse me in the public eye.\" \"I wouldn't abuse you in the private eye.\" \"I was giving everybody time to say 'goodnight' to the rat.\" \"Have you ever laughed so hard that you threw up just a little"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "yer can also be used to establish one\u2019s location or whereabouts. \u201d Last week I was down yer Cyprus. The missus has been bangin\u2019 on for years about going there\u2019 banged up: arrested / locked up in jail Knocked up: pregnant Sorry: almost totally meaningless, yet viewed as a panacea for all self-caused problems situations. Barged past someone on an escalator, knocking their bag out of their hand and spilling their coffee all over their jacket because you are too busy wrapped up in your own world? No need to stop, just yell \u2018sorry\u2019,or possibly \u2018excuse me\u2019 as you continue on your way. Those two phrases have magical powers to right the wrong you just caused, thus exonerating you from any possible blame or contrition. Works in any circumstance where you wish to avoid taking responsibility for your actions. I find myself saying sorry when people barge into ME! I suspect that\u2019s not uncommon in London. Chav \u2013 where to begin to explain that one? Maybe start with people who say \u2018innit\u2019 \u2026. I love Bojo, just saying\u2026 Daniel Tyler (@tyl3rama) says Innit may have started off with chavvy overtones but it has spread a lot farther now and is often said very much tongue in cheek by middle class folk. I say it occasionally around my mates, but we would know when to or when not to use it.. Kacee says knocked up: called upon as in \u2018I\u2019ll knock you up at 6\u2019, etc. not \u2018pregnant\u2019. Abigail Rogers says They have a specific name for"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "A friend said this to me last night. I was kinda dumbfounded. it sounded like he was teasing me. and I asked him if that was bad. and he said no. but i'm just curious of it's meaning."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "it is an effort, then I do not push.\u201d \u201cOkay. I get it.\u201d He chewed for a minute. \u201cI heard your presentation went well. Did your friends like it?\u201d \u201cIt went marvelously. My friend Dallas took me aside to share quite the flow of compliments.\u201d \u201cThat\u2019s great, Celeste.\u201d He was downing half her iced tea. \u201cAnd then I bitch slapped her.\u201d Matt choked on the drink and desperately tried to clear his airway. \u201cI\u2019m sorry. You did what?\u201d She cocked her head. \u201cI bitch slapped her.\u201d \u201cThat\u2026 that can\u2019t be right,\u201d he sputtered. \u201cI mean, I hope it\u2019s not.\u201d \u201cI slapped my hand against her hand. Up in the air.\u201d She looked at Matt blankly. \u201cIs that not the right term?\u201d \u201cThank God, no, it\u2019s not. I think you mean a high-five.\u201d \u201cIf you say so. Well, either way, it happened. You know I have trouble with colloquialisms, so I resent your shocked reaction.\u201d \u201cI do know that about you, and I apologize.\u201d \u201cSince we are on the subject, there is something else I would like for you to clarify.\u201d \u201cShoot.\u201d \u201cWhat is meant by \u2018nut bag\u2019? Is that a testicular reference or merely the identification of a satchel of cashews or pecans?\u201d Matt groaned. \u201cThis conversation has gotten really weird. Could we just talk about\u2014 Wait a minute. Why are you asking me this? Did someone say that to you?\u201d He looked angry. Celeste picked at her fry. \u201cNo. Certainly not. I heard the term and had a natural curiosity.\u201d \u201cOkay then\u2026\u201d Her brother crumpled"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "gossip over cups of tea. If you're spilling tea, it means you're sharing some especially juicy gossip. But if you're over 40, most people are going to assume that you're being literal. They'll think you actually did spill some tea, and rather than lean in close to hear what gossip you have to share, they'll bring you a towel to clean it up. I'm Dead Obviously this slang phrase isn't literal. When someone says \"I'm dead,\" the implication is that whatever has just been said is so funny or true that it's figuratively sent them to an early grave. However, joking about your own premature death is only charming if you're years away from leaving this mortal coil. When somebody over 40 makes such a proclamation, it tends to be a little more worrying. Don't make your friends ask if you were kidding or if you've just received some alarming medical news. Bye, Felicia! First uttered by rapper Ice Cube in the 1995 comedy Friday, \"Bye, Felicia!\" is a way of telling someone to get out of your face and stop annoying you. Now, you might argue that it's perfectly acceptable to say this slang phrase as it came from a time period (the '90s) in which many people now over 40 were coming of age. What's more, you might remind us that Ice Cube is now 49\u2014so if he can say it, why can't you? Well, the thing is, Ice Cube was just 26 when he first said, \"Bye, Felicia.\" And he definitely doesn't run"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "'n dash\" maintenance worker are fairly obvious... or they should be. So tell me BougieLand, what catch phrase clich\u00e9s have you heard that let you know exactly where you stand? Have you used these? Have any tales of escaping the friend/smash zone? Do share. Tomorrow: \"What happened was...\" & other signs that some sneaky-freaky may be going on. \"We need to talk\" and other signs a break up is near Every one knows that \"We need to talk\" means two things: either someone actually needs to talk or someone is about to get placed curbside. But let's take a look at a few other phrases that might spell doom for a relationship: I'm trying not to hurt you - This is generally uttered by someone (male or female) who has already hurt the hell out of you and wants to be let off the hook for it. Furthermore, they will do it again. Also beware of \"I don't want to hurt you\" and \"I hope this doesn't hurt you.\" I'm always confused by this one. If you don't want to hurt someone, take steps to make sure you don't. Am I oversimplifying? I just need space - This means they've already found an alternate space (away from you) and just need you to be aware of it. And the follow-up question to this is, \"Space to do what, with who?\" If any of you have an example where someone \"took some space\" and then came back all excited about the relationship and it worked out -"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "into relation with each other, it's surprising how frequently and easily people use the \"wrong\" verb out of these pairings (as all of you have noted). This phenomenon is easy to describe with verb valency theory, however, because all of these pairings describe the same basic activity, the only difference being whether you make the recipient the subject or the object of the sentence. In other words, the sentence isn't really wrong, you just messed up the word order, which is a much easier mistake for your brain to make. 11 hours ago, Problem Machine said: I felt like saying that phrase would make the whole thing collapse so it remained unsaid. I got the feeling everyone felt that way. You don\u2019t want to pull out the keystone. 17 hours ago, Jake said: It just feels cruel to tease everyone this way though. I guess it's an audience retention trick, because now we have to tune in to all future pods to see if you say the thing. Saying \"Bustin' made me feel bad\" would make me feel good, and then the bustin' cycle would finally be complete. posh_somme Location: Birmingham, UK I lost it in public at lore lord bean On 2/17/2018 at 3:58 AM, Deadpan said: Ditto (except the last night part). A very good podcast. SecretAsianMan Thumbs Candyman Backing up Chris' endorsement of an extra long shoehorn. I own the same model and it is legitimately nice to have. It came in especially handy when my wife was pregnant and bending over became"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "about is, that new chick from accounting has some tits I'd love to smush my face in, you know what I'm saying?\" What You Think It Says About You: I care about my appearance, and I paid a lot of money for one of those five-blade razors, so I'm gonna get my money's worth. What It Really Says About You: I am afraid to experiment with facial hair, because I have no idea what would happen. It might grow in all patchy and I'll look like the neighbor from The Burbs or something. It's better to just avoid it altogether. Good For: Children, Women, The Terminally Ill Sentence Heard From This Person: \"I'd love to get coffee with you, I just have to finish some work. Shall we say Coffee Bean at 8:30? Tentatively?\" The Soul Patch What You Think It Says About You: I'm hip with the youngsters of today. I understand their television programs, and their music, and their youtubes. I sent a text message yesterday, too. That's how hip I am! What It Really Says About You: I'm playing in a 1998 high school baseball game tomorrow. Good For: Ska Band Trombone Players, Beatknick Poets, Evil Alter-Egos Sentence Heard From This Person: I just got a hold of this new Rob Thomas album, have you heard this guy? Great rythym.\" The Chin Strap What You Think It Says About You: I have the masculinity for a beard, but I'm also concerned about my appearance, and I take the time to make myself look"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "she proved to me exactly how far out of the loop I am, slang wise. Her: \u201cI\u2019m tired of \u2018Throwing shade.\u2019 \u201d Me: \u201cWhat? I\u2019ve never heard of that one.\u201d Her: \u201cIt\u2019s an insult.\u201d Me: \u201cLike \u2018dissing\u2019 someone?\u201d Her: \u201cI don\u2019t think anyone uses that one anymore.\u201d (I swear she snickered when she said this.) Her: \u201cAnd \u2018Butthurt\u2019. I\u2019m tired of \u2018Butthurt\u2019.\u201d Me: \u201cThat\u2019s what she said.\u201d** Her: \u201cHah hah. Very funny.\u201d Me: \u201cNo, I\u2019m tired of the phrase, \u2018That\u2019s what she said.\u2019 I don\u2019t really know the expression \u2018Butthurt\u2019 is it like \u2018Asshole\u2019?\u201d We devolve into a nattering Google search trying to confirm the origin of that one. Her: \u201cIt means: \u2018Overly annoyed, bothered or bugged because of a perceived insult; needlessly offended.\u2019 I would have thought it had a more sexual meaning.\u201d Then she looks a bit further; she is scrolling the text when she stops. Her: \u201cOh\u2026someone here uses it to be degrading, as if it means rape.\u201d We\u2019re both silent for a minute tacitly agreeing this isn\u2019t funny and maybe we should just drop this line of thought. But, we aren\u2019t over finding ourselves terribly amusing in general, if not in this particular instance. You\u2019ve Been Served Me: \u201cI hate it when I use slang that I am wayyy too old to be using: \u2018My Bad!\u2019\u201d Her: \u201cI\u2019ll confess, with a pre-teen running around the house, I\u2019ve been known to drop a \u2018Whatevs\u2019 on occasion.\u201d Me: (Gasp) \u201cNo!\u201d She nods sadly and I shake my head in disbelief. We pause for a"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "and give the impression of being personal. You have the right idea\u2026.. Ditch it and forget it. You have come up with a wonderful idea. This might take a little while to blossom but is a good endeavour. Aww thank you so much! That was the perfect dose of motivation I needed! Lame ducks is the most hilarious \u201cinsult\u201d I\u2019ve ever heard! \ud83d\ude02\ud83d\ude02 It sounds like whoever wrote to you did a broken English translation. I know right! I thought it was the weirdest thing ever, but when I googled it, apparently it is a real expression! I\u2019m so sorry to hear that, Lauren. How frustrating! I\u2019ve really enjoyed your writing and getting to know you over time! They clearly don\u2019t know what they are talking about."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "else on the team with older laptops. I have a deadline, can you fix this? Bob: No, I told you, if it breaks, you'll get to keep both pieces. What Bob is trying to say is \"I told you so\", \"go away\", \"you are on your own\", and \"it's not my problem\". Thus it's a generic excuse. Sometimes it comes across as patronizing, especially when it later turns out that it's a real problem which should have been supported/working, instead it was dismissed by Bob. That would be called a bug denial. It means all the pieces that are broken, kind of equivalent of \"don't do that\" when asking a doctor why it hurts when you do a particular action. Well, it can be used in any tone one likes from nice to angry. The phrase is informal by nature, but it's not a joke. One seriously means it as a caution / warning. This can go on: Carol: Bob, did anybody upgrade to windows 10 yet? Bob: Only Alice, and it broke Office for her. But you know, she got to keep both pieces. Carol: Well, I don't use that. Here be dragons. Carol heard the warning, accepts responsibility for any fallout, and goes ahead with the upgrade to see what happens (and breaks). jimm101 DimaDima Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged expressions or ask your own question. When has the phrase \u201cdirty sex\u201d started to be used? What does the phrase \u201cWe'll keep you whole,\u201d really mean? How can I"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "15. When asked \"Are you allright?\" You respond with \"I'm allright its the others\". 16.When someone mentions football, you say about them being overpaid and falling over when they are tapped. Echoing something said a trillion times before, but with an air of originality and gravitas as if you have just created an alternative to fossil fuels. 17. You like Mrs Brown's Boys 18. You dislike London and take every opportunity to tell people that. 19. Someone mentions martial arts, you respond with: \"I've got a black belt in Origami\"....No you have a black belt in C**t 20. When someone has had a haircut, you chide in with \"You had a fight with a lawnmower.\" If you are a true c**t, you end it with the words \"...and lost!\" to really finish the room off. 21. You have said at one time: \"Say what you like about Katie Price but she is a savvy businesswoman\" 22. When someone uses a long word that you do not know the meaning of, you say: \"Can you repeat that in English please\". A baffling thing to say, loudly proclaiming your ignorance. \"Can you repeat that in ignorant cunt\" would, of course, be more accurate. 23. When a baby/toddler unwraps a gift and then proceeds (as they invariably do) to play with the packaging and show more interest in the box than the gift, it is more certain than 3 follows 2 that some empty vessel will quip: \"Right Next year we all know what to get him/her.....a box!\" Hear"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "pertains to drainage. It derives from a 1924 Congressional transcript regarding the Teapot Dome Scandal, a scandal as boring as the milkshake metaphor is weird. That is, if you find national bribery scandals involving the Harding admin- zzZZZZzzzzZzzz. When you decontextualize that line, it's nonsense. It has nothing to do with victory, or getting back at someone, or sinking that sweet three-pointer. You might as well yell, \"How are those tulip investments?!\" Which would be a sick burn in the Dutch Golden Age after the crash of the tulip bubble, but right now it's nothing but gibberish. The only thing \"I drink your milkshake\" means is that you're finished explaining a technical scam oft-employed in old-timey oil drilling ... but try telling that to the guy shouting at you over your Xbox. \"I Am The One Who Knocks!\" (Breaking Bad) Breaking Bad has it all: solid performances, good writing, methamphetamine, saggy underpants. That's everything! There are a lot of quotable moments in the show, but Walter White's fierce \"I am the one who knocks!\" is among the most enduring. It's the moment when Walter truly transforms from humble nerd in over his head into Big Boss Heisenberg. Plus, it's a crazy badass thing to say. \"Now you're supposed to say 'Who's there?'\" Few people consider the context around the line. Walter isn't giving his big speech to a crime boss or a gangbanger come to challenge his meth empire. He's angrily berating his wife. He's telling her \"I'm a big ol' tough guy! People are scared"}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "fight** Do you want to step outside (and settle this)? Would you like to step outside? Want to make something of it? _something = an issue to fight about_ Care to make something of it? #### **186 Asking someone to leave your property alone** Hands off! Excuse me, that's mine. Did I say you could touch that? Look with your eyes not your hands. If you break it, you pay for it. If you break it, you've bought it. #### **187 Asking someone to stay out of your affairs** Mind your own business. _(informal)_ Mind your own beeswax. _(slang)_ _beeswax = business_ M.Y.O.B. _(slang)_ _= Mind your own business._ Butt out! _(slang)_ _= Mind your own business!_ That's none of your affair. Get your nose out of my business. _(informal)_ Keep your nose out of my business. _(informal)_ #### **188 When someone is harassing you \u2014 angry and direct** Get off my back! _(slang)_ Lay off, will you! _(slang)_ Get off my tail! _(slang)_ Get off my ass! _(mildly vulgar)_ Get off it! _(slang)_ Come off it! _(slang)_ #### **189 When someone is harassing you \u2014 rude** Nuts to you. _(mildly vulgar)_ Screw you. _(mildly vulgar)_ Up yours. _(vulgar)_ #### **190 When someone is presumptuous** Why would you ask such a thing? How could you say such a thing? What right do you have to say that? Who gave you the right? Where do you come off saying that? Well, I never! #### **191 When someone has underestimated your intelligence** How dumb do you think I"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "\"I'm out of patience\"? \"I can't even.\" \"I'm totally out of here.\" \"I'm about ready to bug out.\" \"I'm done.\" How well executed is Apple product design? It's on fleek. It's righteous. It's sharp. It's gorgeous. How would you refer to your significant other in an informal context? They are my bae. That's my boy/girl! They're my baby. They're my boy/girlfriend. How would you flat out insult someone? \"Talk to the hand.\" \"Bag your face.\" \"Make like a tree.\" \"You're a jerk!\" How would you say someone is excellent at a skill? \"They are v good.\" \"They're gnarly.\" \"They're neato.\" \"They're really good.\" How good are McDonald's french fries? They are perf! They're delish! They're outta sight! They're lovely! How would you indicate sarcasm, if the audience didn't get it? JK! ...not! I'm just pulling your leg. I'm kidding! How would you indicate \"Me too\"? \"It me.\" \"Right here.\" \"Right on.\" \"I would like to as well.\" How would you confront someone when they demand an apology you don't want to give? \"Sorry, not sorry.\" \"Not gonna happen.\" \"Don't sweat it.\" \"I'm not saying I'm sorry because I am not\" If you wanted to emphasize the description of an action or an adjective, how would you do it? I'd say it's _____ AF. I'd say when it _____, it rocks. I'd say when it_____, it's bad. It say it _____s very well. How would you say you're really up for something? I'm turnt. I'm wicked there. Be there or be square. I'll drop in, sure. Can"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "I showed her my chainsaw she ran away screaming. Did you drop the Chainsaw on her when she ran down the stairs than in a Christian Bale American Psycho way shout out ' BAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHH!!!!!' when it landed on her? Dropping chainsaws on a girl - it always goes down well. by Seppuku on Wed May 27, 2009 6:50 pm I use that line all the time. I always figured it would probably work better if I were female, but I carried on using it anyway. I never thought about changing the \"me\" to a \"you.\" This just opened up a whole world of possibilities. by buster00 on Thu May 28, 2009 11:45 am \"I'll sell you my body...for a kiss.\" \"Now I know what death tastes like.\" Those are my new favorites. I try to shoehorn them into my everyday conversation. by magicmonkey on Thu May 28, 2009 12:36 pm I go around saying, \"Tell me what you need Spock, tell me what you need.\" magicmonkey I AM fucking Zen Location: Shanghizzo by Seppuku on Wed Jul 01, 2009 6:15 pm One of the best rants in movie history courtesy of Bob Hoskins at the end of The Long Good Friday, painfully transcribed by yours truly because I couldn't find it online: \"I'll tell you something... I'm glad I found out in time just what a partnership with a pair of wankers like you would have been. A sleeping partner's one thing, but you're in a fucking coma! No wonder you've got an energy crisis your"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "the distance until that moment. Now, he turns to me with a look of confusion on his face. \u201cWhat do you mean? Nothing wrong with that. It\u2019s a saying. Everyone says it.\u201d He says. He falls silent. Is he winding me up? There must be a look on my face because he shrugs. \u201cWhat?\u201d He says. I take a much-needed gulp of beer. I don\u2019t know whether he\u2019s joking or not. We frequently do this kind of thing all the time, and it usually ends up with me being laughed at. Of course, I\u2019m always game for a laugh so I\u2019ll press on. Besides, if he\u2019s wrong, then I can take the piss out of him forever. That is a risk worth taking \u201cIt\u2019s a saying, mate. But it\u2019s not \u2018old Chester\u2019, it\u2019s actually \u2018old chestnut\u2019. You do know that, don\u2019t you?\u201d I say. He looks incredulous and then shakes his head angrily. \u201cNo, it\u2019s bloody not! Don\u2019t be daft!\u201d He says and continues to shake his head and grabs his pint. I can\u2019t help but snort. I\u2019m really starting to believe he\u2019s saying the wrong thing and he doesn\u2019t know it. \u201cMe being daft? It\u2019s you who\u2019s daft, mate. You\u2019ve been going around for forty-odd years saying, \u2018that old Chester\u2019 like a complete idiot.\u201d I say and then burst out laughing. I just couldn\u2019t contain it any longer. It\u2019s been bubbling up inside me since he first uttered those words. Now, he really doesn\u2019t look happy. He deposits his pint down on the table firmly,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "disagree -- which is it?) \"I think I just threw up in my mouth a little.\" (Just gross.) \"Are you still picking?\" or \"Are you still working on that?\" (As often said by restaurant wait-staff. I am dining, not picking or working.) \"He's in a world of hurt.\" (Just silly.) \"Torching\" calories (Please, please, health magazines, think of a different alternative to \"burning\" calories.) \"Pull the door to.\" (What's wrong with \"close the door\"?) and I meant touche' typos...I'm sure there's typo peeve party. who proofreads comments. Lordy Two that I hate: 1) When people say \"old timer's disease\" for \"Alzheimer's disease.\" So ignorant. It is especially NAILS-ON-CHALKBOARD annoying when they have to say it more than once in a conversation. Yuck! 2) The stupid fad (trend?) of saying, \"Seriously\" or \"Really\" to show feigned disbelief just for dramatic effect. Stupid. @AKM the moo point threw me for abit of a loop. SO I looked it up....funny, very funny :) Gotta love and \"Friends\" reference. I especailly on the heels of yesterdays reference \"im in an ATM vetibule with Jill Goodacre\". Good one Sorry for all my spacing and spelling errors. Now I feel shameful :( @violet - Thank GOD somebody got it. ;-) mr. ray said... \"your\" \"you're\",\"their\", \"they're\" and \"there\" a animal when it should be AN animal...that drives e NUTS! ant=aunt \"It also makes me nuts when people say they will 'give 110%' or 'on a scale of 1-10, I give it an 11.'\" The \"11\" is a THIS IS SPINAL TAP reference."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "Grammaretto Thu 05-Apr-18 13:39:46 She was like and he was like to describe any situation. as in She was like really upset. Or should that be, So she was like really angry.. DanniRae Thu 05-Apr-18 13:50:55 How about when someone agrees with something you have said and they reply \"Oh yes. All day long\". Bradley Walsh says it all the time on \"The Chase\". I find it quite annoying. I think some people find it easier to say that someone has 'passed' rather than died and I don't mind this at all. MissAdventure Thu 05-Apr-18 13:56:20 I heard a new 'thing' yesterday. Someone thought that their friend had blatantly ignored them whilst out, and had been standoffish since. When the friend asked why they hadn't said anything, or explained what the problem was, the ignored person said they aren't \"A beg\" pensionpat Thu 05-Apr-18 14:00:15 I often see FB posts which aren't even a sentence. E.g. When you come home from work and your child/partner/dog is pleased to see you. I presume it's to signify emotion. Or boasting usually. MissAdventure we will all need subtitles soon. a beg? what does that mean? People who turn around all the time as in: He turned round and then I turned round etc. I think they'll all get dizzy. At least there is still the spoken word. I often get the bus (it's free!!!) and some people seem only to be able to speak in 4 letter swear words. gmelon Thu 05-Apr-18 14:13:08 \"Narcissist \". The latest word for"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "on aloha setting\" \"I called my wife and told her that I\u2019ll pick up Fish and Chips\" (joke) \"I called the cops about a murder on my front lawn...\" (joke) \"I called the restaurant and I asked them if they take orders...\" (joke) \"I called the Tinnitus hotline earlier, but it just kept ringing\" \"I call bravo sierra\" (\"I call bullshit\") \"I call myself terms and conditions because y'all keep ignoring me\" \"I came from a tough neighborhood. On my street, the kids take hubcaps - from moving cars\" \"I came from a tough neighborhood. In the local restaurant, I sat down and had broken leg of lamb\" \"I came, I ate, I conquered\" \"I can\u2019t afford vacation, so I am just going to drink until I don\u2019t know where I am\" \"I can't believe it's been a year since I didn't become a better person\" \"I can\u2019t believe it\u2019s riot season already. I still have my COVID decorations up\" \"I can't believe I've been arrested for shoplifting. The cashier TOLD me to swipe the cardigan!\" \"I can't believe I got arrested for impersonating a politician. I was just doing nothing\" \"I can't believe I still have to protest this shit\" \"I can't believe pretzels are knot bread\" \"I can't be your valentine for medical reasons. You make me sick!\" \"I can't breathe\" (anti-police brutality slogan) \"I can't decide if people who wear pajamas in public have given up or are living the fullest\" \"I can't die! I'm booked!\" \"I can\u2019t drink responsibly because responsibilities are"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "you could help me to find the closest idiom/expression/proverb for this case. A-friend A-friendA-friend You have received some good answers to your literal question about proverbs that are similar to your \"My cow gave birth\". But in my experience, native speakers would not usually use a proverb or indeed any long phrase to fill in the blank in your example; rather they would probably just use a single word and most likely an expletive such as (from polite to most rude) \"Oh my (dear)\", \"Oh, shit\" or \"Oh, fuck\" or some variation of that. \u2013 CompuChip Apr 21 '19 at 21:51 The answers above provide many common phrasings, the only one I would potentially add is \"That does it!\" This can be used to signify that after other things have gone wrong, the most recent upset has pushed you over the edge. Another in that vein is (sarcastically) ` \"That's just what I need!\" When you could really do without whatever has happened. Freddie RFreddie R Thank you very much @Freddie R for the great response. +1 for the unique answer. Just please let me know a bit more about the nuance between your two suggestions! For me, they both exactly mean the same! \u2013 A-friend Apr 22 '19 at 10:22 \"That does it!\" is said without sarcasm, and usually before action. \"First my car wouldn't start, and now it's broken down! That does it, I'm getting the train\". \u2013 Freddie R Apr 22 '19 at 10:28 \"That's just what I need!\" is sarcastic, and is"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "in my mouth a little.\" (Just gross.) \"Are you still picking?\" or \"Are you still working on that?\" (As often said by restaurant wait-staff. I am dining, not picking or working.) \"He's in a world of hurt.\" (Just silly.) \"Torching\" calories (Please, please, health magazines, think of a different alternative to \"burning\" calories.) \"Pull the door to.\" (What's wrong with \"close the door\"?) and I meant touche' typos...I'm sure there's typo peeve party. who proofreads comments. Lordy Two that I hate: 1) When people say \"old timer's disease\" for \"Alzheimer's disease.\" So ignorant. It is especially NAILS-ON-CHALKBOARD annoying when they have to say it more than once in a conversation. Yuck! 2) The stupid fad (trend?) of saying, \"Seriously\" or \"Really\" to show feigned disbelief just for dramatic effect. Stupid. @AKM the moo point threw me for abit of a loop. SO I looked it up....funny, very funny :) Gotta love and \"Friends\" reference. I especailly on the heels of yesterdays reference \"im in an ATM vetibule with Jill Goodacre\". Good one Sorry for all my spacing and spelling errors. Now I feel shameful :( @violet - Thank GOD somebody got it. ;-) mr. ray said... \"your\" \"you're\",\"their\", \"they're\" and \"there\" a animal when it should be AN animal...that drives e NUTS! ant=aunt \"It also makes me nuts when people say they will 'give 110%' or 'on a scale of 1-10, I give it an 11.'\" The \"11\" is a THIS IS SPINAL TAP reference. I find it funny that in this thread people go on"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "posted by Lira Yayy new word. I've always thought it was \"she's one to do this kind of thing\" You're right, I see that you purposely left it open to interpretation as to whether you were trying to be funny about correcting him, or whether you legitimately didn't know what it meant. I'll admit that's a good tactic for not coming off as quite as much of an idiot as you usually do. And you really don't have any insults. They're either things you completely make up (my fiance is fake, etc.) or some VAR-esque psychotic diatribe. That's not really an insult so much as a psychosis manifesto. Intellekshual tranceaddict in training Location: Oubliette They're either things you completely make up (my fiance is fake, etc.) Pffffffffff LOL. Really? He said your fiancee is fake? What's wrong with these people... The only hard feelings should be in your pants Moongoose Supreme tranceaddict Location: Celje, Slovenia Ive just been greeted by gmails new compose \"experience\". I have the strongest urge to fly to google HQ and strangle the asshat responsible for that with a guitar string (i know that a piano wire is more traditional but i dont have one handy). Haha, I know the feel, Slovak bro Originally posted by Vivid Boy I was a little pissed last night so let me clarify. He didn\ufffdt steal 12 grand from me. he fucked me out of 12 grand because he thought he was saving himself money by doing it when really he didn't save anything and in"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "a bad word. Pea. Nut. Butt.\" \"Dragon\" \"He knows nothing about t.v. shows. Or girls.\" \"It's your turn.\" \"To what?\" \"To float.\" \"K, you're ruining the view; take off your jacket.\" \"I hated it. I saw it twice.\" \"You can't stand me.\" \"I'm glad you're not as dumb as you act.\" \"I'm just talking out loud.\" \"You're fun.\" \"I'm glad.\" \"Me too. It'd suck if you were boring.\" \"I almost posted except for all the damn, windy trees...I actually said that?\" \"D-d-d-d-discovered...\" \u201cI\u2019m doing it, therefore I would and I did.\u201d \"I've got a piece of pizza in my purse.\" \"She's a keeper.\" \"Just because you can dislocate your shoulder blade, doesn't mean we need to see it.\" \"You're not going home, you're going to jail.\" \"I hate thinking I'm a shallow person.\" \"Time is money. But money is money.\" \"Do you like the movie ones?\" \"You're not my friend. You're my wife.\" \"The shape of things to come. . .\" \"If God can knit us together, He can whittle us.\" \"I can't make you do anything.\" \"Yes, you can.\" \"What?\" \"Make me mad.\" \"My eyes are bigger than my stomach but my stomach's catching up.\" \"Oh, you're learning to play the trumpet?\" \"No, Trump.It.\" \"You buy what you get for.\""}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "British usage, it is said to come from the Navy. Two possible origins is that it came from babies born on ships with unknown fathers so they just listed Gunner\u2019s Mate instead, or that it came from women giving birth on a section of the gun deck. There\u2019s even one historian who attributes it to knights using it as an epithet. \u2063aaaaaaa on May 21, 2015 at 23:53 said: iirc it was more of a sailor\u2019s bastard thing I\u2019m so proud of Skitter! Not quite as proud as if she\u2019d somehow managed to explode their pants, but still proud. Pants exploding is what it is called in the Fallout series when you pickpocket someone to slip a grenade or other explosive onto them. They spend a second screaming and trying to find it on them before Kablooey! Also, the psychological aspect was fun. Tapeworms and centipedes and mosquitos all talking and screwing with them. I like one of the taunts from Def Jam: Fight for NY, \u201cI\u2019m gonna rip your eyes out and put them on my knee and call you \u2018Niecy'\u201d though that fighter also has a good one in \u201cI\u2019m gonna tear your tongue out and lick my ass with it.\u201d Or I might go with \u201cI\u2019m gonna yank your lungs out through your ears and feed them to you,\u201d or \u201cI\u2019m gonna kick your face in so hard you\u2019re gonna be tasting ass for a week,\u201d or even \u201cI will break my own goddamn foot off, hobble up to you, and shove it"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "switch and burst into tears. I would end up consoling him and apologizing. This worked well for him after I busted him for cheating because he could refer to \u201call the times you made me cry\u201d. Technically I guess it was true. The Fucktard claimed in MC that he was \u201cwalking on eggshells\u201d with me too. At the time, it made no sense at all as he was a tempramental entitled bastard and I was doing backflips to accommodate his endless demands and criticism. I think it was more like \u201cwaiting for the shoe to drop\u201d because I was starting to put the pieces together and when the puzzle became complete he expected all hell to break loose. YES to this > \u201cI think it was more like \u201cwaiting for the shoe to drop\u201d Mine also said he was walking on eggshells like I would get upset randomly. I could never figure it out because I always had a legitimate reason for being angry or frustrated with him. Your explanation makes more sense. For several years after I kicked him out due to Affair #2, cheater narc would do entitled, selfish stuff involving me, the kids, money, whatever. I\u2019d get mad, usually managed to express that clearly and reasonably politely. Every. Single. Time, he\u2019d say something like \u2018I know you are angry about the separation, but blah blah\u2019. No, asshole, I\u2019m angry about what you JUST DID, right now! Never, ever acknowledged his on-going fuck-ups and assholery. ChumpSaidBuhBye says They love to claim abuse. During the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "Trekkies use them. I kind of feel like Star Trek lingo is a protected class. http://youtu.be/HofoK_QQxGc GENTLEMEN, WE CAN REBUILD HIM. WE HAVE THE TECHNOLOGY. Sample usage: When something is dropped or broken, or somebody has something really high tech going on their person. \u201cWow, check out your new Bluetooth ear thingy. Gentlemen, we can rebuild him! We have the technology!\u201d Backstory: Opening of Six Million Dollar Man. Thoughts: Questionable. Probably no longer meaningful to too many people, and it just doesn\u2019t stand on its own. I think it would sound weird if you never watched the show. That probably won\u2019t stop me from using it in certain conversations, but I feel I have to retire it from blogs and books. Ditto for \u201cI can\u2019t hold her! She\u2019s breaking up! She\u2019s breaking up!\u201d AAAAND LOVING IT. Sample usage: Sarcastic or tongue-in-cheek retort. Q: \u201cAre you babysitting the neighbor\u2019s kids again?\u201d A: \u201cAaaaand loving it.\u201d Backstory: Maxwell Smart from Get Smart always said it. His boss might say something like, \u201cBut Max, you\u2019ll be in constant peril every second!\u201d And Max would say \u201cAaaaand loving it.\u201d Thoughts: This is one of those references you can still use, and even if people don\u2019t get where it\u2019s from, it still makes sense. UP YOUR NOSE WITH A RUBBER HOSE Usage: Insult Backstory: The character Barbarino from Welcome Back Kotter always said it. Thoughts: I don\u2019t think people know what this is anymore. Even in its day, it was nonsense. But, in a certain strange mood, I\u2019d still be willing"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "that aren\u2019t brilliant: emails (not written by Albert Einstein or John Maynard Keynes), dogs, restaurant suggestions. Like \u201ccheers,\u201d \u201cbrilliant\u201d has an acceptable place in the British vocabulary but should be used sparingly anywhere else. We needed a long break before our second \u201cBro\u201d entry. This one was first uttered by popular American TV star Ron \u201cRonnie\u201d Ortiz-Magro on Episode 1.6 of the show Jersey Shore. Since then it has STEROID BLOWN UP in popularity, first as a legitimate taunt (you\u2019re in a bar, some guy \u201csteps to you\u201d impolitely \u2014 \u201ccome at me bro!\u201d) and more recently as a hipster-claimed ironic expression (you\u2019re at a used record store, some guy grabs the Pixies album you were eyeing). In either case the time has come to retire the expression \u2014 now nearly two years old! \u2014 to whatever dumpster Charlie Sheen\u2019s \u201cWinning!\u201d, and probably Charlie Sheen, is in. I just wanted one we could all agree on. It\u2019s so dumb! The above represent really just the tip of the iceberg. At the rate we are all talking more and more like members of the Burger King Kids Club, there will probably be enough new material for a follow-up post in about six weeks. Stay tuned! This entry was posted on August 25, 2011 at 2:23 pm and is filed under Gripes & Tirades. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "of it. You say this when someone is getting very excited or upset about an issue and you want them to relax. This is a very big deal. You say this when you're talking about something that's very important but other people don't realize that yet. Big deal! This is a response that's similar to \"So what?\". You say this when you want to show that you don't care about what someone just said. \u201cCan you follow up with Jay later this week?\u201d \u201cDo you think this will go well in the study?\u201d"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "wanted to be friends i just thought i wouldnt close the door to you \" WTF ? sorry im on a roll \"i thought i would give you a hand because i know you dont have many friends \" \"i got mine thanks \" eww , \"the trouble with you scoop is ...... \" then he would spend an hour telling me how he is so sorted and im so rubbish....\"its youre fault you got pregnant YOU slept with ME\" i can laugh at that one now ... so many more but the best one \"im not a controle freak \" oh, that is classic What a flaming piece of crap! I'll tell ya, I've never known anyone like my N who I wanted to punch so much. What a hilarious thing to say - even though it's so incredibly hurtful. I mean, who the heck does he think he is? I wonder if these guys save up these lines, and then see how effective they are, and re-use them over and over again. It seems like if you really wanted to hurt someone then you would just use the lines that get the most effect, statistically that is. Which might explain why insulting someone's boobs is used so frequently - because it often works. I think I am going to start storing up my own lines. I bought it hook line and I bought it hook line and sinker too :( I owned my own home free and clear, had a very successful career as"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "beat up by the inventor of scrabble!\u201d 6. \u201cWrong place, wrong time. Nothing personal.\u201d \u201cThat\u2019s what you think. Last night I fucked your wife.\u201d \u201cOh you did, huh? How\u2019d you know it was my wife?\u201d \u201cShe said her husband was a big pimp lookin\u2019 motherfucker with a hat.\u201d 5. \u201cCan we get a formal introduction?\u201d \u201cWho gives a fuck? You\u2019re the bad guy, right?\u201d \u201cI AM the bad guy.\u201d 4. (To Himself in the mirror) \u201cNobody likes you. Everybody hates you. You\u2019re gonna lose. Smile, you fuck.\u201d 3. \u201cNow what are you doing?\u201d \u201ci\u2019m drawing them a picture.\u201d \u201cWhat\u2019s that?\u201d \u201cIt\u2019s a bomb.\u201d \u201cIt doesn\u2019t look like a bomb, it looks like an apple with lines coming out of it. What are they gonna say, \u201cDon\u2019t open the briefcase, it\u2019s full of fresh fruit?\u201d [\u2026 Shows picture, gets shot at \u2026] \u201cI forgot to tell you, \u201cBomb\u201d means \u201cFuck You\u201d in Polish.\u201d \u201cHey, that\u2019s not funny, man. I nearly bought it there!\u201d \u201cTragic loss to the art world, let me tell ya.\u201d 2. \u201cLeather pans.\u201d \u201cWhat\u2019s something like that run?\u201d \u201cSix-fifty.\u201d \u201cSix hundred and fifty dollars??\u201d \u201cThey\u2019re pants?\u201d \u201cYou wear them?\u201d \u201cThey don\u2019t, like, have a TV in them or nothin\u2019?\u201d \u201c\u2026I am very old.\u201d 1. \u201cYou think you are so fuckin\u2019 cool, don\u2019t you? You think you are so fucking cool. But just once, I would like to hear you scream in pain.\u201d \u201cPlay some rap music.\u201d Posted in Listeria | 5 Comments \u00bb"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "face but I won't put your pillow in the water fountain.\" \"Cheese clings.\" \"I have a hug that fits your shape.\" \"K, your hair is a beautiful ocean of dead seals.\" \"In which case the bucket will not have been kicked.\" \"NOTHING!!!\" \"Awkward.\" \"You're speaking illegibly.\" \"That isn't at all similar at all.\" \"I feel like military.\" \"You just denied me my sneeze. Jerk.\" \"Gee, I am a loser.\" \"Not the brightest cookie in the tool shed.\" \"You're a funny gun.\" \"You need someone to give you a nice backrub down.\" \"K, I would never trade you for a lightsaber.\" \"Sheber Weber.\" \"I'm a rapper and I didn't even know it.\" \"I forgive you; your tongue makes up for it.\" \"Oh my gosh! Pay inside lift handle!\" \"I don't know...well, I don't know...well, I don't know...I don't know what's happening.\" \"Well, she spit updown.\" \"Tunnel vision helps me focus.\" \"I have a crush on every boy.\" \"Wherever I am, I'm there.\" \"When I was growing up you went to hell for that.\" \"I bit myself.\" \"I wait hating.\" \"BEIGE!!!\" \"Borg Jesus: A New Vision\" \"It makes it look like a spider is attacking your butt.\" \"Whatever! You love my weird things!!\" \"Does ex-girlfriend mean extreme girlfriend?\" \"If Jenny was a friend of mine...\" \"If someone comes into my 18\" bubble, either kick me or kiss me. You better be busting some slob or chops.\" \"I'm a man man you're a little man. When I'm dead and gone, you can take my man.\" \"They are reading out"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "person referred to is \"crazy\" or \"nuts.\" Also known as a \"crotch chop,\" this gesture is performed by crossing the outstretched arms across the thighs, putting emphasis on the groin. This was used by popular professional wrestling stable D-Generation X. There is a variation in which a fist is made and shaken near the mouth while pushing one's tongue against the inside of the cheek, to mimic fellatio. Eat me (out) / EMO (Lagnar) The forefinger and middle finger are placed on opposite sides of the mouth, palm toward the self, in a \"V\" and the tongue flicked in between, simulating cunnilingus. It is mostly used as a dismissive retort, but can also convey a taunt. Popular in the 1970s. More recently it is used as a derogatory way of signifying a lesbian. Touched / screw loose Tapping one's index finger against the head indicates that a person or an idea being discussed is insane or \"touched in the head\". A similar, more elaborate gesture uses a circling motion of the finger at the temple or side of the head. This signifies that the person is \"mixed up\" or \"has a screw loose\". In Germany, tapping or pointing to the temple is used as an insult, often with the accompanying phrase \"du hast einen Vogel.\" While this literally means \"You have a bird,\" it is idiomatic for saying that you are insane. Also, in Indonesia, drawing a line across the forehead with the side of the right index finger denotes a similar meaning. A variant of"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "say, \"I'm not intimidated!\" Fiddling with an object (hair, pencil, car keys, cell phone) It could mean: Nothing some people just like to fiddle. But it might mean: \"I'm nervous\" or \"I'm bored.\" What the experts say: To figure out what's going on, look for other clues, says Tavlin. Yawning suggests boredom; blinking, nervousness. If the fiddling is distracting you, draw attention to the object, says Watts. Say, \"Is that a new cell phone?\" Then get back to your discussion. It could mean: \"I'm really passionate about this topic.\" But it might mean: She's trying to intimidate you. What the experts say: \"Pointing is generally an aggressive sign,\" says life coach and social worker Carol Moss. It can signal that someone is blaming or attacking you. If you can't let it go, \"It's OK to ask someone not to point,\" says Moss. Make a joke about it: \"Hey, nice manicure.\" Wringing hands It could mean: She's cold. But it might mean: She's worried. What the experts say: \"People who are very uncomfortable with a question, topic, or situation sometimes do this,\" says Karos. The best thing is to ignore it. If the person is truly nervous, commenting on her nerves will only make her more so. Excessive touching It could mean: She's overly friendly. But it might mean: \"I'm more powerful than you.\" What the experts say: \"People of higher status often feel freer to touch people of lower status,\" says Tannenbaum. (Of course, it can also be sexual.) \"If you're uncomfortable, you don't need to"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "a bad word. Pea. Nut. Butt.\" \"Dragon\" \"He knows nothing about t.v. shows. Or girls.\" \"It's your turn.\" \"To what?\" \"To float.\" \"K, you're ruining the view; take off your jacket.\" \"I hated it. I saw it twice.\" \"You can't stand me.\" \"I'm glad you're not as dumb as you act.\" \"I'm just talking out loud.\" \"You're fun.\" \"I'm glad.\" \"Me too. It'd suck if you were boring.\" \"I almost posted except for all the damn, windy trees...I actually said that?\" \"D-d-d-d-discovered...\" \u201cI\u2019m doing it, therefore I would and I did.\u201d \"I've got a piece of pizza in my purse.\" \"She's a keeper.\" \"Just because you can dislocate your shoulder blade, doesn't mean we need to see it.\" \"You're not going home, you're going to jail.\" \"I hate thinking I'm a shallow person.\" \"Time is money. But money is money.\" \"Do you like the movie ones?\" \"You're not my friend. You're my wife.\" \"The shape of things to come. . .\" \"If God can knit us together, He can whittle us.\" \"I can't make you do anything.\" \"Yes, you can.\" \"What?\" \"Make me mad.\" \"My eyes are bigger than my stomach but my stomach's catching up.\" \"Oh, you're learning to play the trumpet?\" \"No, Trump.It.\" \"You buy what you get for.\""}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "the Vehicle Identification Number of every car I've ever owned, but I forgot your birthday.\" \"I was just thinking about you, and got you these roses,\" REALLY MEANS, \"The girl selling them on the corner was a real babe, wearing a thong.\" \"Oh, don't fuss. I just cut myself. It's no big deal,\" REALLY MEANS, \"I have actually severed a limb, but will bleed to death before I admit I'm hurt.\" \"I do help around the house,\" REALLY MEANS, \"I once threw a dirty towel near the laundry basket.\" \"Hey, I've got reasons for what I'm doing,\" REALLY MEANS, \"I sure hope I think of some pretty soon.\" \"What did I do this time?\" REALLY MEANS, \"What did you catch me doing?\" \"She's one of the rabid feminists,\" REALLY MEANS, \"She refused to make my coffee.\" \"I heard you,\" REALLY MEANS, \"I haven't the foggiest clue what you just said, and am hoping desperately that I can fake it well enough so that you don't spend the next 3 days yelling at me.\" \"You really look terrific in that outfit,\" REALLY MEANS, \"Please don't try on another outfit. I'm starving.\" \"I brought you a present,\" REALLY MEANS, \"It was free ice scraper night at the ball/hockey game.\" \"I missed you,\" REALLY MEANS, \"I can't find my sock drawer, the kids are hungry and we are out of toilet paper.\" \"I'm not lost. I know exactly where we are,\" REALLY MEANS, \"No one will ever see us alive again.\" \"This relationship is getting too serious,\" REALLY MEANS,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "(a quote from a movie about having bad breath in the morning), \"Bullsh*t,\" \"Who gives a sh*t?\" \"Eat sh*t and die,\" \"Holy sh*t,\" \"I must be getting too old for this sh*t,\" \"Some kind of sh*t is going to hit the planetary fan,\" \"C'mon you d*ckweeds,\" \"Don't be a p*ssy,\" \"Bite my bag,\" \"Hell no,\" \"Take a leak,\" \"Piss off,\" \"Fat ass,\" \"Moron,\" \"Let's kick their asses,\" \"Bitch in a buzz saw (or something close to that), \"Turds,\" \"What the hell?\" \"Broad\" (woman), \"Shut up,\" \"Bastards,\" \"Freaked out,\" \"Kick some ass,\" \"Schmucks\" and \"We don't have time to screw around.\" A man puts a handgun to his head as he prepares to commit suicide (but he doesn't). Beaver repeatedly eats peanut butter out the jar with one finger. Beaver gives \"the finger\" to a passing helicopter for not helping. The sudden ringing of a phone in a tense scene might startle some viewers. A car suddenly slams into a man crossing the street. A seemingly dead woman reaches out and grabs a guy. A person suddenly comes back into the picture. Sudden music might startle some viewers in a quiet scene. An extreme amount of suspenseful and ominous music plays in the film. At least 25 \"f\" words (4 used sexually, 3 used with \"mother\"), 25 \"s\" words, 5 slang terms using female genitals (\"p*ssy\" and \"tr*m\"), 4 using male genitals (\"d*ck\" and \"c*cks*cker\"), 8 damns, 4 hells, 3 asses, 2 craps and 6 uses of \"G-damn,\" 5 of \"Oh my God,\" 3 each of \"God\""}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "it's kind of like a fixed expression. It is not literally referring to the act of \"daring to say\"; after all, most speakers do not introduce their statements with such redundancies as \"I say that...,\" \"I vocalize that...,\" etc. \"I daresay\" is an expression meaning that what I am about to say may or may not be true; however, it is quite likely based on the given circumstances and I am therefore being bold and going ahead and assuming it. At least that's how I'd use it. For the past, you can easily say \"I dared to say,\" and for the third person, you can say \"he dared to say\" - but you wouldn't really say these things anyway. Also, Aupick, if you're so averse to these bizarreabominations (writingwordstogether or sep arat in gth eminc orrectl y), I'm surprised you wrote \"on line,\" as I believe the standard is \"online.\" panjandrum said: You won't, but I don't think it's incorrect. I believe I've seen it on numerous occasions. elroy said: Please give us examples and sources. I need something to fry with the tomato horn worms. pleugggggh!! I don't recall specific examples, but there are 238,000 Google results at your disposal. What I was trying to say is that I've seen it in trusted sources. Since the dictionary also recognizes it (without dubbing it as \"regional,\" \"archaic,\" or \"informal\"), I can only assume that it is correct. foxfirebrand The Northern Rockies Southern AE greatly modified by a 1st-generation Scottish-American mother, and growing up abroad. Daresay is"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "take seats facing away from the door if I'm at a ML gathering. The folks facing the door can warn me if someone inimical approaches. Madeline 496: If you honestly don't see the difference between running with a knife point out and accidentally using a word that you were unaware was (or had become!) a racist codeword, I really don't know what to say to you. Suppose you're learning a new language, one in which 'saaffar' means 'shelves'. You try to say 'Saaffar do pirot wobuut te' (\"nail your shelves to the wall\") but you botch the pronunciation of 'saaffar' and instead say 'safar', which means \"hands.\" Would you apologize for accidentally saying something you didn't intend, or for being violent? \"Nail your hands to the wall\" is a pretty violent suggestion, don't you agree? If you would say \"Sorry for being a torturer there\" in those circumstances, then you'd be consistent with your statements...and I'll stop arguing with you. (I still won't think you're right, just that your worldview is so different from mine as to make argument useless.) Scraps 498: Thank you. Michael 499 ct Madeline: Yeah, that too. What you said there. Better than how I said it. I'd even take the blame for the hurt. I just don't want to apologize for something I don't feel I've done, because that WOULD be insincere. Malcolm Gin has some good links today on the subject of white folks who sincerely want to Get It: ethan @ 497: \"There's something about \"I'm not a stabber\","}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "birthday. 15. \"I was just thinking about you, and got you these roses.\" MEANS: the girl selling them on the corner was a real babe, and was wearing a bikini thong. 16. \"Oh, don't fuss, I just cut myself, it's no big deal.\" MEANS: I have actually severed a limb, but will bleed to death before I admit I'm hurt. 17. \"Hey, I've got reasons for what I'm doing.\" MEANS: what did you catch me at? 18. \"She's one of those rabid feminists.\" MEANS: she refused to make my coffee. 19. \"I heard you.\" MEANS: I haven't the foggiest clue what you just said, and hope I can fake it well enough, so that you don't spend the next three days yelling at me. 20. \"You know I could never love anyone else.\" MEANS: I am used to the way YOU yell at me, and realize it could be worse. 21. \"You really look terrific in that outfit.\" MEANS: Please don't try on one more outfit, I'm starving. 22. \"I brought you a present.\" MEANS: It was free ice scraper night at the ball/hockey game. 23. \"I missed you.\" MEANS: I can't find my sock drawer, the kids are hungry, and we're out of toilet paper. 24. \"I'm not lost, I know exactly where we are.\" MEANS: No one will ever see us alive again. 25. \"This relationship is getting too serious.\" MEANS: I like you almost as much as I like my truck. 26. \"I don't need to read the instructions.\" MEANS: I am perfectly"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "Pretty dang sure she is a tweeker....what a hypocritical loser. Listening to what is said after the cuts in her video, gives me the distinct impression that she has made threats in the neighborhood before. She sounds insane, doped up, or stupid and uninformed. She could just be so drunk on the Hillary Kool-aid, that her mental faculties have turned to mush. I just don't see how a finger is aggressive. Now, holding up a knife or a gun or a bomb - THAT would be aggressive. A finger is just a finger like a sign is just a sign. If a finger means something, then a sign can mean something too. For some people, a sign putting a woman presidential candidate in prison is \"fighting words\". What about if a person walks past you and draws their thumb across their neck from left to right? What about if someone pulls up in a car and makes a gun sign with index and forefinger? How about holding their hands in a noose pull, is that just a sign? Anyway, signs can mean things, in this case they clearly meant something, we are talking about it. 1. That's absurd and redneck. 2. Because if you leave your home and follow me to my home, I'm going to kill you with guns. I find these two ironic in their juxtaposition. Morons who disagree that's what would happen. He's seriously lucky he didn't get shot or sent to jail. If you hypothetically shouted at someone driving by you, and"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "can be jerks, but it doesn't mean you stop talking to them. You get that I'm saying I'm sorry, right?\" ~ Derek 6. \"I was right. I swear I really believe what I did was right. I don't want you to forgive me. Frankly, I'd find it patronizing if you did. Because. while I know I was right, you think I'm wrong. Which doesn't matter. because. I'm in this. I'm in this for the long haul. And I'm in this to finish the race. So if that means I don't win this one, then fine. I don't win. You win. I'm talking. See? I'm talking first. You win.\" ~ Cristina 7. \"I drilled a hole into this guy's skull. Several holes, actually. With a drill that I borrowed from a guy named Vince, packed the hole with freakin' tissue then brought him back here. Now I get to scrub in on his craniotomy.\" ~ Izzie 8. \"We went to Vegas. My idea. I embrace the trashy.\" ~ Callie 9. \"Aren't you gonna get in there? If you wanna be chief, you gotta fight with the big boys. \" ~ Mark 10. \"I dunno. it's just. Meredith always makes me think screwed up people have a chance.\" ~ Alex So there you have it -- ten great quotes to celebrate the end of the strike. Let's hope that the coming episodes have as many memorable Grey's Anatomy quotes as the episodes of seasons past. For more Grey's Anatomy quotes, check out the popular Famous-Quotes-And-Quotations.com, a website that"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "they are eager to give the answer to a question. It can also be used when telling a story, to get a surprise effect. In Latin America this gesture is used as a way to say \"Hurry up.\" The Beats (Beatniks) used to snap repeatedly as more reserved \"cooler\" applause. Three snaps in the shape of the letter Z are used to convey superiority or disdain for all others. This is called a \"Z snap\". This has even been expanded to include other letters, such as a W or N. What the Fuck!! This gesture involves bringing all fingers together and squezzing your finger tips tightley together. After you must signify to person directed to by a flick in the wrist, you can either apply this hand guesture with either one or two hands. This is commonley used as a sign to eat in India, but across eastern Europe and some parts of Italy this is a gesture used to tell someone to Fuck off, usually because the person is being destructive or annoying. In Europe, when referring to someone and making this symbol it means they are inferurated, or want to fight about a perticular problem. Clement Moore's version of the Wisperin story first used the now familiar phrase, \"If you want to start something, just give me the sign...,\" in which The Don, upon discovery, made this gesture and winked before vanishing into the night. Another interesting reference from the Urdu poem \"The Fourth Era of \u0100b-e \u1e25ay\u0101t:Part Three\" is as follows: \"When the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "mother says oh it means ladies. so then there outside walking and the mother says look at the h$%# and the sone says what does that mean and the mother say it means gentlemen. so the son is with his father and the fatherr says my penus hurts and the sons says what does that mean and the father say it means hats then the mother was in her room and the mother says i think i have a vagina infection and the son says what does that mean and the\ufffd mother says it means coats. the father was in the bathroiom shaving and he said shit and the saon says what does that mean and he says shaving. the mother is in the kitchen cuttin tomatoes and she accidently cut herself and she said fuck and the son says what does that mean and the mother says it means cutting so one day the family haves this big party and the son stands up and say bitches and hores may i have your vaginas and penuses my dad is upstairs taking the shit off his face and my mom is fucking the turkey lol please comment this or whatever you would like to do 11:24 am - 7 comments - 7 Kudos"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "Luna1968 said: the one that gets me when hearing people order is \"can i have.....\" WTF NO! go away. thats not new. i heard my grand parents use that phrase 40 years ago. I feel like \"lemme get\" is extremely rude, like you're demanding it. \"Can I get\" is a lot more polite and appropriate when ordering from someone. rh71 said: HA, old person found.... I remember, 35+ years ago, one of my BFFs telling the McDs lady, \"Give me....\" I busted his chops about it. He would have never said that to his Mom. Polite goes a long way. For the record, 35 years ago, I was....-20. ^ yup I'm a dad - I don't want to teach my kids shittily. Yeah, I always say, \"Can I get...\" when ordering something. \"Lemme get\" sounds too demanding. s0me0nesmind1 Some good news about horrible phrases: I haven't heard the stupid shit ass term \"YOLO\" in quite some time. Maybe we are making progress in society? You just have to correct their shitty. We all would go for shitty before proper upbringing. Story time....Buddy was in the store and his daughter wanted some candy. He told her no. She snatched it up anyway at the counter. He popped her hand. A lady behind him made a disapproving sound. He says, \"You want to thank me now or 20 years form now?\" She's obviously confused. He says, \"I can properly discipline her today or she can be breaking in your house later. Stealing your stuff and assaulting your family.\""}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "please share it. This one also comes in the form of \"We need to take a break\" and \"Let's just take a step back\". We've grown apart - It's already over, you're just now finding out about it. Usually stated when you have nothing left to say and the thrill is gone. This is sometimes stated as \"We're just in different places right now\". Resist the urge to fling hot grits while screaming, \"I thought we were in a relationship!\" Oh, is that just me? Never mind. Moving on. You're too good for me - This means \"I actually think I'm too good for you but I can't say that.\" Really, if someone tells you this - just agree and keep it moving. Seriously, your response should be, \"Yes, I am too good for you. Glad you recognize it.\" As Maya Angelou says, \"When someone tells you who they are, believe them.\" And let's not forget the ever popular: It's not you, it's me - Similar to above because guess what? They think that it is you, they just don't want to say it. Not only is the problem you, they've probably already found somebody else that they believe is an upgrade. There's nothing you can say to this one. If someone is wickety-wack enough to use that phrase on you, you're well free of them. I don't say these things to be mean, I say them in the spirit of education. If you're hearing a lot of these phrases coming your way... trouble is a-brewing."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "so much, within the school. Then making fun of people that are different like people with disabilities and stuff, I witness that maybe like twice a week or three times a week. : Which kids do they normally say mean things to? : Recently, surprisingly, you wouldn't think this would be going on today in 2017, but recently it's been a lot of like political issues, which is crazy. Our volleyball team knelt during the national anthem so it made a big deal in the school, so there were people who agreed with it and people who disagreed with it, and all day people were just criticizing each other about it literally all day. High school students today have a really hard time accepting that someone else can believe something different than they do, and if someone thinks differently it is so quick and easy to criticize than it is to listen, so that happens a lot. : How often do these kids say mean things to you? : I am pretty confident in my opinions, if I think someone is doing something that I don't think is okay, I'll be like, \"hey that's not okay,\" and I get criticized about that a good deal. : What happens when they say mean things to other kids? : A lot of times people don't stand up and say anything, and sometimes people will agree and say the same thing. But sometimes students will say, \"hey that's not okay.\" But it's a lot easier to just go with"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the crowd and just laugh about it. : How do you feel when they say mean things to others? : It really sickens me to see it, because it's just so unfair I think. : Sometimes people talk about other people and say mean or untrue things about them. For example, kids might spread rumors, gossip, or tell lies about someone to hurt them. Can you think of examples of this happening at your school? : Oh yes. That happens all the time. I think that's the primary issue at my high school: gossiping and rumors being spread all the time. : Let's think about the different groups of kids at your school. Sometimes kids will leave others out of the group or ignore them on purpose. Can you tell me about this happening at your school? : Yeah, I think that does happen a lot. : Are there kids who do this kind of thing a lot? : Probably everyday. You see it everyday at lunch. : Which kids do they normally leave out? : The people who are not so popular, not dressed with the trends or whatever. : Are there kids at your school who leave you out? : Yeah, there has been friend groups that I was part of that I necessarily wouldn't always like get invited to things. : What happens when they do this to you? : It does kinda hurt cause it's like, \"Why wasn't I good enough?\" but most of the time I get over it pretty quickly"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "water fountain.\" \"Cheese clings.\" \"I have a hug that fits your shape.\" \"K, your hair is a beautiful ocean of dead seals.\" \"In which case the bucket will not have been kicked.\" \"NOTHING!!!\" \"Awkward.\" \"You're speaking illegibly.\" \"That isn't at all similar at all.\" \"I feel like military.\" \"You just denied me my sneeze. Jerk.\" \"Gee, I am a loser.\" \"Not the brightest cookie in the tool shed.\" \"You're a funny gun.\" \"You need someone to give you a nice backrub down.\" \"K, I would never trade you for a lightsaber.\" \"Sheber Weber.\" \"I'm a rapper and I didn't even know it.\" \"I forgive you; your tongue makes up for it.\" \"Oh my gosh! Pay inside lift handle!\" \"I don't know...well, I don't know...well, I don't know...I don't know what's happening.\" \"Well, she spit updown.\" \"Tunnel vision helps me focus.\" \"I have a crush on every boy.\" \"Wherever I am, I'm there.\" \"When I was growing up you went to hell for that.\" \"I bit myself.\" \"I wait hating.\" \"BEIGE!!!\" \"Borg Jesus: A New Vision\" \"It makes it look like a spider is attacking your butt.\" \"Whatever! You love my weird things!!\" \"Does ex-girlfriend mean extreme girlfriend?\" \"If Jenny was a friend of mine...\" \"If someone comes into my 18\" bubble, either kick me or kiss me. You better be busting some slob or chops.\" \"I'm a man man you're a little man. When I'm dead and gone, you can take my man.\" \"They are reading out of their mind and making us go out of"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "your butt.\" \"Whatever! You love my weird things!!\" \"Does ex-girlfriend mean extreme girlfriend?\" \"If Jenny was a friend of mine...\" \"If someone comes into my 18\" bubble, either kick me or kiss me. You better be busting some slob or chops.\" \"I'm a man man you're a little man. When I'm dead and gone, you can take my man.\" \"They are reading out of their mind and making us go out of ours.\" \"You'll have to recharge your fist because your magic is naked.\" \"I\u2019d acquired a taste for niquor and licotine.\" \"Put down the munker [marker].\" \"You can't question me, I'm captain of the Bible Quiz team.\" \"The Bible says don't toot your own horn. I don't want anybody to toot.\" \"But I love you more than I hate it.\" \"Every now and then your butt looks camouflaged.\" \"It hurtens every time I straight it.\" \"The scars in your eyes light up the sties.\" \"Is the steering wheel hot?\" \"Yes. But I'm hotter.\" \"By the time it's noon, they're already in college.\" \"You might be mathematically smart, but you are everything else challenged.\" \"Soon you will have no ish.\" \"It'll be okay.\" \"Lottle\" \"Me three.\" \"I want you to stay here so I can constantly admire your leather pants.\" \"You'd hit an armed manned person?\" \"You wouldn't abuse me in the public eye.\" \"I wouldn't abuse you in the private eye.\" \"I was giving everybody time to say 'goodnight' to the rat.\" \"Have you ever laughed so hard that you threw up just a little"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "* Retrospectives being done since 1930 :-) * Dont criticize people, understand them * If you want honey, dont kick the beehive * People want to be important and appreciated * People can even go crazy without appreciation * Speak no harm, focus on the qualities * Inspire people so they get eager to do stuff, instead of just commanding * Find out what people want and care about that * Everyone is in love with its own name, use this * Listening to someone is one of the best compliments * Encourage others to talk about themselves * Dramatize * Love the game * Throw a challenge * Ask questions, no orders * Let people save face ## Just thinking on what you are going to say next I do this all the time and it is awful, the best thing to do is truly listen to the person, instead of just listening pretty fast until I got my chance to talk. This is a sign of an inflated ego and wrong sense of self importance. ## People love their own names Cool history about how a kid with 8 years old convinced all its friends to find food to its rabbits just by proposing to name the rabbits after them. Humans do all kind of stuff to get their names on stuff, like libraries and hospitals. Give them sense of importance by using this. ## Being ruthless as a mean to be awesome Now I think this is just plain bullshit. I thought being"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "American Sign Language (ASL), the sign language used by the deaf community throughout most of North America, has a rich vocabulary of terms, which include profanity. Within deaf culture, there is a distinction drawn between signs used to curse versus signs that are used to describe sexual acts. In usage, signs to describe detailed sexual behavior are highly taboo due to their graphic nature. As for the signs themselves, some signs do overlap, but they may also vary according to usage. For example, the sign for \"shit\" when used to curse is different from the sign for \"shit\" when used to describe the bodily function or the fecal matter. Examples The back of dominant open b-handshape flipped out under chin literally means \"so what?\" Using a middle finger as the 'classic' flipping of the bird has a different meaning. In the 1980s, the myth was made that the b-handshape flipped under the chin was a sign of saying \"Fuck you\". Some linguists contend that when the middle finger is used directionally, and pointed at someone or something, it becomes a sign. Another common sign for \"fuck\" uses an \"FK\" abbreviation, signed with an f-handshape changing to a k-handshape, which is referred to as a \"loan sign\". A \"loan sign\" is when a fingerspelled word is modified to leave out letters, form a specific shape, or move in a specific direction to become an actual sign(1). \"Whore,\" \"slut,\" or \"prostitute\" is signed by waving an open hand on the side of the chin front to back (fingers"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.12557005882263184, 0.13788379728794098, 0.09745674580335617, 0.1867811530828476, 0.163730189204216, 0.15834106504917145, 0.10287880897521973, 0.15853598713874817, 0.14566554129123688, 0.16577796638011932, 0.18877844512462616, 0.16872240602970123, 0.06890220940113068, 0.08867844194173813, 0.12352383881807327, 0.1963634341955185, 0.20224058628082275, 0.11852717399597168, 0.20628908276557922, 0.18160873651504517, 0.06552664935588837, 0.20403961837291718, 0.20090040564537048, 0.20200952887535095, 0.13185641169548035, 0.07869262248277664, 0.12770386040210724, 0.11643046885728836, 0.19574226438999176, 0.10648755729198456, 0.14381623268127441, 0.23373141884803772, 0.09332509338855743, 0.2108200490474701, 0.18059790134429932, 0.15443149209022522, 0.10439489781856537, 0.13213905692100525, 0.1567898988723755, 0.08384247124195099, 0.20006000995635986, 0.0505160354077816, 0.06896504759788513, 0.1690894067287445, 0.20565758645534515, 0.14837820827960968, 0.12071830779314041, 0.1335805356502533, 0.18497924506664276, 0.16710694134235382, 0.19042158126831055, 0.22848984599113464, 0.16174359619617462, 0.16744717955589294, 0.19604337215423584, 0.20400556921958923, 0.19760827720165253, 0.09899814426898956, 0.1711985319852829, 0.15867523849010468], "y": [0.11379505693912506, 0.09885543584823608, 0.09637343883514404, 0.005563107319176197, 0.08977121114730835, 0.0665750503540039, 0.12190068513154984, 0.10587038099765778, 0.07562337815761566, 0.059397462755441666, 0.09145764261484146, 0.12591901421546936, 0.10779759287834167, 0.12696513533592224, 0.07501465827226639, 0.12277509272098541, 0.1132722720503807, 0.04147140681743622, 0.06962202489376068, 0.09591631591320038, 0.13903376460075378, 0.12556476891040802, 0.09276869893074036, 0.11550644040107727, 0.049909286201000214, 0.15002688765525818, 0.09298165887594223, 0.15545903146266937, 0.044480182230472565, 0.1077735498547554, 0.030382536351680756, 0.10350789874792099, 0.14582215249538422, 0.11263761669397354, 0.14479129016399384, 0.09800241887569427, 0.10107122361660004, 0.1321270614862442, 0.11982492357492447, 0.083416648209095, 0.1296452134847641, 0.1439247727394104, 0.03126126900315285, 0.1263331025838852, 0.1101723462343216, 0.17830896377563477, 0.03492870554327965, 0.09631041437387466, 0.14384973049163818, 0.05545264109969139, 0.14764578640460968, 0.09095889329910278, 0.09590347111225128, 0.0988406240940094, 0.14214399456977844, 0.07900694757699966, 0.11288232356309891, 0.10572163015604019, 0.08075784891843796, 0.043920762836933136], "mode": "markers", "name": "Cluster 9", "marker": {"size": 8, "color": "rgb(188,128,189)"}, "text": ["Document 1007", "Document 1017", "Document 1039", "Document 1043", "Document 1046", "Document 1050", "Document 1059", "Document 1070", "Document 1098", "Document 1099", "Document 1104", "Document 1105", "Document 1106", "Document 1123", "Document 1135", "Document 1137", "Document 1141", "Document 1143", "Document 1164", "Document 1166", "Document 1176", "Document 1179", "Document 1190", "Document 1199", "Document 1201", "Document 1212", "Document 1213", "Document 1221", "Document 1226", "Document 1227", "Document 1238", "Document 1246", "Document 1249", "Document 1274", "Document 1286", "Document 1289", "Document 1291", "Document 1292", "Document 1298", "Document 1303", "Document 1305", "Document 1306", "Document 1309", "Document 1310", "Document 1319", "Document 1327", "Document 1330", "Document 1343", "Document 1369", "Document 1374", "Document 1378", "Document 1380", "Document 1413", "Document 1424", "Document 1427", "Document 1430", "Document 1467", "Document 1471", "Document 1489", "Document 1493"], "customdata": [{"title": "bm25", "text": "it distinguishes from everything else. Then I actually don't remember if it was from my personal writing or if it's somewhere else on Wikipedia, that someone would use that term. [23:01] I would just say, \"OK. You want to know what this is talking about. They're not talking about this, they're talking about that. Let's write that up.\" [23:09] You then do have the satisfaction that, maybe, that influences a public dialog, that, maybe, people who are not aware of that, who are wrestling with that term for the first time, will have a chance. [23:22] That, maybe, is a reason why even I don't see where much of my Wikipedia work has been about our race than my academic work because it's a part of a public dialog. It's just helpful to have information out there. **Gayathri**: [23:37] Also, to have clear concepts of what it is that they're talking about. That makes a lot of sense. [23:42] To me, because I'm almost like an outsider coming into these conversations, it's very helpful to understand these different terminologies and results for when you said that, in conversation, this is what it means. Not this, but this, those contrasts. **Carwil**: [23:58] The other thing that I would say is that when I have wrestled with something for a long time and found out a lot typically for teaching purposes, then I'm very tempted to upload and share that particular bit of research in Wikipedia. This is also a race example for what it's worth. [24:18] I"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the someone who phoned. Does this analogy hold and is it correct to say that sensation reports and mentalistic expressions in general are topic-neutral, that they refer only to experienced \u2018somethings\u2019? Smart's claim runs as follows: When a person says, \u2018I see a yellowish-orange after-image\u2019, he is saying something like this: \u2018There is something going on which is like what is going on when I have my eyes open, am awake, and there is an orange illuminated in good light in front of me, that is, when I really see an orange\u2019. (And there is no reason why a person should not say the same thing when he is having a veridical sense-datum, so long as we construe the \u2018like\u2019 in the last sentence in such a sense that something can be like itself.) Notice that the italicised words, namely \u2018there is something going on which is like what is going on when\u2019, are all quasi logical or topic neutral words. This explains why the ancient Greek peasant's reports about his sensations can be neutral between dualistic metaphysics and my materialistic metaphysics. It explains how sensations can be brain processes and yet how a man who reports them need know nothing about brain processes. For he reports them only very abstractly as \u2018something going on which is like what is going on when\u2026\u2019 Similarly, a person may say \u2018someone is in the room\u2019, thus reporting truly that the doctor is in the room, even though he has never heard of doctors."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "our argument about the impossibility of differentiating clearly enough between metaphorical and literal meaning even to make such distinctions, much less to enact them, I realized that my friend was doing exactly what he had been saying was out of the question-he was giving example after example of the kind of switching that I had been talking about and that he had been saying could not be done. He was alternating effortlessly between the literal and the figurative meanings of \"have a green thumb.\" I'm not sure that my friend accepted fully the fact that he had been doing what he had been saying was impossible, but voila! He was doing it! The fact that my friend claims that he is now (April 2021) stuck in the \"on\" position, unable to resolve a metaphor into nonsense, does not reduce the importance of his previous feat. This is of great importance to me because it proves that I am not unique in having, or, rather, in having learned, this capacity, and that someone else could serve as an experimental subject in such a study. This possibility should enable researchers, with appropriate equipment, to see clearly at the neurological level what distinguishes autists from those who experience metaphors as such. BOX 3 Perceiving a Metaphor. Throughout this essay, I have been speaking of experiencing, or apprehending, metaphor as metaphor and perceiving metaphor as nonsense. Here an interesting issue can be seen forming. It is partly a matter of terminology, but that terminology reveals a minute flaw in the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Alice: Mm. Discrimination. And this is true. I mean, if you look at this population in comparison to the general population, generally speaking, indigenous peoples have a lower life expectancy, poorer health\u2026 don't have equal access to health care, or education. They are marginalized in many, many ways, which is true. Elaine: But I guess the problem is that\u2026. I think they want to compensate the indigenous people, but then who decides what kind of compensation is right, how much, and to who? Like who is\u2026 Alice: Yes. Who are the indigenous people? We were talking about it here in this classroom. What does it really mean? Elaine: Who is supposed to get compensation? And also, if they want their land back then they're asking the US to take land from someone else and give it back to them. Basically, they are saying that what they did a long time ago was wrong. So, it's a little bit like \u2026 I understand why they should have that land, but as it was so long ago, it's also a little bit\u2026 Like you can't really punish me for what my grandfather did. But I'm not saying that they shouldn't be compensated. Obviously, they should. Alice: Mm. But the problem here is\u2026 We will come to that when we get to the individual articles. Have I overlooked any of the points that you addressed? Like, can you punish landowners today for the sins of the past? Whose land is it? Can you take land and say \"OK, you"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "mind. The worker therefore only feels himself outside his work, and in his work feels outside himself;\" \"[l]abor is external to the worker,\" it is not a part of their essential being. During work, the worker is miserable, unhappy and drained of their energy, work \"mortifies his body and ruins his mind.\" The production content, direction and form are imposed by the capitalist. The worker is being controlled and told what to do since they do not own the means of production they have no say in production, \"labor is external to the worker, i.e. it does not belong to his essential being. A person's mind should be free and conscious, instead it is controlled and directed by the capitalist, \"the external character of labor for the worker appears in the fact that it is not his own but someone else's, that it does not belong to him, that in it he belongs, not to himself, but to another.\" This means he cannot freely and spontaneously create according to his own directive as labor's form and direction belong to someone else. From their Gattungswesen (species-essence) The Gattungswesen ('species-essence' or 'human nature'), of individuals is not discrete (separate and apart) from their activity as a worker and as such species-essence also comprises all of innate human potential as a person. Conceptually, in the term species-essence, the word species describes the intrinsic human mental essence that is characterized by a \"plurality of interests\" and \"psychological dynamism,\" whereby every individual has the desire and the tendency to engage in"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "can be called a respectable person: \"Zhong-ni said, 'The respectable person embodies the course of the Mean; the average person acts contrary to the course of the Mean.\" Self-watchfulness This guideline requires self-education, self-questioning and self-discipline during the process of self-cultivation. This principle was exposited in the first chapter of Doctrine of the Mean: \"The respectable person does not wait till he sees things to be cautious, nor till he hears things to be apprehensive. There is nothing more visible than what is secret, and nothing more manifest than what is minute. Therefore the superior person is watchful over himself, when he is alone.\" Leniency This guideline requires understanding, concern and tolerance towards one another. Leniency was exposited in the 13th chapter: \"When one cultivates to the utmost the principles of his nature, and exercises them on the principle of reciprocity, he is not far from the path. What you do not like when done to yourself, do not do to others.\" In this chapter, Confucius explained this guideline with four examples: \"to serve my father, as I would require my son to serve me\", \" to serve my prince as I would require my minister to serve me\", \"to serve my elder brother as I would require my younger brother to serve me\", \"to set the example in behaving to a friend, as I would require him to behave to me.\" Sincerity Sincerity contributes to a close connection between Heaven and human. This guideline was exposited in the 23rd chapter: \"It is only he who"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "act, and only rarely on the subdivision of the locution into phone, pheme and rheme. How to Do Things With Words is based on lectures given at Oxford between 1951 and 1954, and then at Harvard in 1955. Performative utterance According to J. L. Austin, \"performative utterance\" refers to a not truth-valuable action of \"performing\", or \"doing\" a certain action. For example, when people say \"I promise to do so and so\", they are generating the action of making a promise. In this case, without any flaw (the promise is flawlessly fulfilled), the \"performative utterance\" is \"happy\", or to use J. L. Austin's word, \"felicitous\"; if on the other hand, one fails to do what he or she promised, it can be \"unhappy\", or \"infelicitous\". Notice that performative utterance is not truth-valuable, which means nothing said can be judged based on truth or falsity. There are four types of performatives according to Austin: explicit, implicit, primitive, and inexplicit. \"How to Do Things With Words\", edited by J. O. Urmson and Marina Bissau, records Austin's lectures on this topic. In this book, Austin offers examples for each type of performative mentioned above. For explicit performative, he mentioned \"I apologize\", \"I criticize\" (Page 83), which are so explicit to receivers that it would not make sense for someone to ask \"Does he really mean that?\". Inexplicit performatives are the opposite, where the receiver will have understandable doubts. For a primary performative, the example Austin gave is \"I shall be there\". Compared with explicit performatives, there is uncertainty in"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "a means. What van der Graaf and van Delden call this the not merely as a means principle (NMMP) has achieved mantra-like status in bioethics. 33 To say that a practice treats someone merely as a means is generally viewed as a conversation stopper. Still we need to ask several questions: when do we treat people merely as a means? Is the principle sound? Does it do moral work not done by other moral principles? And does the best account of NMMP support CR or condemn coercive participation? As is often pointed out, no sensible moral principle could prohibit using people as a means. In general, we do not treat people wrongly or merely as a means if they consent to the terms of an interaction. The taxi driver uses me as a means to earn an income and I use him as a means to get to my destination. But we do not treat each other merely as a means if we both give valid consent to the terms of the transaction-he does not deceive me about the fare and I do not make a false promise to pay him. It is not clear whether valid consent is always sufficient to satisfy NMMP. For example, it might be thought that a customer treats a prostitute merely as a means even if the interaction is consensual. I think this is doubtful, but, in any case, consent surely goes much of the way towards satisfying NMMP. Now depending upon what is required to satisfy NMMP, the principle"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "in touch with you. But I\u2019m not talking about those notifications. I\u2019m talking about the little semi-useful bits of information that get pushed to you, sucking up your attention throughout the day with little noises and pop-ups. How many times a day would you check your phone even if all the sounds were turned off? Does this not strike you as a little bit crazy? Remember when we had *real life things* to do? When is the last time you gave something 100% of your attention? **Is it just easier to let other people decide what we should be paying attention to?** ## Focus Means Paying Attention In the pursuit of focus, I asked myself, \u201cWhat is more important: the notifications I receive, or the thing I should be giving my full attention to?\u201d I decided that whatever I\u2019ve decided to do at any given moment is the thing that should have my full attention. That\u2019s worth repeating. \u201cI\u2019ve decided to do this thing. I will give this thing my full, undivided attention for as long as I need to. For as long as **I decide to**.\u201d A push notification is nothing more than **something trying to convince you that it deserves your attention more than anything else at the moment**. I say NOPE. It\u2019s my job to decide what I want to give my attention to. If I\u2019m lucky, I have 50 or 60 years of life left. **I don\u2019t want to live my life letting other people decide what I do with my time,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "it one's own. In an alternate argument, Locke claims that we must allow it to become private property lest all mankind have starved, despite the bounty of the world. A man must be allowed to eat, and thus have what he has eaten be his own (such that he could deny others a right to use it). The apple is surely his when he swallows it, when he chews it, when he bites into it, when he brings it to his mouth, etc.: it became his as soon as he mixed his labour with it (by picking it from the tree). This does not yet say why an individual is allowed to take from the common store of nature. There is a necessity to do so to eat, but this does not yet establish why others must respect one's property, especially as they labour under the like necessity. Locke assures his readers that the state of nature is a state of plenty: one may take from communal store if one leaves a) enough and b) as good for others, and since nature is bountiful, one can take all that one can use without taking anything from someone else. Moreover, one can take only so much as one can use before it spoils. There are then two provisos regarding what one can take, the \"enough and as good\" condition and \"spoilage.\" Gold does not rot. Neither does silver, or any other precious metal or gem. They are, moreover, useless, their aesthetic value not entering into the equation."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "valuable for, all this kind of stuff. [13:55] It changes how you think about knowledge and its production. There's work that's involved with that, and bringing students along through that. Some of the work involves that. [14:11] I tend to think of it as I emphasize the things that are relevant to the class for doing that. For just practical reasons, I have a class that's knowledged and so full of socially generated concepts fits best in is actually my interim class. [14:31] But I feel like I don't want to do as much technical teaching with them that says, \"How are we going to write, and how are we going to do this kind of stuff because there's a lot to cover anyway?\" [14:46] Yes, there's a lot. It's actually valuable on both of those levels. Are they getting the content? Are they thinking through \u2011\u2011 how do you write about something in a way that it can be shared and neutral? What does neutral mean, anyway? What kind of knowledge is excluded from traditional versions of things? [15:10] Over the longer term, I'd say that some of my writings on and editing personal writings, I've been in this kind of experimental mode. What are the things that are natural parts of how we describe something? [15:25] Say, Wikipedia has a page on an armament, say, a bomb that's in your ops somewhere over time? Does it just cut this cover, the caliber and ballistics and other stuff like this, or does it also cover,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "came to improving their English. One student commented, \"More people is easy to work because when I don't know what to say, someone teaches me.\" Another student commented, \"It's good that we can exchange our opinions. It can make opportunity that we have conversation more.\" Meeting in groups helped one student gain perspective. In their words, \"We can share different types of view. Other people say some advice to my ideas.\" However, not all students' responses to group work were positive. One student said, \"Working in a group of three or more sometimes has trouble when someone is being lazy or what else in your group.\" And another student commented, \"Quality is more important than a lot of people. So, I don't like to work with a lot of people.\" Reflecting on the challenges of working in groups one student wrote, \"Before I work in a group, I need a couple of time to think by myself.\" And another student said, \"Working with a partner is OK, but if your partner is not good it's tough.\" It is difficult to answer the research questions that inspired my study conclusively or with full confidence. A two-tailed t-test comparing students' pre and post-surveys failed to reach significance, which means the results reported here might not be replicable. Additionally, a mixed range of beginners took part in this survey and it is possible that higher-level students may not want to work with lower-level students for fear of having to do most of the work. Also, students' desire to work"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "What does it mean when a company says that a product is \"approvable\"?"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "title: What does 'urban' mean? description: And is the alternative to it 'suburban' or 'rural'? layout: post image: /images/LasVegas_Strip.jpg --- Discussions about urban geography and planning often include the term _urban_. But what do we mean when we say \"urban,\" and what is the alternative or opposite? And how can you examine a place and determine whether or not it's urban? I've spent a lot of time thinking about this and have decided that it really involves a mix of four distinct factors: - Density - Regional population - \"Soft factors\": architecture, urban design, social issues - Transportation To improve our discussion of these issues, it's best to use as specific language as possible. ## Density Perhaps the easiest way to quantitatively classify an area as urban or not is based on population density (or household density). This is a spectrum from high-density to low-density, where we usually think of high-density as _urban_, low-density as _rural_, and the middle of the spectrum as _suburban_. Where do you draw the lines between urban, suburban, and rural? FiveThirtyEight/Trulia addressed this issue in a [fascinating study](http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-suburban-are-big-american-cities/) of how people describe where they live. Their findings: > Our analysis showed that the single best predictor of whether someone said his or her area was urban, suburban or rural was ZIP code density. Residents of ZIP codes with more than 2,213 households per square mile typically described their area as urban. Residents of neighborhoods with 102 to 2,213 households per square mile typically called their area suburban. In ZIP codes with"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "title: Statistics Can Do Anything? layout: post comments: true categories: - Statistics - Blag --- Sometimes people are fond of saying:

\"Well, you know, the thing with statistics is that you can get the statistics to say whatever you want.\"

I think that this is the equivalent of saying:

\"...What I am saying is true because of my argument.\"

You can say that anything is true, but what really matters is the strength of your argument. And statistics... The same goes for statistics, you could perform a variety of tests to support a particular point. However, your argument depends on the suitability of your statistical test for what you are trying to prove or demonstrate. Statistics are used to articulate a particular point. The author has the responsibility of ensuring they are correctly using a statistic to prove this point. The reader also has a responsibility to evaluate their use of tools to construct and support their argument. So yes, statistics could be used to support the argument

Johnny steals tim tams from Nick, as he has done this a statistically significant number of times.

Upon reading this, one should be very keen to investigate the ways in which the statistics were used, and ask questions like: > What data was it? Observation? _Who_ observed it? _How_ did they observe it? > What sort of anaysis was used? Why? > Were any data transformations used? Why? And so on. So when someone says that statistics can be used to prove anything, I like to replace this"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the first, is to actively nudge residents to talk to one another, to discuss among themselves instead of with the teacher. In one institute's instructional documents, teachers are advised to avert their eyes when a resident is speaking as a nonverbal signal to address the other residents instead of the teacher. If that does not work, teachers are advised to ask the resident why they are addressing the teacher instead of the group. Many teachers, however, are adamant that active teacher participation is exactly what creates educational value. In their view, it is unproductive not to let residents solicit teacher contributions because the teacher is usually an expert on the topic at hand and even on how such discussions should proceed. The third example is to actively engage residents in the discussion. This could involve encouraging a silent resident to participate, for example by telling them \"I'm missing your input\" (F897). An indirect invitation is probably more \"elegant\" than an explicit solicitation, according to one teacher: [I]f I say 'Now you have to say something,' then I'm giving a command. Then they can be compliant or not, but then-then it suddenly becomes an issue of 'am I going to listen to this teacher?' But if I say to someone, for example, 'I'm missing your input,' 'I haven't heard from you yet,' then I give them a different message. And then someone can decide for themselves like 'oh hey, how does that feel, that apparently people would like to hear my opinion?' (F824) Indeed, teachers have numerous"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "customer who learns my home address might use that knowledge to come to my home and attack me or damage my property. Because cases like these involve people using information they have acquired about others in ways that harm those others, we will describe the interest people have in avoiding having this happen as \"security interests.\" Protection of such \"security interests\" constitutes an important reason people have for wanting to avoid having others acquire information about them. (When we use the word \"security\" here, we are referring to the security of the person, or protection of the individual against harm. This is distinct from another usage of the word to indicate security of data, meaning the prevention of unauthorized access to it.) Notice, however, that, in the cases discussed above, the problem does not lie simply in the acquisition of information about someone. The person acquiring the information has to take some further action on the basis of that information-such as accessing my bank accounts, or attacking me in my home. This raises the possibility that a person could acquire lots of information about someone else, but never use that information to harm the other. Thus, there could be what Tony Doyle has called a \"perfect voyeur\" (Doyle, 2009) who observes another, but never does anything with that information that is harmful to the other. In such a case, the \"security interests\" of the person observed are not compromised-but that does not mean that there has been no violation of privacy. Indeed, we believe this simply"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "what my body does. I can't stop it.\" When teaching medical students or other professionals-in-training about LND, or when counseling family members, caregivers, or school staff, we often find ourselves comfortable conveying what we know about the incidence of the disorder. We are equally comfortable talking about the extent of physical self-injury that we see in these individuals. We are comfortable talking about the psychological, medical, and technological strategies that are thought to be the most effective in addressing the behaviors. Where we stumble, however, is in finding words to convey the nature of the self-injurious behaviors. When telling students about things that persons with LND do to other people, such as when patients kick caregivers who are trying to put socks on their feet; when they accuse a long-time and appreciated aide of abusing them; or when they draw visitors close by whispering, then headbutt them or spit in their faces as they lean in, our descriptions are particularly awkward. At times individuals with LND will warn their caregiver that a behavior is coming, perhaps telling the caregiver to move because they are going to spit on them or asking someone to step back so that they cannot be kicked. The individual might tell a visitor who does not know them, \"I might say some things but I won't really mean them.\" Not only do they show remorse for a behavior after the fact, but there is a desire to prevent a behavior from impacting another. Our awkwardness in talking about LND behaviors is, in"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the recursion problem. That is, for those moved both by worries about harshness but also concerns about responsibility, it would be attractive to find a principled point at which to stop the cyclical decline in which some individuals may find themselves due to responsibilisation. | THREE SOLUTI ON S This section considers three possible solutions to the recursion problem, where a 'solution' is a proposal that would be attractive to someone who wants to retain some role for responsibility in healthcare, but finds the recursion problem a genuine worry. The first such solution, suggested to me by Andreas Albertsen, depends on a particular interpretation of the core luck egalitarian commitment. I have presented luck egalitarianism as saying that whatever results from the properly situated exercise of choice is not thereby unjust. However, Albertsen suggests understanding the luck egalitarian commitment as saying that 'our relative position should reflect our exercise of responsibility'. This would mean that at some point, a luck egalitarian could insist that an individual's position is no longer proportionate to their exercise of responsibility. My view is that this is not what most luck egalitarians mean and is anyway not an attractive solution. Such a view implies not only that it is not unjust if some are worse off than others through their free choices, but that it is unjust if some are equally well off despite their free, reckless choices. For instance, if someone performs a risky action like smoking but does not suffer, a proportionality view seems to imply that this is"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "very timid and they're scared they're going to run into things. They're scared they're going to step off the curb and into the street... I think confidence in their skill and confidence in knowing they have a dog or a cane to help them. Also, just confidence that `You know what, hey I might fall off the curb and into the street but that's okay, it might happen.'}'' \\textit{``Oh I love when someone is confident! It makes my job so much easier. They're more responsive. I was helping someone in a... She started walking and I said turn a little bit to the left. Sometimes when you tell a (PVI) that, they'll stop slowly and turn and they'll keep walking and say `am I going the right way'(PVI) where as people who are confident will turn left. Then if you say `turn a little bit to the right,' they'll turn right and just go. They're just so responsive and confident in their skills and trusting in me that I'm not going to let them run into anything. It's just really nice. I love it.''} \\subsubsection{Knowing the other's level of familiarity with the space.} We found that familiarity with and knowledge of the location and area of both parties is another important factor in their coordination. Agents use this in their decision of what type of information to present and how much detail to include. PVI and agents mutually share their knowledge to help one another; it is not just the agent giving information to the PVI."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "is left-over\", (3b) \"bribes are crumbs\", (3c) \"Bribe is dash\". In (1'a) and (1'b), \"boss' wine\" and \"whisky\" are respectively the values used in source domains to represent the target domain lexis \"bribe\" while \"in (2'a),(2'b) and (2'c) the lexes \"pure water\", \"chop-chop\" and \"my lunch\" are the vehicles used in the source domain to represent \"bribe\" in the target domain. In (3a), (3b) and (3c) the lexes \"crumbs\" and \"left-over\" and \"dash\" are the values used to represent \"bribe\". What is common to these values is that all of them belong to the lexical domains of foodstuff and drinks. Therefore, the above metaphors can be paraphrased as \"bribe is food and drinks\". It is important to indicate that the above values used to represent bribe are just euphemistic. This concurs Meutem Kamtchueng (2015, p. 76) when he points out that \"when a corrupt worker asks a person who needs his or her services to give him/her \"kola nut\" before he/she can attend to him/ her, he/she does not certainly expect from him/her the fruit of the kola nut tree neither does he expect CFA 25 or CFA 50 which are roughly the price of a kola nut on the Cameroonian market\". This point is buttressed by Adeyemi Adegoju and Saheed Oke Raheem (2015, p. 161) who state that reference for \"lunch\" and \"transport fare\" in the expressions used to ask for bribe does not necessarily mean that what is expected from the interlocutor is not equivalent to what is requested. It should be observed that"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "(Bandura 1982). The mediating role of selfevaluation as a way of guiding self-improvement by comparing self-performance with expert-performance is further illustrated in the case of an Investment Complaints Manager (82: ranked second for self-evaluation, ninth for SRL). This Manager 'shadowed' an experienced colleague at a different site, acknowledging that the opportunity to learn from and compare performance with an expert was a more effective way to learn than training: It wasn't a case of BCan you go down and get some [formal] learning?^It was a case of BThis is what I want to do to make sure I can do the job to the highest level.^I believe that that was the right thing for me. It has achieved the goal for me and it has made me more knowledgeable. Not all professionals view self-evaluation embedded within work practice as a means of guiding self-improvement. One example is a Manager (74: ranked 27th for selfevaluation and 27th for SRL) who had been assigned greater responsibility for strategic business planning. Learning was not viewed as an integral part of work performance: My job isn't to keep learning\u2026 there should be time to learn and develop, but if all I did was professional development of myself I'd never get anything done. When asked by the interviewer to describe how her learning was evaluated, she responded: [Through] someone else's validation of my work, rather than my own. So far everyone internally is really pleased because we got something, but it's not quite the same as someone saying BYeah what you've"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "know that. It's kinda like this gut feeling. And I know that's not very scientific, but I can look at a chart and be like this just isn't showing what I want it to show---it's kinda like a gut check.}'' P11 simply stated ``\\textit{I feel like mostly this is intuitive for me right now.}'' Aside from their own intuition, participants also talked about evaluating their work by involving other people to help determine how to move forward. This typically involved showing their work to either clients or colleagues and friends. P6 describes their view on how their own judgment often works well, but they also like to test with users: ``\\textit{I have become quite a good judge of `is this thing going to convey the message that I think it will?' But of course you know, the ultimate test of that is to show it to someone and say, `what do you see in this?}''' P16 described something similar saying ``\\textit{there's a lot of discussions with the client showing them things and getting their feedback [\\ldots] I also will often check with you know, friends, colleagues, my wife, whatever, to say does this communicate what I wanted to communicate? What do you think it says?}'' \\textbf{Planning in Action.} In addition to not relying on predetermined design processes, many participants described a kind of situated planning that often relied on forms of experimentation and responding to what was happening in the moment. For instance, some participants talked about creating visual representations almost immediately in their process, either"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "to and from a broad variety of distant brain regions, allowing the neurons there to integrate information over space and time. Multiple sensory modules can therefore converge onto a single coherent interpretation, for example, a \"red sports car zooming by\". This global interpretation is broadcast back to the global workspace creating the conditions for the emergence of a single state of consciousness, at once differentiated and integrated. Alternatively, the theory of practopoiesis suggests that the global workspace is achieved in the brain primarily through fast adaptive mechanisms of nerve cells. According to that theory, connectivity does not matter much. Critical is rather the fact that neurons can rapidly adapt to the sensory context within which they operate. Notably, for achieving a global workspace, the theory presumes that these fast adaptive mechanisms have the capability to learn when and how to adapt. Criticism Susan Blackmore challenged the concept of stream of consciousness. \"When I say that consciousness is an illusion I do not mean that consciousness does not exist. I mean that consciousness is not what it appears to be. If it seems to be a continuous stream of rich and detailed experiences, happening one after the other to a conscious person, this is the illusion.\" However, she also says that a good way to observe the \"stream of consciousness\" may be to calm the mind in meditation. The criticism is based on the stream of perception data from the senses rather than about consciousness itself. Also, it is not explained why some things are conscious at"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "third possibility. We might say that violations of consent also come in degrees. The wrongness of non-consensual sex depends on how nonconsensual it is. Sex that results from deception involving a strong deal-breaker is non-consensual to a high degree, and is therefore seriously wrong, whereas sex that results from deception involving a weak deal breaker is non-consensual to a low degree, and is therefore not seriously wrong. On this approach, we should say that Dougherty's argument is equivocal. What is meant by ''having sex with someone while lacking her morally valid consent''? Does this refer to sex that is nonconsensual to a high degree (involving a strong deal-breaker), or to a low degree (involving a weak deal-breaker). If the former, then we should reject Premise 2; if the latter, Premise 1. The idea that acts may be non-consensual to a greater or lesser degree seems fairly intuitive. Suppose I employ you to paint my house. You show me the tins of paint you will use, which, according to their labels, are the colour I have carefully selected, a particular shade of white called ''Snow White.'' If you have surreptitiously filled the tins with cheaper paint of a slightly different colour, ''Periwinkle White,'' then you act to some extent without my consent when you paint my house. But not to the same extent as if the paint was bright purple. It seems natural to say that, though both acts of house painting are to some extent nonconsensual, the latter is more so than the former. It also"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "An unergative verb is an intransitive verb that is characterized semantically by having a subject argument which is an agent that actively initiates the action expressed by the verb. For example, in English, talk and resign in the sentence \"You talk and you resign\" are unergative verbs, since they are intransitive (one does not say \"you talk someone\") and \"you\" are the initiator or responsible for talking and resigning. But fall and die in the sentence \"They fall and die\" are unaccusative verbs, since usually they are not responsible for falling or dying but still the verb is intransitive, meaning it is comprehensively used without a direct object. (They cannot \"fall something\" or \"die someone\"). Some languages treat unergative verbs differently from other intransitives in morphosyntactic terms. For example, in some Romance languages, such verbs use different auxiliaries when in compound tenses. Besides the above, unergative verbs differ from unaccusative verbs in that in some languages, they can occasionally use the passive voice. In Dutch, for example, unergatives take (to have) in the perfect tenses: \"I call (by phone). \u2013 I have called.\" In such cases, a transition to an impersonal passive construction is possible by using the adverb er, which functions as a dummy subject and the passive auxiliary : literally, \"*There is by Jan telephoned.\" (meaning \"A telephone call by Jan is going on.\") By contrast, Dutch ergative verbs take (\"to be\") in the perfect tenses: \"The grease solidifies \u2013 The grease has solidified.\" In that case, no passive construction with is possible. In"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "is usually given in short sentences, we believe this jeopardises the fidelity and integrity of the message's content, a basic requirement for a narrative on which the granting of refugee status may depend: Entity D: \"The 'Are you saying what I'm saying?' feeling. [\u2026] We've all experienced that, when someone carries on talking for 15 minutes, but then the interpreter only talks for 2 minutes\". Entity D: \"When it was translated into Spanish, I said, `But half of it has been left out! \u00b4. That feeling that information is being lost, and you say, `OK, what information has been lost? \u00b4 Because the fact that a person has or hasn't passed through a country is a very important piece of information. [\u2026] It's not the job of the person who is interpreting to judge what is or isn't important\". Entity E: \"I've seen interpreters being chewed out at police stations. `What do you mean he says yes!? He's just been talking for two hours; he must have told you something else!'\". Interestingly, Entity B preferred interpreters not to use notebooks, for fear of violating confidentiality. But if an interpreter is a professional, his/her deontology should guarantee that nothing will be disclosed. Fidelity is a particularly highly-appreciated principle: Entity C: \"If I'm raising my voice and I'm angry, you have to convey that I'm angry. Because if you don't, your message isn't going to come across the same as mine\". Parallel conversations, where the other party is not told what is being said, are avoided as much"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "head\" instead of \"to stitch my head\". The use of vocabulary is indeed one of the most important conditions for good and effective writing. The lack of vocabulary means that someone sometimes does not write what he or she will say because he or she has difficulty choosing the most suitable words that correspond to Indonesian words. According to Pincas (1987), a writer does several things to express his opinion in writing. He arranges his ideas into a sentence, then sorts the sentence into paragraphs and uses it to construct the entire essay, the story. They are all made with special words, sentences, sentences and paragraphs that actually relate to each other. Based on this statement, it is necessary to use some activities to improve the students' vocabulary so that they can write their idea using an appropriate and comprehensive vocabulary. Nunan (1989) discovered that some of the successful conditions for writing are to control the mechanics of letter information, to control and to follow the convention of English spelling and punctuation, using the grammatical system to convey the intended meaning. However, students still cannot use mechanical elements such as spelling and punctuation while writing. The most common problems were the spelling of words such as \"swemming\" instead of \"swimming\" or \"village together\". They sometimes make some mistakes when using such conventions. Therefore, a lot of practice is required at this point to improve their skills in this case. Based on the above discussion, it can be concluded that a lot of practice is still needed"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "images in a group setting, particularly for her profile picture which is publicly accessible. She does this so that when people who do not follow her, namely strangers, view her profile, they will not know who owns the account. Some participants are also cognizant that sensitive background information can be in their images. Two participants mentioned they do not share images in or of their house. P7 detailed that she tries to generally conceal information that may reveal her location: \\textit{``I don't really tend to post pictures of my house or like inside my house, outside my house, around my school, on my story or on my feed.''} When she does post content that might have location-sensitive information, she staggers her post such that she is no longer in the area when she posts: \\begin{quote} \\textit{`` If I'm somewhere and I'm doing something that could say `I'm in New York' and I take a bunch of pictures there, I don't post that on VSCO while I'm in New York. I wait until I get home or somewhere else so because I\u2019m not sure if the location is tied but it's just better to be careful.'' -- P7 } \\end{quote} Younger participants, or new users, seemed more likely to express apprehension about sharing their location or personal appearance. P15 shared he used to be concerned about revealing information about his location; however, over time, he realized that \\textit{``the chances of [someone finding his location] happening are very low, so [he's] not really nervous about location stuff anymore.''}"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "very nature of epistemology. Is there such a thing as an aesthetic \"percept\" to begin with? It is clear enough that, when an autist perceives, even if only by means of mental representation, that someone has a green thumb, it is perfectly appropriate to speak of perception. On the other hand, when someone experiences that same phrase as a metaphor, that object of perception disappears, as by sleight of hand. It vanishes, to be replaced, in a mental manoeuvre, by something that is not at all \"perceived.\" Exactly what that is no one can say: it is the secret of metaphor, perhaps of the aesthetic as such; a palimpsest of words over meaning. (I have spoken before of the \"tenor,\" in the background, that cannot be exorcised from metaphor.) What becomes apparent, though, is that such a metaphor is essentially verbal, not visual: in the phrase \"John has a green thumb,\" we do not visualize a thumb, much less a green one. In the metaphor these words, important as they are, are in the service of something else; they lose their denotational value or competence. The material, or perceptual, content of the words is elided. It is true that different metaphors evoke different degrees of visualization, from \"chew the fat\" or \"green thumb,\" to the situation in which Odysseus, clutching at pebbles to avoid being swept out to sea, is compared to an octopus. Still, metaphors do not demand or even call upon us to visualize: who, on reading Housman's \"With rue my heart is laden/For"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "and does and whether or not he \u201cfinishes last,\u201d as the common adage states. If a woman believes that a nice guy is kind and respectful to women then they will say that he does not finish last. If the nice guy is perceived as being passive or unattractive then they will say that he does finish last. Urbaniak and Killman (2003) constructed vignettes of four hypothetical dating show contestants: \"Nice Todd\" vs. \"Neutral Todd\" vs. \"Jerk Todd\" vs. \"Michael\", who was created to be a control. \"Nice Todd\" described a \"real man\" as \"in touch with his feelings,\" kind and attentive, non-macho, and interested in putting his partner's pleasure first. \"Neutral Todd\" described a \"real man\" as someone who \"knows what he wants and knows how to get it,\" and who is good to the woman he loves. \"Jerk Todd\" described a \"real man\" as someone who \"knows what he wants and knows how to get it,\" who keeps everyone else on their toes, and avoids \"touch-feely\" stuff. \"Michael\" described a \"real man\" as relaxed and positive. In two studies, Urbaniak and Kilmann found that women claimed to prefer \"Nice Todd\" over \"Neutral Todd\" and \"Jerk Todd,\" relative to \"Michael\" even at differing levels of physical attractiveness. They also found that for purely sexual relationships, \"niceness appeared relatively less influential than physical attractiveness.\" After acknowledging that women's preference for \"niceness\" could be inflated by the social desirability bias, especially due to their use of verbal scripts, they conclude that \"our overall results did not favor"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "scientists acquire their training from a variety of academic fields~\\cite{Kross2019}, which often have different norms for canonical statistical methods, reporting of findings, and thresholds for significance of results. Here P9 recounted his experience doing counseling (`playing therapy') to reassure a client of the soundness of his results when the client had different field-specific norms: \\begin{quote} \\textit{There's definitely also like a tension of field-specific expectations or norms and your principles or values as an outside consultant or analyst. And then it gets manifested as like ``my analyst did something wrong'' or ``they didn't do what I told them.'' And then you just sort of feel like you're playing therapy with them, trying to reason out why what you did is actually okay.} \\end{quote} \\subsection{Power dynamics when presenting results to clients} Power dynamics appear here as well: Some of our participants work in environments (e.g., large companies) where there are many data scientists that clients can consult with. Therefore, they are afraid that they may be `replaced' if they deliver results that a client does not like. P3 laments that clients do not understand how much they may be giving up by finding a new data scientist (whom they hope will produce more favorable analysis results) rather than sticking with the current one: \\begin{quote} \\textit{When someone doesn't get the result they want as fast as they want, they think that it could be your fault. And so they say, ``Well let's just bring in another one of you!'' But they don't understand that I can't just give you"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "language cannot be understood outside of its context. Wittgenstein lists the following as examples of language-games: \u201cGiving orders, and obeying them\u201d; \u201c[d]escribing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements\u201d; \u201c[c]onstructing an object from a description (a drawing)\u201d; \u201c[r]eporting an event\u201d; \u201c[s]peculating about an event.\" The famous example is the meaning of the word \"game\". We speak of various kinds of games: board games, betting games, sports, \"war games\". These are all different uses of the word \"games\". Wittgenstein also gives the example of \"Water!\", which can be used as an exclamation, an order, a request, or as an answer to a question. The meaning of the word depends on the language-game within which it is being used. Another way Wittgenstein puts the point is that the word \"water\" has no meaning apart from its use within a language-game. One might use the word as an order to have someone else bring you a glass of water. But it can also be used to warn someone that the water has been poisoned. One might even use the word as code by members of a secret society. Wittgenstein does not limit the application of his concept of language games to word-meaning. He also applies it to sentence-meaning. For example, the sentence \"Moses did not exist\" (\u00a779) can mean various things. Wittgenstein argues that, independent of use, the sentence does not yet 'say' anything. It is 'meaningless' in the sense of not being significant for a particular purpose. It only acquires significance if we fix it within"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "a result consistent with her own description. The converse holds for $B$. But this is clearly a different statement than to say that $A$ and $B$ agree on the values assigned. The former is, of course, very close to what happens in a solipsistic description of the world: I can explain everything I see as being how my mind works, and no observer, phenomenon, or information can make me change my mind. There is no ``agreement'' between what I see and what someone else sees, simply because there is nobody else seeing things. {\\bf There is an aspect of the ontology that is left open in the RQM literature: whether a system ontology or a quantum event ontology is more convincing. I think that RQM is compatible with both, and each has its own appeal. In the first, we assume that what exists is an electron, and its manifestations are sparse quantum event. In the second, we assume that what exists are sparse quantum events and we call electron their ensemble and their dynamical relations. I think that both views are viable. After all, we can say that there is a chair, and its manifestation are all the perspectives on it, or we can say with Hume, that a chair is nothing else that the coherent ensemble of all its manifestations. I see no reasons for which QM should decide a metaphysical issue that is open independently from quantum theory itself.} {\\bf A similar remark hold for the formulation of the theory as a principle theory"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "assign different values to different goals, and that some of our goals might clash, leading to ambivalence; what is important here is that in order for a possible state to be one of our goals, we must at least have some prima facie intention to realize it. On the other hand, with options this is not the case. Although options do have some prima facie evaluative load, it is not the case that an agent intends to realize every possibility that he or she sees. When my goal is losing weight, I might come up with different options for realizing that goal. I might start exercising daily, I might go on a diet, I might apply for cosmetic surgery. The fact that I generate those action representations as options does not mean that I want to bring them about: I probably find some options more attractive than others; what I want to do remains to be decided upon. The second difference is that options are by definition representations of actions, whereas goals are not. For example, one could adopt a goal such as \"being happy\": this goal is not the representation of an action, but of a certain state of mind. Another example is someone having the goal \"the neighbor saying sorry for his rude behavior.\" This goal is not a representation of an action either, but a representation of a certain external outcome. PLANS A second question is whether options are in any important sense different from action plans. The literature on planning largely focuses"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the text itself should be the starting point in determining what Paul seeks to say about justification. Through his attempt of returning to the text to allow Paul to speak for himself as he suggests, Wright offers a definition of what he believes the apostle means by \u2018justification,\u2019 which is contrary to popular belief. In crafting said definition, the interpreter identifies three pieces, which he believes to be vital to this consideration: that justification is dependent upon covenant language, that it utilises law-court language, functioning within the covenantal setting as a strong explanatory metaphor of justification, and that it cannot be understood within a Pauline context as separate from eschatology. Through the inclusion of covenant language, justification alludes to the presence of sin and wickedness in the world and the way in which the covenant was instituted to bring about salvation. Within this context, the law-court metaphorical language acknowledges God's role as judge who is to put the world to rights, to deal with evil and to restore justice and order to the cosmos. Finally, Wright's definition of \u2018justification\u2019 within Paul's letters acknowledges that the term is not associated, as has commonly been perceived, with one's personal needs necessary to attain salvation, but instead with what marked someone as a member of God's people. Secular utopianism In 2008, Wright criticised \"secular utopianism\", accusing it of advocating \"the right to kill unborn children and surplus old people\". The Times columnist David Aaronovitch challenged Wright specifically to substantiate his claim that any secular group does indeed advocate the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "// types at parse time, not at semantic analysis time. That means that // we end up giving confusing \"unexpected comma\" or \"expected type\" // errors when it would be more informative to the user to simply // tell them that an unbound type is not legal in this position. // // This also means that we can get semantic analysis of the open // type in the IDE even in what would have been a syntax error case // in the native compiler. // // We need a heuristic to deal with the situation where both kinds of errors // are potentially in play: what if someone says \"typeof(Bogus<>.Blah)\"? // There are two errors there: first, that Bogus is not found, not a type, // or not of the appropriate arity, and second, that it is illegal to make // a partially unbound type. // // The heuristic we will use is that the former kind of error takes priority // over the latter; if the meaning of \"Bogus<>\" cannot be successfully // determined then there is no point telling the user that in addition, // it is syntactically wrong. Moreover, at this point we do not know what they // mean by the remainder \".Blah\" of the expression and so it seems wrong to // deduce more errors from it. var plainName = node.Identifier.ValueText; SeparatedSyntaxList typeArguments = node.TypeArgumentList.Arguments; bool isUnboundTypeExpr = node.IsUnboundGenericName; LookupOptions options = GetSimpleNameLookupOptions(node, isVerbatimIdentifier: false); NamedTypeSymbol unconstructedType = LookupGenericTypeName( diagnostics, basesBeingResolved, qualifierOpt, node, plainName, node.Arity, options); NamedTypeSymbol resultType; if (isUnboundTypeExpr) {"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "intensely correlated to the previous one, lack of vocabulary. During my observation, I perceived that lecturers tend to speak in Bahasa Indonesia when they discussed the topics I prepared for the discussion. When I asked them about the reason for that in the interview; they explained that they did not have any adequate vocabularies to say. This condition drove them to decide to use Bahasa when they had no idea to express in English. In one of the observations, K, tried to share her childhood as follows: \"I think my childhood is not...really..what, what,..not really menyenangkan hehe.So I want my kids more happy than I am hehe\" The word \"menyenangkan\" was spoken because S did not know how to say it in English. When K spoke this word, another participant, S, tried to tell that menyenangkan was interesting. This was good response since there was a student-to-student interaction which is very helpful to maintain their ability. This example of her sentences also showed that there was a grammatical error such as word \"more happy\" which should be happier. Socio-cultural Problems No opportunity to Practice English \"Practice makes perfect\". This quote says that when someone wants to acquire a skill, no matter it is, practice is undoubtedly necessary. In language learning, the opportunity to practice is very important. Lantolf and Thorne (2004) explained the significance of peer group as a developmental process of learning occur through participation in cultural, linguistic, and previously formed settings such as family life and peer group interaction. Tok Seng (2006) in his"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "of non-believers of this sort will be to learn from believers what the meaning of such terms actually amounts to. However, the dispute can also take another form: non-believers can treat the religious discourse as a quasi-scientific one (there being, of course, many different ways in which religious utterances can be interpreted as constituting quasi-scientific statements). In this case, religious utterances are criticized as amounting to statements that fail to be confirmed by any scientific evidence. Wittgenstein points out that a person who adopts a viewpoint according to which scientific evidence can confirm or falsify religious utterances is operating on entirely different plane from a religious person -there is, as it were, a gulf separating them: Suppose someone were a believer and said: \"I believe in a Last Judgement,\" and I said: \"Well, I'm not so sure. Possibly.\" You would say that there is an enormous gulf between us. If he said \"There is a German aeroplane overhead,\" and I said \"Possibly I'm not so sure,\" you'd say we were fairly near. It isn't a question of my being anywhere near him, but on an entirely different plane, which you could express by saying: \"You mean something altogether different, Wittgenstein.\" (Wittgenstein 1967a, LRB: 53) Why can one say that there is a gulf between these two people? The main reason is the fact that the believer does not treat religious questions as questions to which scientific evidence or scientific doubts are relevant. By contrast, a nonbeliever of the sort invoked by Wittgenstein in this fragment is,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "cyber-warfare in more detail below. Thanks to Colin Lewis for raising this point. 7 Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), Chapter xiii.8. 8 To the best of my knowledge, no one has yet given a meaningful or extended conceptual analysis of what it is for something to be a fight. So, what follows is my initial attempt at doing so. It is not a full or complete account, of course, but it is hopefully enough to begin the discussion. By contrast, much against someone who is able and willing to take up arms against you; otherwise, you are not fighting, but rather are annoying, aggravating, beating, killing, slaughtering, annihilating, destroying, or exterminating. 9 To fight is to contend with another, to struggle against them for supremacy. If there is no contention or struggle, it is difficult to say either that a fight is occurring or has occurred. This is why it is possible for someone to refuse to fight: famously, pacifists and nonviolence advocates refuse to physically fight for their causes. So, when the police attacked U.S. Representative John Lewis at Selma in 1965, it was a physical beating that took place, not a physical fight. 10 You simply cannot fight with someone who will not fight you. Added to that, you cannot fight with someone who cannot fight you; this is why it is impossible to (physically) fight a quadriplegic, for instance. Of course, you may well be able to have other kinds of conflict with them, but you cannot have a physical"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "that offer multiple perspectives on a shared experience (husbands and wives, for example, or psychiatrists and patients); or they may collect accounts over a period of time, to develop a longitudinal analysis. Data collection In IPA, researchers gather qualitative data from research participants using techniques such as interview, diaries, or focus group. Typically, these are approached from a position of flexible and open-ended inquiry, and the interviewer adopts a stance that is curious and facilitative (rather than, say, challenging and interrogative). IPA usually requires personally salient accounts of some richness and depth, and it requires that these accounts be captured in a way that permits the researcher to work with a detailed verbatim transcript. Data analysis Data collection does not set out to test hypotheses, and this stance is maintained in data analysis. The analyst reflects upon their own preconceptions about the data, and attempts to suspend these in order to focus on grasping the experiential world of the research participant. Transcripts are coded in considerable detail, with the focus shifting back and forth from the key claims of the participant, to the researcher's interpretation of the meaning of those claims. IPA's hermeneutic stance is one of inquiry and meaning-making, and so the analyst attempts to make sense of the participant's attempts to make sense of their own experiences, thus creating a double hermeneutic. One might use IPA if one had a research question which aimed to understand what a given experience was like (phenomenology) and how someone made sense of it (interpretation). Analysis in IPA"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "these behave more like nouns. Directional Focus: -An The focused noun phrases of directional verbs are treated as places or destinations. When a person is the focus, a notion of direction (either to or from) or an affected party is implied, for example, suratan to write to someone, takawan to rob from someone (compare with tawaken to steal something). In addition, the focused noun phrase is treated as an area that is affected by the verb. Verbs of cleaning, dalusan, to clean, labaan, to launder, sagadan, to sweep, are in this focus as the focused noun phrases are considered as an area affected. It is possible to use -en with these roots, but notice in the following sentences how the affix alters the focus and meaning: (with -an) Dinalusak ti sala. \"I cleaned the living room.\" versus (with -en) Dinalusko ti rugit ti sala. \"I cleaned the dirt in the living room.\" Meanings: Directionality, movement to or from Place or destination Area affected Cleaning Thematic Focus: i- The focused noun phrases of thematic verbs are transferred or whose location or state is affected in some way by the semantics of the root. An analog of this idea of transference, verbs of saying are commonly use this affix. What is said becomes the focused element and is thought of as being transferred from one person to another. Examples of roots that commonly take this form: Transference, conveyance, e.g., dulin safe place, idulin' to save, put away Change of non-permanent state, e.g., lukat exposed, ilukat to open; rikep"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "often, as with all signifieds, this definition is up for debate; one may imagine the stickiness of what it would mean to sit on a desk or a kitchen counter instead and if that may be considered a chair). Saussure claims that the terms \"mother\" and \"father\" are \"distinct\"-they lack any overlap in the physical forms and mental concepts of each term. Saussure therefore positions these words and the ideas they represent within a binary. As a result, there is no room for non-binary positions between these two signs and their signifiers; to be the feminine \"mother\" is to be the exact opposite of the masculine \"father.\" Within Vuong's coming-of-age novel, Little Dog constructs and reconstructs his identity in relation and in opposition to this Saussurean binary syntax. One of the earliest memories he recalls in the novel-an encounter with a bully on the bus ride to school-reveals the dominant syntax of American masculinity and its effects on his body: \u2026 I realized the spark came from inside my head. That someone had shoved my face into the glass. \"Speak English,\" said the boy with a yellow bowl cut, his jowls flushed and rippling\u2026 \"Don't you ever say nothin'? Don't you speak English?\" He grabbed my shoulder and spun me to face him. \"Look at me when I'm talking to you.\" He was only nine but had already mastered the dialect of damaged American fathers... \"Say my name then.\" He blinked, his eyelashes, long and blond, nearly nothing, quivered. \"Like your mom did last night.\" \u2026"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "information and to ensure the security controls required by the classification are in place and are followed in their right procedures. Access control Access to protected information must be restricted to people who are authorized to access the information. The computer programs, and in many cases the computers that process the information, must also be authorized. This requires that mechanisms be in place to control the access to protected information. The sophistication of the access control mechanisms should be in parity with the value of the information being protected; the more sensitive or valuable the information the stronger the control mechanisms need to be. The foundation on which access control mechanisms are built start with identification and authentication. Access control is generally considered in three steps: identification, authentication, and authorization. Identification Identification is an assertion of who someone is or what something is. If a person makes the statement \"Hello, my name is John Doe\" they are making a claim of who they are. However, their claim may or may not be true. Before John Doe can be granted access to protected information it will be necessary to verify that the person claiming to be John Doe really is John Doe. Typically the claim is in the form of a username. By entering that username you are claiming \"I am the person the username belongs to\". Authentication Authentication is the act of verifying a claim of identity. When John Doe goes into a bank to make a withdrawal, he tells the bank teller he is John"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "kind of silly -what will happen when the people we do fieldwork with read what we write? What is the difference between writing for academics and writing for a \"popular\" audience? How does our writing objectify and isolate culture, fencing it off in an artificial time and place? E-mailing back and forth with the children of the Q'eqchi' farmers I did dissertation research with 35 years ago, I do not even pause to think about what particular writing genre I am contributing to, or the obstacles to intersubjectivity. For my last book I engaged with members of a Belizean bulletin board, and quoted some of the responses to my questions and provocations. Was this fieldwork, requiring a signed consent form, or was it public discourse which can be used without permission? The nineteenth-century classification of the world into discrete spaces separated by boundaries does not conform to a twenty-first century reality. One of Bourdieu's enduring insights was that every time we classify and sort objects in the real world, we are also classifying and reifying categories of people, defining our own identities (1984). When the conceptual boundaries which define the site of our own research are undermined, it therefore challenges the legitimacy of the ethnographer. This fundamental reflexivity means that we are no longer so easily defined by what we do in the world, or by our specialized knowledge and expertise, particularly in places where the label \"anthropologist\" has no particular referent (or is mistaken to mean someone who studies insects or static native cultures). In"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "asks: How are words, phrases and sentences put together to create conversations, speeches, email messages, newspaper articles. 4. Strategic competence means knowing how to recognize and repair communication breakdowns, how to work around gaps in one's knowledge of the language, and how to learn more about the language and in the context. Strategic competence asks: How do I know when I've misunderstood or when someone has misunderstood me? What do I say then? How can I express my ideas if I don't know the name of something or the right verb form to use? (Canale and Swain, 1980:20) CLT stresses the need to allow students opportunities for authentic and creative use of the language. It focuses on meaning rather than form; it suggests that learning should be relevant to the needs of the students; it advocates task-based language teaching. Students should be given tasks to perform or problems to solve in the classroom. What's more, CLT emphasizes a functional approach to language learning (i.e. what people do with language, such as inviting, apologizing, greeting and introducing, etc.). Also, to be competent in the target language, learners should acquire not only linguistic knowledge, but also the cultural background of that language. Richards and Rogers address the issue, saying that in practice there are some elements to be taken into account: the communicational principle (i.e. activities that involve real communication promote learning), the task principle (i.e. activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks promote learning) and the meaningfulness principle (i.e. language that is meaningful"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "80%, the probability of someone testing positive really being a cannabis user only rises from 19% to 21%, but if the sensitivity is held at 90% and the specificity is increased to 95%, the probability rises to 49%. Cancer rate Even if 100% of patients with pancreatic cancer have a certain symptom, when someone has the same symptom, it does not mean that this person has a 100% chance of getting pancreatic cancer. Assuming the incidence rate of pancreatic cancer is 1/100000, while 10/99999 healthy individuals have the same symptoms worldwide, the probability of having pancreatic cancer given the symptoms is only 9.1%, and the other 90.9% could be \"false positives\" (that is, falsely said to have cancer; \"positive\" is a confusing term when, as here, the test gives bad news). Based on incidence rate, the following table presents the corresponding numbers per 100,000 people. Which can then be used to calculate the probability of having cancer when you have the symptoms: Defective item rate A factory produces items using three machines\u2014A, B, and C\u2014which account for 20%, 30%, and 50% of its output respectively. Of the items produced by machine A, 5% are defective; similarly, 3% of machine B's items and 1% of machine C's are defective. If a randomly selected item is defective, what is the probability it was produced by machine C? Once again, the answer can be reached without using the formula by applying the conditions to a hypothetical number of cases. For example, if the factory produces 1,000 items, 200 will"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "but when we feel our bodies change in a certain way, we are experiencing a specific mood. So Tye offers a different understanding of mood: the felt character of mood consists of feelings, which have intentional objects. What it means for feelings to have intentional objects, is something I will address later on. The relation between music and feelings has been discussed, but this always remained separate from the debate on music and moods. My proposal is that if the experience of a mood is a cluster of feelings, we can introduce feelings to the debate on music and mood. This provides a new account of musical moods, one which meets Kivy's and Zangwill's objections. The idea is that each mood is associated with a specific cluster of feelings. This does not mean that if you experience feelings X, Y, and Z it is necessarily implied that you have mood M. Every mood is different, and denominating moods is not a matter of logical inference. We usually find it hard to precisely describe every specific feeling we are experiencing. Nevertheless, if someone says that she in a \"energetic\" mood, we can get a sense of which feelings she might have. I will argue that music evokes certain feelings which can be associated with a specific mood. So I need to show that bodily feelings can be directed at the music and that clusters of these feelings are part of the aesthetic experience of the music. Tye argues that bodily feelings have intentionality in the same way"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "e.g., Strawson (1966: p. 16), Putnam (1981: p. 60ff.), Walker (1995), Moore (2012: p. 362ff.), Allais (2015: p. 209ff.), and Stephenson (2015a). For some key passages, see A62/87, A155-6/B194-5, A218-26/B266-73, B279, A492-6/B521-4, A647/B675; Prolegomena (4: [290][291][336][337]. References to Kant are to volume and page of the academy edition and are accompanied by a short English title, except those to the Critique of Pure Reason, which take the standard A/B format. about non-epistemic statements. This in turn provides a principled motivation for my proposed restriction of knowability to non-epistemic statements. Anti-realism and the knowability paradox As the labels will be used here, 'realism' and 'anti-realism' denote views about meaning and truth. The views agree that the meaning of a declarative statement is given by its truth-conditions-how things must stand if the statement is to be true. They disagree about how to understand the notion of truth involved in such a theory of meaning. Anti-realism gives an epistemic characterization of truth such that a statement is true if and only if someone could, at least in principle, come to know it. Realism places no such constraints on truth, holding that a statement can be true independently of whether or not someone could, even in principle, come to know it. Anti-realism can be captured in the following principle 3 : (AR) \u03c6 \u2194 K \u03c6 K is our epistemic operator. It says 'someone knows, at some time, that'. I will say more in Sects. 3.3 and 4 about what counts as 'someone', including imposing some specifically Kantian constraints. The"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "\"After the self-regulation workshop I stopped fighting with my brother\"; S119 \"Now I think before I act\"; S207 \"I have avoided several fights and conflicts by reflecting and thinking about my actions\"). Followed by social intelligence, related to the awareness of one's own emotions and those of others, the development of empathy and other social skills (e.g. S1 \"It helped me in my relationship with others, in dealing with them\"; S39 \"Greeting people, trying to be more sociable\"; S100 \"I learned to understand people, to help them) The third strength most applied by the youth was gratitude, linked to being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen, (e.g. S34 \"When someone is good to me I give thanks...\", S45 \"It also helped me value more the things I have because everything that life gives us is important\"). The fourth most reported strength was bravery, highlighted as the ability to stand up for the point of view that the person feels is right and not to be intimidated by threats, change, difficulty or pain (e.g. S40 \"I applied bravery to face a problem...\"; S73 \"I applied bravery because I encouraged myself to do things I didn't do before and to say no to what is bad for me\"; S203 \"In my life I learned to be brave, to fight for what I want...\") The fifth most reported strength was open-mindedness, which relates to the willingness to change one's ideas based on new evidence, to think about things and to examine their meanings and implications"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "of us are empowered? Does that mean I can use my authority as a teacher to check and balance my students' power as native speakers and vice versa? Power relations are another riddle that has to be solved. In what follows, I will discuss two kinds of power that supplement the concept of praxis. External power When power is regarded as a force located outside a dialogical process oriented toward reaching understanding, it is an external condition of the dialogue. Therefore, it is called external power. It is what Carspecken (1999) refers to as coercive power or coercion in communicative action. External power should be neutralized or the dialogue will be distorted. Suppose, for instance, someone asks me to read a paper she has worked on. After a couple of weeks when we met, the person inquires excitingly, \"What did you think about my paper?\" Seeing me remain silent, the person adds, \"It was the third revision I made. Hopefully, it would be accepted this time.\" Showing impatience, I comment, \"I thought it was only the first draft.\" Considering my status as a university professor, the person begins to doubt her own ability and concurs, \"I guess I'd better redo it.\" In this case, my status had an impact on the dialogue. This is an example where my status was used as a sort of external power to distort the dialogue. Internal power Power can also be located internally in a dialogical process oriented toward reaching understanding. The attempt to reach understanding has intrinsic reasons (i.e.,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "So apparently we have some kind of idea about what good moral reasoning is, and apparently it is also something we want to teach. FP10 Coming from general psychiatry, it does indeed strike me that, the, hm, the moral framework is implicitly presentmuch more than outside of forensic psychiatry. It is not made explicit, but it does play a role. If you would put it bluntly: 'To what extent do we want the people whom we are treating here to be good citizens?' Yes, I'm afraid that it does, that it does play a role beneath the surface, but that we do not talk about it. On a superficial level, we aim to make sure that people no longer pose a risk, or as little risk as possible to themselves or others. But of course that has a very strong moral component. So, yes: it plays a big role. And no: it is not expressed as such. FP8 So it is not my job to socialize people. Although somehow it is, but I will never say this out loud, because otherwise people will interpret socializing as re-educating, in the sense of 'becoming like us'. I embrace a socialization that takes place from within a subject's own coordinates. If someone regains a place within societywithout necessarily actively participating in society, but also without wandering and suffering; if someone is able to make life bearable for himself/oneself, in a very discrete manner, without experiencing others as threatening and so forththat for me is already a successful socialization. Whether"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "a monologue with the words ' he said to his 0t;/j.os,' and then the person pauses by saying, 'Why did my OV/JLOS say this to me?', who is meant to be talking to whom? This question has never been adequately answered. P. seeks a fundamental solution to the problem by asking fundamental questions: 'What does it mean to address a speech to the dvposV and 'What does it mean to imply that your Bvpos has spoken to you?' He observes that the Bvfxosspeeches 'are almost all directed at the resolution of some moral or intellectual problem' (p. 121), and that they occur when the speaker is in isolation, in other words, 'out of contact with any outside audience or addressee' (p. 146). From this and from his careful examination of the occasions on which the speeches are or are not addressed to the Ovfios, he comes to conclude that the dvfxos is not conceived as possessing speech-powers. According to his hypothesis, which is well supported, the dvfios is a fictive audience, a ' kind of rhetorically and psychologically useful second self (p. 212), which speakers often use as a 'scapegoat' to distance themselves from a discredited opinion (' / agree with you, but my dvpos had a bad idea.';' It was my dvfios who said that.')."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "by a camera or by something and you just, there's just error in the way that you read the data. Just an error in the sensors. M: Alright, can you think of other ways. I guess in this case you're imagining that the data came by actually measuring something, with the machine. So that makes a lot of sense. What other ways can we put together the data? C: I don't know I could think of a bunch. I mean the error, well, the errors could come, maliciously. There could be someone out there that is trying to give us bad data. M: Alright, that seems like a possibility when the data set was collected, let's say that we're collecting, various. Oh, this happens a lot. So if you're trying to collect data from other Computer Science departments and you're trying to put together, some kind of collection of, you know, how much do you spend on your Graduate students say sometimes these departments will actually misrepresent the data and give you something that is wrong. Because, they don't want to tell you the truth, because they're afraid of what you are going to do. So we're just, you know, we've copied everything, but you know, there's just some of the lines that got filled in just got mistyped. So sensor errors were actually saying there's something physical, that's being measured and there's just noise in that. Transcription error, is similar except it's a person. Right? The, the there's a little blips in the person's head"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "one else) can understand what I or others say, and on which neuronal processes my phenomenal belief that someone else understands what I say or write depend. One should be sceptical of the simple idea that speech largely reflects what happens in consciousness. Time The central issue regarding the attribution of significance becomes apparent when the following simple question is asked: \"How can a retrieval from episodic neuronal memory, as a present neuronal event, signify a past event?\" or, more precisely, \". . . signify the temporal feature, 'the past\"'? In my opinion, such a question lies at the root of consciousness much more than the complexity problem discussed by others (see below). This is because, for the case of \"time, \" significance attribution cannot be circumvented: the normal work of the scientist becomes impossible if he/she rejects the attribution of \"past\" significance to the retrieved content of a biological or a technical memory. Nevertheless, quite generally, significance attribution is not a valid relationship in the realm of natural science. However, when the task is to elucidate the status of consciousness that attribution would contaminate the investigations. A loss of \"scientific comfort\" is the consequence; the scientist's work becomes more wearisome: The concept of \"time\" can no longer be applied in equal measure to neuronal and to phenomenal events, and one cannot invoke causality, as it is usually done when intracerebral processes are studied. That is not all. When one has internalised the idea that only the \"present\" exists as a single instant but neither the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "in tune with reality, he is not anxious or worry. This, in turn, allows him to become more composed, relaxed, and ultimately more productive while working toward his goal with a peace of mind.

What I am explaining here is also captured by Epictetus as follows:

Do not seek to have events happen as you want them to, but instead want them to happen as they do happen, and your life will go well. -Epictetus

Our Duty To Reality

When someone\u2014like me\u2014is applying for graduate school I might, right away, desires to be accepted. But who am I to want or not want things from reality without ever creating the right causes for it to happen? In reality, whether or not anyone would or would not be accepted has many different factors\u2014many beyond one\u2019s control. So just by applying or having a great supporting resume doesn\u2019t mean I have the right to demand or hope from reality my admission. So why hope? Why put my desire ahead of the reality? Why worry? And why not channel this energy, instead, at creating the right causes which are writing the best application?

You can attain anything in life with or without the need to desire for it. But since reality runs by the absolute law of cause and effect, it does not obey one\u2019s desire no matter how large or small the desire. The only that matters is whether or not there is enough causes for the effect to occur. Thus, there is no need to desire because\u2026

"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "exposition is unlikely to be influenced by material from outside the Bible (though such material may be mentioned in the sermon, for example the writings of a commentator on the passage). However, in churches that elevate church tradition, individual experience, and/or human reason to a level on par with Scripture, expository preaching (if used) will include reconciliation of the Biblical text to other sources: Congregations with a strong view of church tradition or church authority (common in churches with a strong hierarchical structure) will want to know how their denomination has traditionally interpreted the passage. Congregations with a strong belief in personal experience (common in the charismatic and Pentecostal circles) will want to understand how the passage relates to their experiences. Congregations with a strong belief in human reason (common in churches which reject the view of Biblical inerrancy) will want to know what modern research has to say regarding the authenticity of the passage. Regardless of these differences of emphasis, however, most preachers and congregations would agree that preaching must be honouring to God rather than to human beings. In practice, this means that the preacher as expositor should be concerned with speaking about what God sees as important. This will be of little use, however, if it does not connect to what the people in the congregation see as important - even if it only does so by seeking to upset their priorities. But the principle must be that when a church is exposed to expository preaching, they are being enabled to hear God"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "on them. * Your class will likely mention the raising of the hand. * Explain to everyone that when students raise their hand, it is an \"event\" that causes you to know that they want to be called on. * Ask the class if they can think of any other events that give signals. * You may need to remind them that you're not talking about an event like a birthday party or a field trip. * If they have trouble, you can remind them that an event is an action that causes something to happen. * What about an alarm clock going off? What does that make happen? * What about pressing \"Start\" on the microwave? What does that do? * What about pressing the power button on your tv remote? * Today, we're going to practice changing programs by introducing events. [together] ## Activity: (15 min) ### 4) [The Big Event](/curriculum/course2/15/Activity15-TheBigEvent.pdf) * Do you remember guiding your friends to fill in an image of squares in Graph Paper Programming? * In that exercise, you knew in advance exactly what you wanted your friends to draw, so you could make a program that took them from start to finish without any interruptions. * In most real programs, we can't do that because we want to have options, depending on what the user needs. * Say that I only want my character to move when my finger is on the screen of my phone. I would need to program the character to *only* move"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "on a page. If you are preparing a document using a non-\\LaTeX\\ document preparation system, please arrange for an equivalent line numbering. \\subsection{Mathematics} Please number all of your sections and displayed equations. Again, this makes reviewing more efficient, because reviewers can refer to a line on a page. Also, it is important for readers to be able to refer to any particular equation. Just because you didn't refer to it in the text doesn't mean some future reader might not need to refer to it. It is cumbersome to have to use circumlocutions like ``the equation second from the top of page 3 column 1''. (Note that the line numbering will not be present in the final copy, so is not an alternative to equation numbers). Some authors might benefit from reading Mermin's description of how to write mathematics: \\url{http://www.cvpr.org/doc/mermin.pdf}. \\section{Blind review} \\label{sec:blind} Many authors misunderstand the concept of anonymizing for blind review. Blind review does not mean that one must remove citations to one's own work---in fact it is often impossible to review a paper unless the previous citations are known and available. Blind review means that you do not use the words ``my'' or ``our'' when citing previous work. That is all. (But see below for techreports). Saying ``this builds on the work of Lucy Smith [1]'' does not say that you are Lucy Smith, it says that you are building on her work. If you are Smith and Jones, do not say ``as we show in [7]'', say ``as Smith and Jones show"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "things like gambling and porn. There's nothing innately compassionate or generous about the web. For any good thing people do online, someone could also be doing something bad with the internet. Lehmann also suggests that a cognitive surplus raises a question about what the baseline value of time spent was to begin with, \"one\", he claims \"that might be better phrased as either 'Surplus for what?' or 'Whose surplus, white man? In the same vein, Lehmann accuses Shirky of being myopic. Shirky says the worst thing on the web is LOLcats when actually there are some bad things such as, for example, fake Obama birth certificates. Shirky says you cannot communicate with society on the basis of a web search to which Lehmann responds, The idea of society as a terminally unresponsive, nonconversant entity would certainly be news to the generations of labor and gender-equality advocates who persistently engaged the social order with demands for the ballot and the eight-hour workday. It would likewise ring strangely in the ears of the leaders of the civil rights movement, who used a concerted strategy of nonviolent protest as a means of addressing an abundance-obsessed white American public who couldn't find the time to regard racial inequality as a pressing social concern. The explicit content of such protests, meanwhile, indicted that same white American public on the basis of the civic and political standards\u2014or rather double standards\u2014of equality and opportunity that fueled the nation's chauvinist self-regard. Shirky bases a lot of his conclusions of generosity on the Ultimatum Game"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.020457684993743896, -0.10083474218845367, -0.03381596505641937, 0.09294372797012329, 0.1328452229499817, -0.047923311591148376, -0.10218290984630585, 0.03453236073255539, -0.05053935945034027, 0.1463519036769867], "y": [-0.05926978960633278, 0.052791792899370193, -0.1319386512041092, -0.05685896798968315, -0.0060612657107412815, 0.015367705374956131, 0.03935923054814339, -0.10751567780971527, -0.02685234136879444, 0.09363843500614166], "mode": "markers", "name": "Centroids", "marker": {"size": 12, "symbol": "star", "color": "black"}, "text": ["Centroid 0", "Centroid 1", "Centroid 2", "Centroid 3", "Centroid 4", "Centroid 5", "Centroid 6", "Centroid 7", "Centroid 8", "Centroid 9"], "hoverinfo": "text"}], [{"x": [0.14307349920272827, 0.1829432100057602, 0.15619613230228424, 0.1822783201932907, 0.17017096281051636, 0.1782262921333313, 0.1832030862569809, 0.1579832136631012, 0.14307349920272827, 0.06107518821954727, 0.1396102011203766, 0.12136434763669968, 0.1561928242444992, 0.1768726408481598, 0.13680621981620789, 0.1378088742494583, 0.17822664976119995, 0.20410433411598206, 0.1170608401298523, 0.06600921601057053, 0.18903879821300507, 0.13960948586463928, 0.060957662761211395], "y": [-0.054522424936294556, -0.05501380190253258, -0.0344514362514019, -0.014538227580487728, -0.06813172996044159, 0.05308256670832634, 0.03301365673542023, 0.005112745333462954, -0.054522424936294556, -0.05646568164229393, 0.005849081557244062, -0.02448558434844017, 0.023071572184562683, 0.009332566522061825, 0.021645093336701393, -0.015712644904851913, 0.053082697093486786, 0.002496530534699559, -0.057130131870508194, -0.0906253531575203, -0.01017244253307581, 0.005848451051861048, -0.025601031258702278], "mode": "markers", "name": "Cluster 0", "marker": {"size": 8, "color": "rgb(141,211,199)"}, "text": ["Document 122", "Document 178", "Document 236", "Document 264", "Document 283", "Document 284", "Document 370", "Document 463", "Document 507", "Document 529", "Document 562", "Document 614", "Document 638", "Document 650", "Document 768", "Document 786", "Document 844", "Document 887", "Document 1008", "Document 1011", "Document 1016", "Document 1149", "Document 1257"], "customdata": [{"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "on solid communications with the ground; if they lose these signals, they may be required to change their flight paths, Mannucci said. Radio telescopes may also experience distortion from the ionosphere; understanding the effects could lead to more accurate measurements for astronomy. \"It causes a lot of economic impact when these irregularities flare up and get bigger,\" he said. NASA's Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \"By understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\" Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. More information about NASA's Space Communications and Navigation program is at: http://www.nasa.gov/scan Images (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Elizabeth Landau."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "in which magnetic field lines close around Earth. These are crucial details that explain the different dynamics of the two regions. To look at irregularities in the ionosphere, researchers used data from the Canadian Space Agency satellite Cascade Smallsat and Ionospheric Polar Explorer (CASSIOPE), which launched in September 2013. The satellite covers the entire region of high latitudes, making it a useful tool for exploring the ionosphere. The data come from one of the instruments on CASSIOPE that looks at GPS signals as they skim the ionosphere. The instrument was conceived by researchers at the University of New Brunswick. \u201cIt\u2019s the first time this kind of imaging has been done from space,\u201d said Attila Komjathy, JPL principal investigator and co-author of the study. \u201cNo one has observed these dimensional scales of the ionosphere before.\u201d The research has numerous applications. For instance, aircraft flying over the North Pole rely on solid communications with the ground; if they lose these signals, they may be required to change their flight paths, Mannucci said. Radio telescopes may also experience distortion from the ionosphere; understanding the effects could lead to more accurate measurements for astronomy. \u201cIt causes a lot of economic impact when these irregularities flare up and get bigger,\u201d he said. NASA\u2019s Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "Study of Atmospheric \u2018Froth\u2019 May Help GPS Communications By NASA | February 27, 2015 When you don\u2019t know how to get to an unfamiliar place, you probably rely on a smart phone or other device with a Global Positioning System (GPS) module for guidance. You may not realize that, especially at high latitudes on our planet, signals traveling between GPS satellites and your device can get distorted in Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere. View: Engineering Newswire 129: Rocket Flies Through Northern Lights Researchers at NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, in collaboration with the University of New Brunswick in Canada, are studying irregularities in the ionosphere, a part of the atmosphere centered about 217 miles (350 kilometers) above the ground that defines the boundary between Earth and space. The ionosphere is a shell of charged particles (electrons and ions), called plasma, that is produced by solar radiation and energetic particle impact. The new study, published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, compares turbulence in the auroral region to that at higher latitudes, and gains insights that could have implications for the mitigation of disturbances in the ionosphere. Auroras are spectacular multicolored lights in the sky that mainly occur when energetic particles driven from the magnetosphere, the protective magnetic bubble that surrounds Earth, crash into the ionosphere below it. The auroral zones are narrow oval-shaped bands over high latitudes outside the polar caps, which are regions around Earth\u2019s magnetic poles. This study focused on the atmosphere above the Northern Hemisphere. \u201cWe want to explore the near-Earth plasma and find"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "the sun for a viewer on Earth. There is a region of Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere, called the ionosphere which affects radio waves, including GNNS. The ionosphere consists of \u201cions,\u201d a shell of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules. Because ions are created through sunlight interacting with the atoms and molecules in the very thin upper atmosphere, the density (thickness and consistency) of the ionosphere varies from day to night. The ionosphere bends radio signals, similar to the way water will bend light signals. That is why you can hear AM radio broadcasts from far away at night. Also, ham radio operators rely on the ionosphere to bounce their signals from their station to the far reaches of the globe. Since GNSS is a radio signal, its measurements are slightly impacted by ionosphere changes, resulting in small increases in position error. For all except very precise GNSS users, these changes are negligible. Note that a total eclipse of the sun is similar to our day-night cycle, only very much faster. So, while the ionosphere will be more dynamic during an eclipse, it will not cause a loss of the GNSS signal. In summary, while any effects from the eclipse are of scientific interest, GNSS service should not be adversely affected by the Aug. 21 Solar Eclipse. Ionospheric effects should not be confused with those from solar flares (a brief eruption of intense high-energy radiation from the sun\u2019s surface) that can cause significant electromagnetic disturbances on the earth, impacting radio frequency communications/transmissions (including GNSS signals) and power"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "HomeTech/ScienceNASA researchers study of Ionosphere may help improve GPS Communications NASA researchers study of Ionosphere may help improve GPS Communications Written by Elizabeth Landau NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, CA \u2013 When you don\u2019t know how to get to an unfamiliar place, you probably rely on a smart phone or other device with a Global Positioning System (GPS) module for guidance. You may not realize that, especially at high latitudes on our planet, signals traveling between GPS satellites and your device can get distorted in Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere. Researchers at NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, in collaboration with the University of New Brunswick in Canada, are studying irregularities in the ionosphere, a part of the atmosphere centered about 217 miles (350 kilometers) above the ground that defines the boundary between Earth and space. The Aurora Borealis viewed by the crew of Expedition 30 on board the International Space Station. The sequence of shots was taken on February 7, 2012 from 09:54:04 to 10:03:59 GMT, on a pass from the North Pacific Ocean, west of Canada, to southwestern Illinois. (NASA/JSC) The ionosphere is a shell of charged particles (electrons and ions), called plasma, that is produced by solar radiation and energetic particle impact. The new study, published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, compares turbulence in the auroral region to that at higher latitudes, and gains insights that could have implications for the mitigation of disturbances in the ionosphere. Auroras are spectacular multicolored lights in the sky that mainly occur when energetic particles driven from the"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "of the signal as it is shown in Fig. 6. Indeed, in order to have a good communication it is expected that the BER is at least 5 10 bit s The modelling of the ionosphere is performed using first-order approximations taken from [29]. The ionosphere is the upper part of the atmosphere where charged particles are mixed with neutral particles. The charged particles are created by photoionisation caused by incoming UV and X-radiation from the Sun: gas molecules are heated, and electrons are liberated then. The rate of this ionisation depends on the density of gas molecules and the intensity of the radiation. In the neutral atmosphere charged particles are practically absent, since the created charged particles are recombined rapidly due to the high density of particles. In the ionosphere, however, only the charged particles can influence the propagation of radio waves. Mainly, the free electrons affect the propagation since the free ions are much heavier than the electrons. The interaction of the ionosphere with the navigation signal can be decomposed into four sources of delay called first-order, second-order, third-order delay, and geometrical signal bending denoted respectively as (1) i , (2) i , (3) i and \u03ba [29]. The second and third-order delays are often referred to as the ionospheric higher-order terms. The total ionospheric delay can be written as: All the formulations for the evaluation of the different sources for the ionospheric delay are taken from [29]. The first-order delay, (1) i , which is also the most significant for the ionospheric delay"}, {"title": "rpj-arxiv", "text": "it should not be the ionospheric electron density distribution that is is primary structure to model, but its autocorrelation function or equivalent its power-spectrum. Any information about the phase structure of the ionospheric electron density distribution is lost in the cross-correlation of the electric field when obtaining the visibilities. \\item A three-dimensional ionosphere causes a spatially varying convolution of the sky (at second order level), whereas a two-dimensional phase-screen or a thin ionosphere results in a spatially invariant convolution. Ionospheric structure in the $w$-direction causes, to lowest order, radial stretching or squeezing of the ionospheric scattering point spread function but leaves its tangential structure invariant. Correcting for the thickness of the ionosphere can thus be reduced (to lowest order) to determining a single number, i.e.\\ the level of stretching or squeezing. \\item Residual speckle, which can not be corrected in short time integrations, causes a diffuse intensity halo around bright sources beyond a certain distance from the source. Whereas longer integrations probe more of the total scattered flux of the ISP, because of its very steep intensity decline away from the source, these longer integrations also cause smearing of the instantaneous speckle pattern due to variations of the ionosphere. This halo (``seeing'') and related speckle noise might therefore pose a fundamental limitation on the ability to reach the thermal noise level in interferometers at very low frequencies after long total integrations. \\item Long baselines substantially help in correcting for the effects of the largest wave modes of the ionosphere, as seen inside the field of view"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "awareness, and geolocation related to national security. Although a relatively new technology, the use of signals from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites is pervasive, facilitating everyday activities that range from navigation to financial transactions. The magnetosphere is the domain of nearly all Earth-orbiting satellites, affecting those in low, medium, and geostationary orbits, as well as those in high-apogee orbits. It is a region filled with charged particles, including the intense radiation belts that vary continuously in response to changes in the solar wind and to the solar disturbances that strongly affect the space environment. (See Figure 3.2.) Charged particles affect space technology in a variety of ways: at their most benign they cause surface charging and discharging, 2 See Report on the Space Economy Symposium, March 13, 2009, available at http://spaceeconomy.gmu.edu/ses2009/symposiumreport2009.pdf. FIGURE 3.2 A diagram of the Van Allen radiation zone surrounding Earth. This cutaway image shows the weak inner zone, the \u201cslot\u201d region that is relatively devoid of trapped radiation, and the more intense and highly variable outer Van Allen belt. The two spacecraft of the Radiation Belt Storm Probes mission are shown schematically. SOURCE: Courtesy of NASA. and at their most destructive they damage electronics components, including the temporary (single-event) upset of spacecraft commanding. Furthermore, upper atmospheric heating associated with the dynamics of the space environment can dramatically change drag effects on low-Earth-orbiting satellites, notably the International Space Station (ISS). Ionospheric Variability, Communication, and Navigation The specification and forecasting of ionospheric scintillation (i.e., radio propagation fluctuations due to plasma density irregularities) is a high"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "on solid communications with the ground; if they lose these signals, they may be required to change their flight paths, Mannucci said. Radio telescopes may also experience distortion from the ionosphere; understanding the effects could lead to more accurate measurements for astronomy. \"It causes a lot of economic impact when these irregularities flare up and get bigger,\" he said. NASA's Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \"By understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\" Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. More information about NASA's Space Communications and Navigation program is at: http://www.nasa.gov/scan Images (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Elizabeth Landau."}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "ionosphere and created the hole about 13 minutes after launch, it likely caused about a one-meter error in GPS programs, according to a paper in Space Weather. The lead author of the study, Charles C. H. Lin from the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, describes a rocket launch like a small volcano erupting, unloading energy into the middle and upper atmosphere in a way that\u2019s comparable to what we see from a magnetic storm. Currently, the impact from a single launch remains relatively insignificant. \u201cWithout considering the rocket launch effects, there are errors from the ionosphere, troposphere, and other factors that will produce up to 20-meter errors or more,\u201d he told Ars Technica. But the impact will grow as space technology continues to develop."}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "of the broadcast signal may have an impact on the propagation time determination in the user receiver. Satellite position errors: if the spacecraft orbits are not properly determined by the system\u2019s ground segment, the user will not be able to precisely establish the spacecraft location at any given point in time. This will introduce an error when computing the user position. The size of the error affecting the range measurements depends on the user\u2019s location. Ionospheric effects: The ionosphere is the ionised layer of the Earth atmosphere located from around 60 kilometres to several thousand kilometres. When propagation through the ionosphere, navigation signals are disturbed, resulting in range measurement errors or reduced availability. Please refer to the article Ionospheric Delay for further information. Tropospheric effects: The troposphere is the lower part of the atmosphere where most weather phenomena take place. The signal propagation in this region will be affected by specific atmospheric conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity\u2026) and will result in range measurement errors. Tropospheric effects are further described in the article Tropospheric Delay. Local effects: When propagating in the local environment of a user receiver, navigation signals are prone to reflections or obstructions from the ground or nearby objects (buildings, vehicles...). Thermal noise, interference and user receiver design: the navigation signals have an extremely low power level when they reach the user receiver. When computing its position the user receiver combines the range measurements from the different satellites in view. Through this process, the individual errors affecting each range measurement are combined which results in an"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "extreme cases the induced current was so high the coils at the receiving side burst in flames, or the operators received electric shocks. Geomagnetic storms affect also long-haul telephone lines, including undersea cables unless they are fiber optic.[34] Damage to communications satellites can disrupt non-terrestrial telephone, television, radio and Internet links.[35] The National Academy of Sciences reported in 2008 on possible scenarios of widespread disruption in the 2012\u20132013 solar peak.[36] The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and other navigation systems such as LORAN and the now-defunct OMEGA are adversely affected when solar activity disrupts their signal propagation. The OMEGA system consisted of eight transmitters located throughout the world. Airplanes and ships used the very low frequency signals from these transmitters to determine their positions. During solar events and geomagnetic storms, the system gave navigators information that was inaccurate by as much as several miles. If navigators had been alerted that a proton event or geomagnetic storm was in progress, they could have switched to a backup system. GNSS signals are affected when solar activity causes sudden variations in the density of the ionosphere, causing the satellite signals to scintillate (like a twinkling star). The scintillation of satellite signals during ionospheric disturbances is studied at HAARP during ionospheric modification experiments. It has also been studied at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory. One technology used to allow GPS receivers to continue to operate in the presence of some confusing signals is Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). However, RAIM is predicated on the assumption that a majority of the GPS"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "radio signals might undergo random modulations of their amplitude and phase caused by scattering on irregular structures in the ionosphere. This phenomenon, known as scintillation, is governed by the space weather conditions, time of the day, season, local distribution of the geomagnetic field, etc. All these factors make ionospheric scintillation both highly variable in space and time. Moreover, scintillation are intrinsically anisotropic since the associated scattering irregularities tend to align and stretch along the geomagnetic field lines. Depending on the relative position of signal source, the receiving station, and the irregularity, the scintillation effect on the transmitted wave might be enhanced or reduced. This study is focused on the consistent accounting of this geometric effect in scintillation modeling with the emphasis on situations when the communication or sensing sender-receiver link is nearly horizontal. For this task the single phase screen model has been used to model the scattering of propagating radio signals on random ionospheric layer. The geometric enhancement effect of scintillation is demonstrated by considering communication links via a geostationary beacon satellite over the equator. Fully coupled photochemistry of the deuterated ionosphere of Mars and its effects on... Bethan Sarah Gregory Although deuterium (D) on Mars has received substantial attention, the deuterated ionosphere remains relatively unstudied. This means that we also know very little about non-thermal D escape from Mars, since it is primarily driven by excess energy imparted to atoms produced in ion-neutral reactions. Most D escape from Mars is expected to be non-thermal, highlighting a gap in our understanding of water loss from"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "positioning, and exposure irregular structure of plasma associated with plasma bubbles and so on. This phenomenon is called \"ionospheric scintillation\" or simply \"scintillation\", and it leads to the deterioration of communication quality between the ground and satellites and the disturbance of image data transmitted from satellites. This phenomenon has been known for a long time and affects satellite communications such as Inmarsat in Japan (Karasawa et al. 1985). In addition, during the US Army's al-Qaeda sweeping operation \"Operation Anaconda\" in Afghanistan in March 2002, the UHF satellite communication (SATCOM) failure caused fatalities among US troops. It has been pointed out that a plasma bubble may have caused the failure (Kelly et al. 2014). The higher the frequency, the smaller the effect of ionospheric scintillation. It is almost negligible in satellite communication systems with frequencies above 10 GHz compared with other effects such as the troposphere. On the other hand, in satellite communication systems of the L-band at 1.5 GHz and the S band at 2 GHz, the effect of scintillation due to plasma bubbles cannot be ignored. The longer the radio wave propagation path through the plasma bubble, which usually extends in the north-south direction along the magnetic field line, the greater the effect becomes. Therefore, in Japan, it is considered that communication with GEO satellites and other low-elevation-angle satellites could be greatly affected by plasma bubbles (Karasawa et al. 1985). Positioning usage Positioning with GPS satellites (GNSS) determines the position using radio waves coming from multiple satellites. Radio waves of two frequencies in the L1"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "been increasing. Wide area navigation (RNAV), which uses radio waves including GNSS, enables shorter aviation routes than those determined by previous navigation methods. Therefore, the installation of RNAV is being promoted and its use is expanding. Code positioning, one type of single-frequency positioning using a pseudo-range, is used in aviation navigation. The effect of the ionospheric delay is large in single-frequency positioning. Ionospheric disturbances such as ionospheric positive storms and plasma bubbles increase range-finding errors and degrade positioning accuracy. In addition, ionospheric scintillation reduces the number of usable satellites and the positioning accuracy. An augmentation system corrects the deterioration of accuracy and provides reinforcement information including integrity information to ensure safety even in rarely occurring worst cases. On the other hand, the augmentation system corrects the ionospheric delay using the data at GPS reference stations, so the local gradient of the ionospheric delay causes an additional error. However, the evaluation of these effects on aviation positioning is very difficult, because the required performance of navigation systems depends on the flight phase and the architecture and design of the specific navigation system. Therefore, the impacts on aeronautical navigation are left unlabeled (white) in Table 2. Aviation: exposure dose of crew members When galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) or high-energy SEPs are incident on the atmosphere, they induce an air-shower by producing various secondary particles such as neutrons. Aircrews and passengers are exposed to an enhanced radiation dose due to these secondary particles. The GCR dose rate depends on the solar modulation potential, and it gradually varies with an"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "6:35 Keynote Speaker 7:30 Closing remarks Sandwiches and beverages will be served during the Meet and Greet portion of the meeting. cover custodia samsung Keynote Presentation: Title: Ionosphere Effects and other GNSS and RF Navigation Research at Miami Presenter: Jade Morton, Professor at Miami University Abstract: The ionosphere is a dynamic medium characterized by irregularities in electron density distributions which cause refraction, scattering, and diffraction of GNSS signals that traverse the ionosphere. The results of these signal interactions with the ionosphere are highly variable signal group delays and carrier advances, deep signal amplitude fading, and random carrier phase fluctuations. custodia samsung s8 While the group delay and carrier advances cause GPS range measurement errors which cannot be totally eliminated by the current state-of-the-art receivers, the signal amplitude fading and carrier phase fluctuations, collectively referred to as ionospheric scintillations, may result in receiver loss-of-lock of satellite signals. These ionosphere effects pose a serious challenge for applications that require continuous and high accuracy measurements. In this presentation, I will focus on two of our current research efforts in ionosphere effects. iphone cover outlet The first effort aims to assess the higher order ionosphere error in GPS receiver range measurements and to characterize the higher order error temporal and spatial structure. The second study concerns the establishment of a multi-constellation, multi-band GNSS receiver array in Alaska to collect GNSS signals under both natural and controlled ionospheric scintillation conditions, and the development of robust GPS receiver algorithms for the estimation of satellite signal parameters. Technical approaches, recent findings, and significance"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "of the signal as it is shown in Fig. 6. Indeed, in order to have a good communication it is expected that the BER is at least 5 10 bit s The modelling of the ionosphere is performed using first-order approximations taken from [29]. The ionosphere is the upper part of the atmosphere where charged particles are mixed with neutral particles. The charged particles are created by photoionisation caused by incoming UV and X-radiation from the Sun: gas molecules are heated, and electrons are liberated then. The rate of this ionisation depends on the density of gas molecules and the intensity of the radiation. In the neutral atmosphere charged particles are practically absent, since the created charged particles are recombined rapidly due to the high density of particles. In the ionosphere, however, only the charged particles can influence the propagation of radio waves. Mainly, the free electrons affect the propagation since the free ions are much heavier than the electrons. The interaction of the ionosphere with the navigation signal can be decomposed into four sources of delay called first-order, second-order, third-order delay, and geometrical signal bending denoted respectively as (1) i , (2) i , (3) i and \u03ba [29]. The second and third-order delays are often referred to as the ionospheric higher-order terms. The total ionospheric delay can be written as: All the formulations for the evaluation of the different sources for the ionospheric delay are taken from [29]. The first-order delay, (1) i , which is also the most significant for the ionospheric delay"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "bursts (flares) yield impulsive perturbations in the Sun-Earth environment and to magnetic storms and substorms in the near-Earth region. By consequence, under these perturbed conditions coming from the outer space, the ionosphere may become highly turbulent and the probability of irregularities formation, typically enhancements or depletions of the electron density embedded in the ambient ionosphere, increases. Such irregularities cause diffraction effects, mainly due to the random fluctuations of the refractive index of the ionosphere, on the satellites signals passing through them and consequent perturbations may cause GNSS navigation errors and outages, abruptly corrupting its performance. Due to the morphology of the geomagnetic field, whose lines are almost vertical at high latitude, polar areas are characterized by the presence of significant ionospheric irregularities having scale sizes ranging from hundreds of kilometres down to a few centimetres and with highly dynamic structures. The understanding and consequent mitigation of the effect of such phenomena is important, in preparation for the next solar cycle (24), whose maximum is expected in 2012. We analyse the fluctuations in the carrier frequency of the radio waves received on the ground, commonly referred to as ionospheric amplitude and phase scintillations, to investigate the physical processes causing them and, conversely, to understand how these processes affect the operational capabilities of GNSS receivers under different geomagnetic conditions. The phase scintillations on GNSS signals are likely caused by ionospheric irregularities of scale size of hundreds of meters to few kilometers. The amplitude scintillations on GNSS signals are caused by ionospheric irregularities of scale size smaller than the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "applications. For instance, aircraft flying over the North Pole rely on solid communications with the ground; if they lose these signals, they may be required to change their flight paths, Mannucci said. Radio telescopes may also experience distortion from the ionosphere; understanding the effects could lead to more accurate measurements for astronomy. \u201cIt causes a lot of economic impact when these irregularities flare up and get bigger,\u201d he said. NASA\u2019s Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \u201cBy understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\u201d Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. It\u2019s Galileo time: Options for crystal oscillators in OSNMA-enabled receivers High-rate RTK: Helpful or hypeful? US Army selects Orolia Defense & Security as winner in XTech Plugfest This article is tagged with CASSIOPE, GPS interference, ionosphere, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, Richard Langley, signal"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "and get bigger,\u201d he said. NASA\u2019s Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN\u2019s tracking data. \u201cBy understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,\u201d Mannucci said. Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA. More information about NASA\u2019s Space Communications and Navigation program is at: http://www.nasa.gov/scan California Institute of Technology in Pasadena Elizabeth Landau NASA's Deep Space Network NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory NASA's Science Mission Directorate Previous articleTennessee Highway Patrol announces 2014 Trooper and Dispatcher of the Year; District of the Year Next articleIRS gives Five Good Reasons why you should choose Direct Deposit NASA\u2019s Geotail Spacecraft ends Operations Come after 30 Years NASA\u2019s James Webb Space Telescope finds Exoplanet NASA\u2019s retired Earth Radiation Budget Satellite to Reenter Earth\u2019s Atmosphere"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "minutes based on current data. This minimizes spatial sampling errors and improves space weather and climate change studies. Full ionosphere profiling Our fields of vision are, and therefore the measurements we take are located in the entire space below, above, and behind the spacecraft. This gives us insight to the ionosphere from 90 km above the Earth's surface all the way to directly above the spacecraft which is really important when monitoring the very dynamic changes in the ionosphere. Ionospheric Scintillation Detection and Localization This one is really cool, and a unique part of COSMIC-2. Scintillation is essentially these fluctuations in radio frequency signals through the ionosphere due to disturbances in the structure of plasma, or ionized gas. This phenomena can cause interruptions of some communications and navigation systems. Since COSMIC-2 uses GPS signals to make measurements, we can measure the scintillation, or interference.. Before COSMIC-2, these measurements could only be made from ground-based stations. We can now measure this phenomena across the entire globe, over land and sea.Although we can\u2019t really do anything about the effects of scintillation, being able to detect it allows us to understand where there may be interruptions in things like GPS. Observing scintillation is important for people who use information about radio signals to understand how to avoid it potentially, or to understand why they're seeing what they are seeing. It's a really new and emerging area in ionospheric physics and we were really quite lucky to be among the world leaders in making these scintillation measurements. Map of COSMIC-2"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "of the broadcast signal may have an impact on the propagation time determination in the user receiver. Satellite position errors: if the spacecraft orbits are not properly determined by the system\u2019s ground segment, the user will not be able to precisely establish the spacecraft location at any given point in time. This will introduce an error when computing the user position. The size of the error affecting the range measurements depends on the user\u2019s location. Ionospheric effects: The ionosphere is the ionised layer of the Earth atmosphere located from around 60 kilometres to several thousand kilometres. When propagation through the ionosphere, navigation signals are disturbed, resulting in range measurement errors or reduced availability. Please refer to the article Ionospheric Delay for further information. Tropospheric effects: The troposphere is the lower part of the atmosphere where most weather phenomena take place. The signal propagation in this region will be affected by specific atmospheric conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity\u2026) and will result in range measurement errors. Tropospheric effects are further described in the article Tropospheric Delay. Local effects: When propagating in the local environment of a user receiver, navigation signals are prone to reflections or obstructions from the ground or nearby objects (buildings, vehicles...). Thermal noise, interference and user receiver design: the navigation signals have an extremely low power level when they reach the user receiver. When computing its position the user receiver combines the range measurements from the different satellites in view. Through this process, the individual errors affecting each range measurement are combined which results in an"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "to the user if jamming or another problem is detected. The U.S. military has also deployed their Selective Availability / Anti-Spoofing Module (SAASM) in the Defense Advanced GPS Receiver (DAGR). In demonstration videos, the DAGR is able to detect jamming and maintain its lock on the encrypted GPS signals during interference which causes civilian receivers to lose lock.[77] ## Accuracy enhancement ### Augmentation Augmentation methods of improving accuracy rely on external information being integrated into the calculation process. There are many such systems in place and they are generally named or described based on how the GPS sensor receives the information. Some systems transmit additional information about sources of error (such as clock drift, ephemeris, or ionospheric delay), others provide direct measurements of how much the signal was off in the past, while a third group provide additional navigational or vehicle information to be integrated in the calculation process. Examples of augmentation systems include the Wide Area Augmentation System, Differential GPS, Inertial Navigation Systems and Assisted GPS. ### Precise monitoring The accuracy of a calculation can also be improved through precise monitoring and measuring of the existing GPS signals in additional or alternate ways. After SA, which has been turned off, the largest error in GPS is usually the unpredictable delay through the ionosphere. The spacecraft broadcast ionospheric model parameters, but errors remain. This is one reason the GPS spacecraft transmit on at least two frequencies, L1 and L2. 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In addition to GPS, Howard noted that the effects of solar storms on communications satellites extend to such things as cell phones, pagers, television, the Internet and streaming video. \"Society is becoming increasingly dependent on space-based assets,\" he commented. Howard added that strong ionospheric disturbances can also cause ground controllers to lose track of low orbit satellites. \"Electromagnetic energy comes in and heats the atmosphere,\" he said. \"When you heat the atmosphere, you get increased density at spacecraft altitude, and that causes an increase in drag, and you can lose track of them.\" Solar radiation also can pose a threat to humans. \"The radiation can damage astronauts, or if you're flying [in an aircraft] over the polar regions, you have to worry about getting too much radiation from X-rays and ultraviolet radiation,\" he said. \"The transpolar routes are becoming extremely popular for the airlines,\" Howard added, \"so the crews have to wear radiation dosimeters to measure how much exposure they are getting.\" High-energy particles also pose a hazard to anyone working high in the atmosphere or in space, Howard said. \"Particles can also be released, and they're coming at fantastic speeds, 500 times that"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "The latest batch of Starlink satellites encountered a geomagnetic storm while still in very low-Earth orbit. Their engines could not overcome the significantly increased drag, and the satellites began slowly falling toward Earth and eventually burned up in the atmosphere. Drag is just one hazard that space weather poses to space-based assets. The significant increase in high-energy electrons within the magnetosphere during strong geomagnetic storms means more electrons will penetrate the shielding on a spacecraft and accumulate within its electronics. This buildup of electrons can discharge in what is basically a small lightning strike and damage electronics. Penetrating radiation or charged particles in the magnetosphere \u2013 even during mild geomagnetic storms \u2013 can also alter the output signal from electronic devices. This phenomenon can cause errors in any part of a spacecraft\u2019s electronics system, and if the error occurs in something critical, the entire satellite can fail. Small errors are common and usually fixable, but total failures, though rare, do happen. Finally, geomagnetic storms can disrupt the ability of satellites to communicate with Earth using radio waves. Many communications technologies, like GPS, for example, rely on radio waves. The atmosphere always distorts radio waves by some amount , so engineers correct for this distortion when building communication systems. But during geomagnetic storms, changes in the ionosphere \u2013 the charged equivalent of the thermosphere that spans roughly the same altitude range \u2013 will change how radio waves travel through it. The calibrations in place for a quiet atmosphere become wrong during geomagnetic storms. This, for example, makes"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "ionosphere. But is the transmitter powerful enough to have fried the electronics of Russia\u2019s Mars mission? The answer is categorically no, according to Craig Selcher, HAARP program manager with the Air Force Research Laboratory\u2019s Space Vehicles Directorate at Kirtland Air Force Base, N.M. For starters, HAARP\u2019s IRI has not been operated since September 3, he says. But even if the IRI had been on during the early days of the Mars mission, the beam couldn\u2019t have had any real impact on the craft. The beam\u2019s energy, although strong enough to affect overflying airplanes, which have an operating ceiling of about 26 kilometers (in Earth\u2019s stratosphere), is too diffuse by the time it reaches the ionosphere, part of the planet\u2019s upper atmosphere. Phobos\u2013Grunt\u2019s orbit has been between 200 and 400 kilometers. It turns out that the beam is indeed diffuse at that height. The maximum energy that Phobos\u2013Grunt could have felt from HAARP would have equaled a power density of 1.03 milliwatts per square centimeter, according to Selcher. That is like shining a 60-watt lightbulb on the craft from 21 meters, he says. The sun, on the other hand, blasts the top of the atmosphere with an average of 135,100 milliwatts per square centimeter. In fact, Cohen says, \u201cHAARP routinely points itself at full power towards certain satellites\u201d that monitor what happens at the top of the ionosphere above an IRI beam. He also notes that despite the relative density of low Earth orbit\u2013satellites, HAARP has not damaged a single one. None of these counterpoints is likely"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "with charge differences. If they encounter bodies on different orbits, electrical discharging is more likely. In the case of the Moon and Earth, if the Moon encountered Earth, they might not discharge much, since their charges would be about the same. When spacecraft come down to Earth, there's usually no discharge between them. See the thread on the Columbia disaster. 3. The Earth doesn't seem to be a very strong magnet, so Earth's magnetic attraction may not affect such a body as much as gravity does. Again, metal spacecraft as well as satellites and aircraft don't seem to be strongly attracted to Earth magnetically."}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "low orbit was due to the Shuttle carrying up massive components to the station. After the Shuttle was retired and no more massive components were scheduled to be delivered, the ISS was given a big boost into a much higher 381 km by 384 km orbit. This means the resupply rockets can carry less station reboost propellant and more cargo payload. If the planet the station orbits has a magnetic field, it probably has a radiation belt. Needless to say this is a very bad place to have your orbit located, unless you don't mind little things like a radiation dosage of 25 Severts per year. And that is for Terra, Jupiter's radiation belts are a thousand times worse. In 1973 Pioneer 11 was surprised by radiation levels around Jupiter ten times greater than NASA had predicted. This is why Pioneer did not send back photos of the moon Io since the radiation belt had fried its imaging photo polarimeter. Work on the Voyager space probe came to a screeching halt as they frantically redesigned it to cope with the radiation, but still be assembled in time for the launch window. Terra's zone of glowing blue death is called the Van Allen radiation belts. The Inner Belt starts at an altitude from 400 km to 1,200 km, depending on latitude, and ends at an altitude of about 6,000 km, with its most lethal area 3,500 km out. The South Atlantic Anomaly can potentially disrupt satellites in polar orbits, but usually does not pose a problem for"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "by. These changes can cause (usually mild) electromagnetic disturbances on Earth. More serious are solar flares, which shower the upper atmosphere of Earth with X-rays, energetic particles, and intense ultraviolet radiation. The X-rays and ultraviolet radiation can ionize atoms in Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere, and the freed electrons can build up a charge on the surface of a spacecraft. When this static charge discharges, it can damage the electronics in the spacecraft\u2014just as you can receive a shock when you walk across a carpet in your stocking feet in a dry climate and then touch a light switch or some other metal object. Most disruptive are coronal mass ejections. A CME is an erupting bubble of tens of millions of tons of gas blown away from the Sun into space. When this bubble reaches Earth a few days after leaving the Sun, it heats the ionosphere, which expands and reaches farther into space. As a consequence, friction between the atmosphere and spacecraft increases, dragging satellites to lower altitudes. At the time of a particularly strong flare and CME in March 1989, the system responsible for tracking some 19,000 objects orbiting Earth temporarily lost track of 11,000 of them because their orbits were changed by the expansion of Earth\u2019s atmosphere. During solar maximum, a number of satellites are brought to such a low altitude that they are destroyed by friction with the atmosphere. Both the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station (Figure 15.24) require reboosts to higher altitude so that they can remain in orbit. International"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "radiation field produced by the Sun and other stars (while substantial!) is no secret. All GPS satellites orbit above 22,000 miles (over ISS\u2019s paltry 250), while the Sun-observing STEREO satellites sit way out in front and behind the Earth acting exclusively as radiation monitors for solar storms. The radiation out there will cook circuits as much as it\u2019ll cook DNA, so communication/navigation satellite managers are awfully interested in the radiation out there (and it being accurate \u2014 our satellites aren\u2019t falling out of the sky). But you absolutely shouldn\u2019t take my word for it \u2014 you can see for yourself here at the Space Weather Prediction Center\u2019s stream of the STEREO and GOES radiation monitoring page \u2014 you can calculate the doses for yourself if you\u2019d like: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/communities/satellites . So, given the wrong time in the solar cycle or too much time spent out there, it causes a problem for astronauts\u2019 career dose limits, but no ones\u2019 faces are melting off unless they catch a direct hit from a Coronal Mass Ejection or get marooned right in the thick of the Van Allan proton belt. I worked in NAS Headquarers during the Apollo Program. I worked on which missions to come next. Given the importance of the moon on human activities further ecploration of the other 99% was obvious. Once designed and flown building a few more Saturn V rockets is cheap. The DOD marching bands cost dozens of times more each year. It was not money that precluded more lunar visits. No one thought endless"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "constellation is operating properly, and so it is much less useful when the entire constellation is perturbed by global influences such as geomagnetic storms. Even if RAIM detects a loss of integrity in these cases, it may not be able to provide a useful, reliable signal. Satellite hardware damage Geomagnetic storms and increased solar ultraviolet emission heat Earth's upper atmosphere, causing it to expand. The heated air rises, and the density at the orbit of satellites up to about 1,000 km (621 mi) increases significantly. This results in increased drag, causing satellites to slow and change orbit slightly. Low Earth Orbit satellites that are not repeatedly boosted to higher orbits slowly fall and eventually burn up. Skylab's 1979 destruction is an example of a spacecraft reentering Earth's atmosphere prematurely as a result of higher-than-expected solar activity. During the great geomagnetic storm of March 1989, four of the Navy's navigational satellites had to be taken out of service for up to a week, the U.S. Space Command had to post new orbital elements for over 1000 objects affected and the Solar Maximum Mission satellite fell out of orbit in December the same year. The vulnerability of the satellites depends on their position as well. The South Atlantic Anomaly is a perilous place for a satellite to pass through. As technology has allowed spacecraft components to become smaller, their miniaturized systems have become increasingly vulnerable to the more energetic solar particles. These particles can physically damage microchips and can change software commands in satellite-borne computers. Another problem for"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "operating properly, and so it is much less useful when the entire constellation is perturbed by global influences such as geomagnetic storms. Even if RAIM detects a loss of integrity in these cases, it may not be able to provide a useful, reliable signal. Satellite hardware damage Geomagnetic storms and increased solar ultraviolet emission heat Earth's upper atmosphere, causing it to expand. The heated air rises, and the density at the orbit of satellites up to about 1,000 km (621 mi) increases significantly. This results in increased drag, causing satellites to slow and change orbit slightly. Low Earth Orbit satellites that are not repeatedly boosted to higher orbits slowly fall and eventually burn up. Skylab's 1979 destruction is an example of a spacecraft reentering Earth's atmosphere prematurely as a result of higher-than-expected solar activity. During the great geomagnetic storm of March 1989, four of the Navy's navigational satellites had to be taken out of service for up to a week, the U.S. Space Command had to post new orbital elements for over 1000 objects affected and the Solar Maximum Mission satellite fell out of orbit in December the same year. The vulnerability of the satellites depends on their position as well. The South Atlantic Anomaly is a perilous place for a satellite to pass through. As technology has allowed spacecraft components to become smaller, their miniaturized systems have become increasingly vulnerable to the more energetic solar particles. These particles can physically damage microchips and can change software commands in satellite-borne computers. Another problem for satellite operators"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "the electronic systems of spacecraft approaching the planet. And secondly, because the bombardment of Saturn\u2019s moons and moons by these high-energy particles alters their surface."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "World Heritage.\" From here. low-earth-orbit radiation radio-communication magnetosphere radio-astronomy $\\begingroup$ The Van Allen Belts are formed by the fairly constant magnetic field of the earth. But these VLF transmissions build an alternating magnetic field. If this field forms a barrier against high energy particles, the density of the barrier should also alternate with the VLF frequency used. If those particles are counted on earth, their rate should vary synchronous to the VLF frequency. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Uwe $\\begingroup$ I was hoping the cows would be the antennas so we could model them as spherical antennas. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Organic Marble $\\begingroup$ Spherical cows ahem antennas would be a problem of finanzing and construction for a wavelength of tenth of kilometers. $\\endgroup$ $\\begingroup$ @OrganicMarble so people DO read my questions! ;) $\\endgroup$ That paper \"Anthropogenic Space Weather\" runs to 55 pages, but only 5 pages discuss VLF impact on the ionosphere (chapter 8), while 35 pages (chapters 2-7) discuss EMP from high altitude nukes. This is for the simple reason that even a world-class VLF transmitter like Cutler 24kHz transmitter can only emit a few megawatts, while a big nuke emits billions of times more energy. Most planet-scale phenomena like the jet stream or tides are so enormous that we can't even begin to directly impact them on a global scale. So it's actually surprising that our comparatively tiny megawatt VLF transmitters and ionospheric heaters can have any detectable impact on the planet's ionosphere. (For example, the natural electrical power driving an aurora substorm has been estimated at 500,000"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "weather and communication satellites. American Idol? You may miss an episode, but that may not necessarily be a bad thing... Death by boredom. Are you starting to feel a pinch now? Large and turbulent changes in the ionosphere during geomagnetic storms triggered by these CME events interfere with high-frequency radio communications... just what your pilot is using to communicate with the control tower. As of today (24 January) Delta Airlines has started re-routing pole-crossing international flights away from the poles, where the dipolar nature of the Earth's magnetic field allows these huge ion-storms to penetrate deeply into our Earth's protective atmosphere. This is why the auroras will be so bright and far-reaching tonight. What about our astronauts in the International Space Station? They have a protective \"safe room\" to retreat to, but this is a partial mitigation at best. As I write this, all six astronauts in the ISS are being severely irradiated. The highly energetic particles during solar events like this cause temporary operational anomalies, damage critical electronics, degrade solar arrays, and blind optical systems such as imagers and star trackers. The latter are necessary to keep the solar arrays correctly oriented, and to keep one side of the ISS from broiling while the other side freezes. For the vast majority of us, there will likely be no manifestation of anything unusual. But then, when Hurricanes Andrew (1992), Isabel (2003), Katrina (2005) and Felix (2007) struck the eastern United States, most of the rest of us felt nothing... until the forced immigrants began to arrive."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "in Low Earth orbit. Geomagnetic storms due to increased solar activity can potentially blind sensors aboard spacecraft, or interfere with on-board electronics. An understanding of space environmental conditions is also important in designing shielding and life support systems for crewed spacecraft. Main pages: Astronomy:Space debris, Astronomy:Graveyard orbit, and Astronomy:Spacecraft cemetery Rockets as a class are not inherently grossly polluting. However, some rockets use toxic propellants, and most vehicles use propellants that are not carbon neutral. Many solid rockets have chlorine in the form of perchlorate or other chemicals, and this can cause temporary local holes in the ozone layer. Re-entering spacecraft generate nitrates which also can temporarily impact the ozone layer. Most rockets are made of metals that can have an environmental impact during their construction. In addition to the atmospheric effects there are effects on the near-Earth space environment. There is the possibility that orbit could become inaccessible for generations due to exponentially increasing space debris caused by spalling of satellites and vehicles (Kessler syndrome). Many launched vehicles today are therefore designed to be re-entered after use. Main page: Astronomy:Space law A wide range of issues such as space traffic management or liability have been issues of spaceflight regulation. Participation and representation of all humanity in spaceflight is an issue of international space law ever since the first phase of space exploration.[38] Even though some rights of non-spacefaring countries have been secured, sharing of space for all humanity is still criticized as imperialist and lacking, understanding spaceflight as a resource.[38] Further information: Physics:Human presence in"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "may cause damage to the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and circulatory system of astronauts. There is evidence that humans exposed to large doses of radiation from radiotherapy experience cognitive and behavioral changes, and recent studies suggest these risks may occur at lower doses for GCR creating a possible risk for operating a space vehicle. Space environment variables (Ex. microgravity, CO2, lack of sleep, etc.) which produce stress could interact with radiation in a synergistic fashion exacerbating the impacts. With the recent upgrades to the NSRL, NASA is improving its ability to understand the effects of radiation on the body. The most notable upgrades were made to the GCR simulator, which was recently highlighted in ScienceDirect. \u201cThere is ample research on acute effects of radiation exposure but very little on latent effects, and the latter more closely resembles the health effects expected from long duration space flight,\u201d Lisa Carnell, Ph.D., Medical Countermeasure Lead for NASA Space Radiation said. \u201cImagine ion trajectories to be similar to rain; sometimes there is a downpour (solar particle event) and sometimes there a light drizzle or heavy, sparse droplets (similar to galactic cosmic radiation). With the upgrades we can simulate different types of ion rain with multiple types of ions sequentially versus only one type of ion at a time.\u201d The GCR upgrades enable researchers to rapidly switch ion types and energy intensities. To support these improvements, software controls were added to permit smooth movement from target to target. The cooling system in one of the Electron Beam Ion Source, or"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "when dust became airborne inside their spacecraft. A way to control that will need to be found. Radiation poses one of the biggest challenges. Outside the protective magnetic bubble surrounding Earth, astronauts are exposed to roughly three times the radiation dose per day they receive in low-Earth orbit. It contributes to an increased risk of long-term problems such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. The radiation comes from several sources. Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) have lots of energy, but there are few of them. The Van Allen Belts around Earth contain trapped sub-atomic particles, but exposure to these is temporary. However, ways need to be found to protect against solar particle events (SPEs) - where the Sun periodically hurls electrically charged particles into space. Nasa\u2019s next-generation ship, Orion, uses materials within its structure to shield the occupants from radiation. The cornerstone of America\u2019s plan to return to the Moon is the Orion crew module. Its conical contours recall the Apollo command modules, rather than the spaceplane stylings of its immediate predecessor, the space shuttle. To many people, the spacecraft evokes a golden age of space exploration, when anything seemed possible. But the 10-tonne spacecraft makes use of technology unimaginable back in the 1960s, and even the methods being used to build it are innovative. At Lockheed Martin, which is building Orion for Nasa, engineers have been equipped with augmented reality (AR) headsets. \u201cYou\u2019re looking through a lens that\u2019s a see-through visor, but then you have these digital objects that are overlaid in the environment,\u201d explains Shelley Peterson,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "a geomagnetic storm shortly after launch, but pose little menace to Earth as they burn up within the environment, the company stated. The most recent forty nine satellites from the Starlink community launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Feb. Three and efficiently assumed their preliminary orbit, with their nearest method to the floor 210 kilometers (130 miles) high. Geomagnetic storms are brought on by ejections of the photo voltaic corona into area, leading to disturbances to the Earth\u2019s higher ambiance and elevated drag on objects in low orbits. On Feb. 4, nonetheless, they had been struck by the area weather occasion, Elon Musk\u2019s company stated in a statement late Tuesday. The corporate locations them into this area to carry out last checks before flying further into house. \u201cThese storms cause the atmosphere to warm. Now, a little bit over five months after Crew Dragon C206\u2019s second profitable reentry and splashdown, the spacecraft is scheduled to launch another four astronauts \u2013 this time all private residents \u2013 to the ISS. It could be little surprise if combining a reusability pathfinder mission with the safety requirements of crewed spaceflight resulted in a need for extra inspections, testing, and evaluation than initially expected. Possibly explaining a number of the launch delays the mission has experienced, that implies that Ax-1 \u2013 a crewed launch \u2013 will likely be the primary time any Dragon 2 capsule flies for the third time. For an April third launch, they need to thus return to Earth on April thirteenth, leaving NASA"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "a geomagnetic storm shortly after launch, but pose little menace to Earth as they burn up within the environment, the company stated. The most recent forty nine satellites from the Starlink community launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Feb. Three and efficiently assumed their preliminary orbit, with their nearest method to the floor 210 kilometers (130 miles) high. Geomagnetic storms are brought on by ejections of the photo voltaic corona into area, leading to disturbances to the Earth\u2019s higher ambiance and elevated drag on objects in low orbits. On Feb. 4, nonetheless, they had been struck by the area weather occasion, Elon Musk\u2019s company stated in a statement late Tuesday. The corporate locations them into this area to carry out last checks before flying further into house. \u201cThese storms cause the atmosphere to warm. Now, a little bit over five months after Crew Dragon C206\u2019s second profitable reentry and splashdown, the spacecraft is scheduled to launch another four astronauts \u2013 this time all private residents \u2013 to the ISS. It could be little surprise if combining a reusability pathfinder mission with the safety requirements of crewed spaceflight resulted in a need for extra inspections, testing, and evaluation than initially expected. Possibly explaining a number of the launch delays the mission has experienced, that implies that Ax-1 \u2013 a crewed launch \u2013 will likely be the primary time any Dragon 2 capsule flies for the third time. For an April third launch, they need to thus return to Earth on April thirteenth, leaving NASA"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "a logical explanation that is consistent with what I do know about radiation. Without the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, there is nothing save the thin skin of the space craft to shield travelers from deadly radiation. There are also \u201chot particles\u201d that, if absorbed by the body, could easily spell doom for the recipient. Besides those, there are \u201cmicro-meteorites\u201d that travel at incredible speeds. Punching a hole through an object that is in essence little mare than an aluminum can would not be a challenge for them. I watched your video link (all 3 hours of it!) and they do raise some pretty pesky questions. In the interest of staying away from suspected motives, the actual technological challenges present enough problems of their own. As they say, why have we not returned? The degree of danger for radiation exposure, like other hazardous materials, are rated as the product of the level (dosage) over exposure time. It seems, at least from the video, that NASA was rather generous with their calculations as to exposure in the Van Allen Belt. While that is a formidable obstacle itself, once through the belt one is not exactly \u201chome free\u201d. Coupling that with the nature of the propellant used in the LEM, apparent visibility for landing both impeded by the apparent non-existent reaction of dust to thrust and the difficulty of landing in an area obscured by the terminal line of darkness on the Moon, as Desi says, \u201cyou\u2019ve got some \u2018splainin\u2019 to do\u201d. lophatt Correct, you\u2019re not home free outside the belts."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "a logical explanation that is consistent with what I do know about radiation. Without the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, there is nothing save the thin skin of the space craft to shield travelers from deadly radiation. There are also \u201chot particles\u201d that, if absorbed by the body, could easily spell doom for the recipient. Besides those, there are \u201cmicro-meteorites\u201d that travel at incredible speeds. Punching a hole through an object that is in essence little mare than an aluminum can would not be a challenge for them. I watched your video link (all 3 hours of it!) and they do raise some pretty pesky questions. In the interest of staying away from suspected motives, the actual technological challenges present enough problems of their own. As they say, why have we not returned? The degree of danger for radiation exposure, like other hazardous materials, are rated as the product of the level (dosage) over exposure time. It seems, at least from the video, that NASA was rather generous with their calculations as to exposure in the Van Allen Belt. While that is a formidable obstacle itself, once through the belt one is not exactly \u201chome free\u201d. Coupling that with the nature of the propellant used in the LEM, apparent visibility for landing both impeded by the apparent non-existent reaction of dust to thrust and the difficulty of landing in an area obscured by the terminal line of darkness on the Moon, as Desi says, \u201cyou\u2019ve got some \u2018splainin\u2019 to do\u201d. lophatt Correct, you\u2019re not home free outside the belts."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "that travel through it. If a satellite is hit by a high-energy proton, it can short-circuit and cause an event called SEU (Single Event Upset). This can cause the satellite\u2019s function to glitch temporarily or can cause permanent damage if a key component is hit. In order to avoid losing instruments or an entire satellite, operators commonly shut down non-essential components as they pass through the SAA. Indeed, NASA's ICON (Ionospheric Connection Explorer) regularly travels through the region and so the mission keeps constant tabs on the SAA's position. - The International Space Station, which is in low-Earth orbit, also passes through the SAA. It is well protected, and astronauts are safe from harm while inside. However, the ISS has other passengers affected by the higher radiation levels: Instruments like the GEDI (Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation) mission, collect data from various positions on the outside of the ISS. The SAA causes \u201cblips\u201d on GEDI\u2019s detectors and resets the instrument\u2019s power boards about once a month, said Bryan Blair, the mission\u2019s deputy principal investigator and instrument scientist, and a lidar instrument scientist at Goddard. - \u201cThese events cause no harm to GEDI,\u201d Blair said. \u201cThe detector blips are rare compared to the number of laser shots \u2013 about one blip in a million shots \u2013 and the reset line event causes a couple of hours of lost data, but it only happens every month or so.\u201d - In addition to measuring the SAA\u2019s magnetic field strength, NASA scientists have also studied the particle radiation in the region"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "Protection of Materials from Space Radiation Environments on Spacecraft Spacecraft in orbit will encounter space radiation environments such as electron, proton, heavy ions, gamma ray, etc; and results in the space radiation effects such as single event effects, total ionizing dose effects, displacement damage effects, surface charging and discharging or electrostatic discharging, internal charging effects. So protection from space radiation should be given to the spacecraft. The protection principle and validity from space environments on spacecraft is introduced firstly, and then mass shielding material, ESD protection material, and radiation hardening functional material, were discussed. At last, some development directions on protection material from space radiation environments are proposed. Introduction During the orbital operation of the spacecraft, it will encounter severe tests from various space radiation environments, such as electrons, protons, heavy ions, photons, etc., which can cause single-particle effects, total dose effects, and other total dose effects of spacecraft materials, components, subsystems, etc. Surface charge and discharge effects, internal charging effects, displacement damage effects, etc., cause degradation of material or device performance. Therefore, in the design and development of spacecraft, it is necessary to strengthen the material selection and structural protection design of spacecraft to ensure that the spacecraft does not cause failure or failure due to space radiation during the orbit, effectively improving the spacecraft space in orbit. At present, the world's major space powers have invested a lot of efforts in the research and development of spacecraft radiation protection materials, and have done a lot of work on spacecraft structural design, and have achieved"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "telemetry data. Since we are aware of these interferences in advance, engineers on the ground can take them into account and make corrections before firing any commands that may jeopardize the life of the spacecraft. The only real unpredictable danger is a total hardware failure, with a proton hitting an electronic component and killing it. But according to Biesecker, this \"is a very remote possibility.\" Global positioning systems are also affected\u2014and will be even more affected tomorrow. Regular humans will not notice this. You will be able to keep using your GPS normally, but people using high precision GPS equipment\u2014like oil drilling, military, engineering and mining operations\u2014will definitely notice the problems. According to Karen Fox at NASA Goddard Space Center, \"NASA alerted operators of their satellites that the CME was coming, so those operators can take whatever shielding precautions they can.\" The biological danger NOAA's scale says that an S3 proton storm may pose danger to passengers in high-flying aircraft at high latitudes, which is why some airplanes below the 65th parallel north are now actually flying at lower altitudes to avoid any kind of radiation nastiness. They also recommend that astronauts to stay home and avoid space walks but\u2014according to Biesecker\u2014this type of storm is \"far below the level needed for the ISS to take any extraordinary protection measures.\" If it's ok for them, you can be sure it's perfectly fine for you and me down here on good old planet Earth. What's happening with the Coronal Mass Ejection The Coronal Mass Ejection is caused"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "telemetry data. Since we are aware of these interferences in advance, engineers on the ground can take them into account and make corrections before firing any commands that may jeopardize the life of the spacecraft. The only real unpredictable danger is a total hardware failure, with a proton hitting an electronic component and killing it. But according to Biesecker, this \"is a very remote possibility.\" Global positioning systems are also affected\u2014and will be even more affected tomorrow. Regular humans will not notice this. You will be able to keep using your GPS normally, but people using high precision GPS equipment\u2014like oil drilling, military, engineering and mining operations\u2014will definitely notice the problems. According to Karen Fox at NASA Goddard Space Center, \"NASA alerted operators of their satellites that the CME was coming, so those operators can take whatever shielding precautions they can.\" The biological danger NOAA's scale says that an S3 proton storm may pose danger to passengers in high-flying aircraft at high latitudes, which is why some airplanes below the 65th parallel north are now actually flying at lower altitudes to avoid any kind of radiation nastiness. They also recommend that astronauts to stay home and avoid space walks but\u2014according to Biesecker\u2014this type of storm is \"far below the level needed for the ISS to take any extraordinary protection measures.\" If it's ok for them, you can be sure it's perfectly fine for you and me down here on good old planet Earth. What's happening with the Coronal Mass Ejection The Coronal Mass Ejection is caused"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "further from charged particle bombardment. But some particles get trapped in these cavities and they become radioactive belts surrounding Earth. Astronauts have to pass through these dangerous belts before they reach deeper space. Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR): Outside our solar system ionized atoms traveling at almost light speed pass through space matter, including humans and man-made objects unless they are properly shielded. Solar Particle Events (SPE): Sometimes the Sun flares and ejects copious amounts of highly charged radioactive particles into space. These particles travel so fast they are capable of reaching Earth within ten minutes of a solar or coronal flare event. These are dramatic happenings that temporarily drastically increase radiation exposure. Astronauts traveling through space radiation or living in the ISS have to be protected from space radiation. Radiation exposure causes damage to human cells. There is a scientific formula used to calculate how much radiation exposure an astronaut can expect when working on the ISS. It\u2019s a bit too complicated for the gringa to understand. These calculations are the reason ISS missions have a maximum six month cycle and spacewalks are limited. Exposure is increased during a spacewalk to perform repairs and maintenance. Shielding is preferred to be constructed of materials like polyethylene because it has a high hydrogen content. This kind of material is more effective than metals at reducing the ability of particles to pass through and enter the modules. Astronauts also wear monitors called \u201cdosimeters\u201d that constantly measure the level of radiation damage to the chromosomes in their blood cells. Every"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "the density must very low is simply to consider that the spacecraft is in orbit through the thermosphere: spacecraft do not orbit in atmosphere, or not for very long. The answer to the second question is subtle, and I'm not sure I understand it. I think that David Hammen's answer provides much better information than I could. Thanks for contributing an answer to Space Exploration Stack Exchange! Should we accept questions about information provided by ChatGPT? Would a Europa lander need radiation shielding similar to Juno? If Juno's long orbit means a lower rate of radiation damage, why the planned short orbit? How can SpaceX's Mars spacecraft be protected against solar flares? Can you avoid the costs of cooling superconductors for magnetic shields by separating them from the spacecraft and using shades? When a coronal mass ejection (CME) hits a spacecraft, from which direction will the particles come? How can they be so sure that Dragonfly will \"freeze to death\" as opposed to simply (and eventually) running out of RTG power? (238Pu decay) How much solar radiation hits a spacecraft in transit to Mars?"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "exposed to large doses of radiation from radiotherapy experience cognitive and behavioral changes, and recent studies suggest these risks may occur at lower doses for GCR creating a possible risk for operating a space vehicle. Space environment variables (Ex. microgravity, CO2, lack of sleep, etc.) which produce stress could interact with radiation in a synergistic fashion exacerbating the impacts. With the recent upgrades to the NSRL, NASA is improving its ability to understand the effects of radiation on the body. The most notable upgrades were made to the GCR simulator, which was recently highlighted in ScienceDirect. \u201cThere is ample research on acute effects of radiation exposure but very little on latent effects, and the latter more closely resembles the health effects expected from long duration space flight,\u201d Lisa Carnell, Ph.D., Medical Countermeasure Lead for NASA Space Radiation said. \u201cImagine ion trajectories to be similar to rain; sometimes there is a downpour (solar particle event) and sometimes there a light drizzle or heavy, sparse droplets (similar to galactic cosmic radiation). With the upgrades we can simulate different types of ion rain with multiple types of ions sequentially versus only one type of ion at a time.\u201d The GCR upgrades enable researchers to rapidly switch ion types and energy intensities. To support these improvements, software controls were added to permit smooth movement from target to target. The cooling system in one of the Electron Beam Ion Source, or EBIS magnets was upgraded to handle higher energy currents. In addition, new probes were installed in two of the beamline\u2019s"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "crew. They did three launches in August and September of 1958, but the scintillator detector on Explorer 4 failed before the third one. The sailors saw the flashes and then some striking auroras as the particles rained down. The particles also bounced around the field lines and came down over the Azores in the north Atlantic, causing more auroras. The satellite really did detect an increase in electron flux up in the Belts, and radio propagation was affected. The news of the test leaked out a year later. Detailed reports were published, and everyone congratulated themselves on an experiment well-done. Christofilos went on to lead an equally grandiose but actually useful project, the gigantic Ground Dipole Antenna for using 80 Hz radio waves to communicate with submarines. York became chancellor of UCSD, and later helped negotiate the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Yet no one seemed to have stopped to think this through. Unless you did a lot more testing, how could you be sure this would have any effect on ICBMs? And how was that supposed to happen when atmospheric testing was both poisoning the planet and illegal? Even if this did work, the Van Allen belts start at about 500 miles up, and ICBMs can easily fly below that. Were they seriously thinking of spending extremely expensive H-bombs and rockets for something that could be dodged with a guidance tweak? And are warheads that enter the atmosphere at several miles per second really going to be bothered by a couple of minutes of radiation exposure?"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "crew. They did three launches in August and September of 1958, but the scintillator detector on Explorer 4 failed before the third one. The sailors saw the flashes and then some striking auroras as the particles rained down. The particles also bounced around the field lines and came down over the Azores in the north Atlantic, causing more auroras. The satellite really did detect an increase in electron flux up in the Belts, and radio propagation was affected. The news of the test leaked out a year later. Detailed reports were published, and everyone congratulated themselves on an experiment well-done. Christofilos went on to lead an equally grandiose but actually useful project, the gigantic Ground Dipole Antenna for using 80 Hz radio waves to communicate with submarines. York became chancellor of UCSD, and later helped negotiate the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Yet no one seemed to have stopped to think this through. Unless you did a lot more testing, how could you be sure this would have any effect on ICBMs? And how was that supposed to happen when atmospheric testing was both poisoning the planet and illegal? Even if this did work, the Van Allen belts start at about 500 miles up, and ICBMs can easily fly below that. Were they seriously thinking of spending extremely expensive H-bombs and rockets for something that could be dodged with a guidance tweak? And are warheads that enter the atmosphere at several miles per second really going to be bothered by a couple of minutes of radiation exposure?"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "the protection of the magnetosphere and crossing the Van Allen Belts, two regions of trapped high-energy particles at the edges of the magnetosphere, and then enduring constant exposure to ionizing radiation in deep space for the rest of the trip. The astronauts who flew to the moon on the Apollo missions are the only humans who have ever been outside Earth\u2019s protective magnetosphere. Although the Apollo spacecraft offered some radiation shielding, they couldn\u2019t completely protect the astronauts. NASA\u2019s Van Allen Probes orbit through two giant radiation belts surrounding Earth. Their observations help explain how particles in the belts can be sped up to nearly the speed of light. (Credit: NASA) \u201cThe lunar astronauts also experienced a visual phenomenon of light flashes (~17/hour) when the spacecraft was dark, and tests indicated that the flashes were the result of HZE cosmic rays traversing the retina,\u201d wrote Delp and his colleagues. Until recently, though, everyone assumed that the trips to the moon had been too short to expose astronauts to enough ionizing radiation to do lasting damage. However, according to a preliminary study published today in Scientific Reports, that short exposure may have been enough to jeopardize the Apollo astronauts\u2019 long-term cardiac health. Increased Mortality Rate Delp and his colleagues compared the causes of death for 7 Apollo astronauts to those of 35 astronauts who had flown missions in low Earth orbit, along with 35 more who trained but never flew a space mission. Astronauts who had been to low Earth orbit died of cardiovascular disease at about the"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "altitudes. Figure 2 shows the focus/subdomains (the types of impacts and their sources) of the Space Radiation and Plasma Effects Working Team. Spacecraft Charging Spacecraft charging (see NASA Handbooks, NASA-HDBK-4002A w/CHANGE 1, NASA-HDBK-4006) remains a serious operational threat for the design and operation of space assets. It usually manifests as surface charging and/or internal charging. When charge is built up either in the outside (surface) material or in the material (internal), an electrostatic discharge (ESD) can occur when the electric field exceeds the breakdown strength of the material. If the discharge occurred at or near a sensitive component, these ESD currents can cause compromised function and/or catastrophic destruction of sensitive electronics, solar array failures, uncommanded change in system states (phantom commands), loss of synchronization in timing circuits, spurious mode switching, power-on resets, erroneous sensor signals, telemetry noise, and/or loss of data. Other concerns with discharges are possible electromagnetic interference and material damage. Electromagnetic interference can produce noise levels in receive bands that exceed the receiver sensitivity, communications issues due to the excess noise, or phantom commands or signals. ESDs can damage mission-critical materials, including thermal control coatings, reentry thermal protection systems, and optical materials such as dielectric coatings and mirror surfaces. The re-attracted photoionized outgassing materials can be deposited as surface contaminants. Surface and internal charging can also compromise science instrument and sensor functionality. The distinction between surface charging and internal charging is that internal charging is caused by energetic particles that can penetrate and deposit charge very close to a victim site (e.g., Garrett, 2016,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "trapped in these cavities and they become radioactive belts surrounding Earth. Astronauts have to pass through these dangerous belts before they reach deeper space. Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR): Outside our solar system ionized atoms traveling at almost light speed pass through space matter, including humans and man-made objects unless they are properly shielded. Solar Particle Events (SPE): Sometimes the Sun flares and ejects copious amounts of highly charged radioactive particles into space. These particles travel so fast they are capable of reaching Earth within ten minutes of a solar or coronal flare event. These are dramatic happenings that temporarily drastically increase radiation exposure. Astronauts traveling through space radiation or living in the ISS have to be protected from space radiation. Radiation exposure causes damage to human cells. There is a scientific formula used to calculate how much radiation exposure an astronaut can expect when working on the ISS. It\u2019s a bit too complicated for the gringa to understand. These calculations are the reason ISS missions have a maximum six month cycle and spacewalks are limited. Exposure is increased during a spacewalk to perform repairs and maintenance. Shielding is preferred to be constructed of materials like polyethylene because it has a high hydrogen content. This kind of material is more effective than metals at reducing the ability of particles to pass through and enter the modules. Astronauts also wear monitors called \u201cdosimeters\u201d that constantly measure the level of radiation damage to the chromosomes in their blood cells. Every single astronaut is a hero. No matter what the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "exposed to 200 times more radiation as a result of their work than would be experienced by an airline pilot or a radiology nurse. As a result, NASA is constantly monitoring local space weather information. If a burst of space radiation is detected, mission control in Houston, Texas, can instruct astronauts to abort space walks, move to more shielded areas of the orbiting laboratory and even adjust the station\u2019s altitude to minimise any health impacts. Solar flare activity can cause acute radiation exposure effects \u2014 such as changes to the blood, diarrhoea, nausea, and vomiting \u2014 which can be recovered from, and other impacts that are non-reversible and/or fatal. Long-term cosmic ray bombardment is a greater concern. This can increases the risks of cancer, generate cataracts and cause sterility. It can also cause damage to the brain, central nervous system and heart, paving the way for various degenerative diseases. DNA changes from space radiation can even be passed on to subsequent children. dailymailsciencetech The Queen was RIGHT to axe Prince Andrew for the sake of the monarchy, says AN WILSON Low levels of air pollution increases risk of disease, study finds Apple set to add 217 new emoji to iPhones on iOS 14.5 this month Meta teases \u2018Project Cambria\u2019 headset that will bring the firm\u2019s metaverse to life Apple releases iOS 14.4 to fix three flaws that \u2018may have been actively exploited\u2019 by hackers"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "space debris rather than failure of communication electronics. It would be challenging to prove or disprove the possibility of space debris induced vehicle destruction. Or, for that matter, the statistical odds for such an event. I don\u2019t believe space is as empty as we think it is. Space debris may be an insurmountable barrier to space travel. Prime says: Although this research isn\u2019t generally known to the public, it describes, in part, a non-rocket approach to the Magnetic Ion type shield. http://community-2.webtv.net/SkyVessel-1/doc0/ As you can see, there are many more advantages to this approach. dollhopf @ Prime says: ;))) oh my goodness ;))) amusing just another crazy idea would it be useful to upgrade the ISS with a Bamford small-scale magnetosphere generator? The ISS then possibly could orbit earth in a much higher orbit, because the crew\u2019s health would no longer depend on the protecting earth magnetosphere. Thus, the atmospheric drag of low orbit could be avoided. What side effects could such a magnetosphere have to the station\u2019s system? RetardedFishFrog says: They should make a very large solar-powered version of these. Put one at EM L1 and the other at EM L2 to shield a future moon base. Damion says: Wow, this is really amazing! I bet there going to use this for SPACE COMBAT!!!!! charbel says: i got you a tips for spare on energy to the spaceship the atmosfer of mars is big and the thing i wana say is you can get the energi from the atmosfer off mars but its will be"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "space debris rather than failure of communication electronics. It would be challenging to prove or disprove the possibility of space debris induced vehicle destruction. Or, for that matter, the statistical odds for such an event. I don\u2019t believe space is as empty as we think it is. Space debris may be an insurmountable barrier to space travel. Prime says: Although this research isn\u2019t generally known to the public, it describes, in part, a non-rocket approach to the Magnetic Ion type shield. http://community-2.webtv.net/SkyVessel-1/doc0/ As you can see, there are many more advantages to this approach. dollhopf @ Prime says: ;))) oh my goodness ;))) amusing just another crazy idea would it be useful to upgrade the ISS with a Bamford small-scale magnetosphere generator? The ISS then possibly could orbit earth in a much higher orbit, because the crew\u2019s health would no longer depend on the protecting earth magnetosphere. Thus, the atmospheric drag of low orbit could be avoided. What side effects could such a magnetosphere have to the station\u2019s system? RetardedFishFrog says: They should make a very large solar-powered version of these. Put one at EM L1 and the other at EM L2 to shield a future moon base. Damion says: Wow, this is really amazing! I bet there going to use this for SPACE COMBAT!!!!! charbel says: i got you a tips for spare on energy to the spaceship the atmosfer of mars is big and the thing i wana say is you can get the energi from the atmosfer off mars but its will be"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "By the time astronauts reach Mars will they forget why they are there? A recent study argues radiation exposure en route to Mars may cause the mission crew to develop brain damage. \u201cWhat happens to your brain on the way to Mars\u201d, a paper in Science Advance, by a group of radiation researchers, reports memory loss to mice caused by administering very large doses of galactic cosmic ray (GCR)-like high-energy radiation. They contend that long-term galactic cosmic ray exposure leads to dementia-like cognitive impairments, with serious implications for human Mars explorers. The lead author of the study, Charles Limoli of the University of California Irvine, adds in a university press release: The researchers found that exposure to these particles resulted in brain inflammation, which disrupted the transmission of signals among neurons. Imaging revealed how the brain\u2019s communication network was impaired through reductions in the structure of nerve cells called dendrites and spines. Additional synaptic alterations in combination with the structural changes interfered with the capability of nerve cells to efficiently transmit electrochemical signals. Furthermore, these differences were parallel to decreased performance on behavioral tasks designed to test learning and memory. However, Mars mission crusader Robert Zubrin challenges several components of the study in \u201cDebunking the invalid claims of a space radiation paper\u201d in The Space Review. The four-millionfold difference in dose rate between the lab study and spaceflight is of critical importance. It is a well-known finding of both chemical and radiation toxicology that the effects of large doses of toxins delivered suddenly is entirely different"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "low orbit was due to the Shuttle carrying up massive components to the station. After the Shuttle was retired and no more massive components were scheduled to be delivered, the ISS was given a big boost into a much higher 381 km by 384 km orbit. This means the resupply rockets can carry less station reboost propellant and more cargo payload. If the planet the station orbits has a magnetic field, it probably has a radiation belt. Needless to say this is a very bad place to have your orbit located, unless you don't mind little things like a radiation dosage of 25 Severts per year. And that is for Terra, Jupiter's radiation belts are a thousand times worse. In 1973 Pioneer 11 was surprised by radiation levels around Jupiter ten times greater than NASA had predicted. This is why Pioneer did not send back photos of the moon Io since the radiation belt had fried its imaging photo polarimeter. Work on the Voyager space probe came to a screeching halt as they frantically redesigned it to cope with the radiation, but still be assembled in time for the launch window. Terra's zone of glowing blue death is called the Van Allen radiation belts. The Inner Belt starts at an altitude from 400 km to 1,200 km, depending on latitude, and ends at an altitude of about 6,000 km, with its most lethal area 3,500 km out. The South Atlantic Anomaly can potentially disrupt satellites in polar orbits, but usually does not pose a problem for"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "low orbit was due to the Shuttle carrying up massive components to the station. After the Shuttle was retired and no more massive components were scheduled to be delivered, the ISS was given a big boost into a much higher 381 km by 384 km orbit. This means the resupply rockets can carry less station reboost propellant and more cargo payload. If the planet the station orbits has a magnetic field, it probably has a radiation belt. Needless to say this is a very bad place to have your orbit located, unless you don't mind little things like a radiation dosage of 25 Severts per year. And that is for Terra, Jupiter's radiation belts are a thousand times worse. In 1973 Pioneer 11 was surprised by radiation levels around Jupiter ten times greater than NASA had predicted. This is why Pioneer did not send back photos of the moon Io since the radiation belt had fried its imaging photo polarimeter. Work on the Voyager space probe came to a screeching halt as they frantically redesigned it to cope with the radiation, but still be assembled in time for the launch window. Terra's zone of glowing blue death is called the Van Allen radiation belts. The Inner Belt starts at an altitude from 400 km to 1,200 km, depending on latitude, and ends at an altitude of about 6,000 km, with its most lethal area 3,500 km out. The South Atlantic Anomaly can potentially disrupt satellites in polar orbits, but usually does not pose a problem for"}, {"title": "rpj-wikipedia", "text": "Space environment is a branch of astronautics, aerospace engineering and space physics that seeks to understand and address conditions existing in space that affect the design and operation of spacecraft. A related subject, space weather, deals with dynamic processes in the solar-terrestrial system that can give rise to effects on spacecraft, but that can also affect the atmosphere, ionosphere and geomagnetic field, giving rise to several other kinds of effects on human technologies. Effects on spacecraft can arise from radiation, space debris and meteoroid impact, upper atmospheric drag and spacecraft electrostatic charging. Radiation in space usually comes from three main sources: The Van Allen radiation belts Solar proton events and solar energetic particles; and Galactic cosmic rays. For long-duration missions, the high doses of radiation can damage electronic components and solar cells. A major concern is also radiation-induced \"single-event effects\" such as single event upset. Crewed missions usually avoid the radiation belts and the International Space Station is at an altitude well below the most severe regions of the radiation belts. During solar energetic events (solar flares and coronal mass ejections) particles can be accelerated to very high energies and can reach the Earth in times as short as 30 minutes (but usually take some hours). These particles are mainly protons and heavier ions that can cause radiation damage, disruption to logic circuits, and even hazards to astronauts. Crewed missions to return to the Moon or to travel to Mars will have to deal with the major problems presented by solar particle events to radiation safety,"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "Updated | NASA space probes have discovered an artificial barrier around Earth created through human activity\u2014showing we are not only responsible for shaping the environment on land, but that we are now having an impact on space too. The barrier, which comes and goes, is the result of very low frequency radio communications interacting with particles in space, which results in a sort of shield protecting Earth from high energy radiation in space. This, scientists say, is potentially very good news, as we could use the barrier to protect Earth from extreme space weather resulting from events like coronal mass ejections\u2014huge explosions on the sun, where plasmas and magnetic field are ejected from its corona, the outermost part of its atmosphere. These ejections can result in geomagnetic storms, which have the potential to knock out communication satellites and power grids. NASA scientists detected the barrier with the Van Allen Probes, which are designed to study electrons and ions in our new-space environment. Normally, very low frequency (VLF) signals from radio telescopes are transmitted from the ground and are used to communicate with submarines, deep below the surface of the ocean. However, they also end up going into the atmosphere. The result is a massive \u201cVLF bubble\u201d enshrouding Earth, NASA said. The bubble can be seen high above Earth\u2019s surface in the space environment surrounding it. Further analysis showed the bubble extends almost exactly to the inner edge of Van Allen radiation belts. These three belts are zones of energetic charged particles that come from solar wind\u2014the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "decrease effect during coronal mass ejections can temporarily lower the flux of galactic cosmic rays, the short duration of the effect (1\u20133 days) and the approximately 1% chance that a CME generates a dangerous solar proton event limits the utility of timing missions to coincide with CMEs. Orbital selection Radiation dosage from the Earth's radiation belts is typically mitigated by selecting orbits that avoid the belts or pass through them relatively quickly. For example, a low Earth orbit, with low inclination, will generally be below the inner belt. The orbits of the Earth-Moon system Lagrange points L2 - L5 take them out of the protection of the Earth's magnetosphere for approximately two-thirds of the time.[citation needed] The orbits of Earth-Sun system Lagrange Points L1 and L3 - L5 are always outside the protection of the Earth's magnetosphere. Space portal Effect of spaceflight on the human body Lagrange point colonization List of microorganisms tested in outer space NASA Space Radiation Laboratory Proton: Human exposure Solar flare: Hazards Solar proton event Van Allen belt Central nervous system effects from radiation exposure during spaceflight ^ a b Schimmerling, Walter. \"The Space Radiation Environment: An Introduction\" (PDF). The Health Risks of Extraterrestrial Environments. Universities Space Research Association Division of Space Life Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2011. ^ Chang, Kenneth (27 January 2014). \"Beings Not Made for Space\". New York Times. Retrieved 27 January 2014. ^ a b c d Fong, MD, Kevin (12 February 2014). \"The Strange, Deadly Effects Mars Would"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "recent studies suggest these risks may occur at lower doses for GCR creating a possible risk for operating a space vehicle. Space environment variables (Ex. microgravity, CO2, lack of sleep, etc.) which produce stress could interact with radiation in a synergistic fashion exacerbating the impacts. With the recent upgrades to the NSRL, NASA is improving its ability to understand the effects of radiation on the body. The most notable upgrades were made to the GCR simulator, which was recently highlighted in ScienceDirect. \u201cThere is ample research on acute effects of radiation exposure but very little on latent effects, and the latter more closely resembles the health effects expected from long duration space flight,\u201d NASA Space Radiation Medical Countermeasure Lead Lisa Carnell, Ph.D., said. \u201cImagine ion trajectories to be similar to rain; sometimes there is a downpour (solar particle event) and sometimes there is a light drizzle or heavy, sparse droplets (similar to galactic cosmic radiation). With the upgrades we can simulate different types of ion rain with multiple types of ions sequentially versus only one type of ion at a time.\u201d The GCR upgrades enable researchers to rapidly switch ion types and energy intensities. To support these improvements, software controls were added to permit smooth movement from target to target. The cooling system in one of the Electron Beam Ion Source, or EBIS magnets was upgraded to handle higher energy currents. In addition, new probes were installed in two of the beamline\u2019s magnets to speed up setting changes. Before these upgrades, switching radiation beams was not"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "charged particles and magnetic fields in cislunar space\". Explorer 21 \"Studied magnetic fields and their interactions with solar plasma, solar wind, cosmic rays, intensities and distribution of space radiation.\" Explorer 26 \"Studied how high-energy particles are injected, trapped, and lost in the Van Allen Belt\". The OGO satellites also studied the \"magnetosphere, and the space between the Earth and Moon\". And Pioneer 4 \"sent back excellent data about the Van Allen Belts\". 2. If it were true, like the debunkers maintain, that \u201ca lunar mission entails a total of radiation equivalent to an x-ray\u201d, why does NASA describe today the Van Allen belts as \u201can area of dangerous radiation\u201d? The NASA engineer, Kelly Smith, who says the Van Allen belts are dangerous in the clip starting at 1:09:44 actually explains the reason. He says \"radiation like this could harm the guidance systems, onboard computers or other electronics on Orion\". Smith does not say that the radiation is a danger to humans. NASA scientist David Sibeck gives more detail here, stating that \"Our current technology is ever more susceptible to these accelerated particles because even a single hit from a particle can upset our ever smaller instruments and electronics.\" It is the threat to sensitive electronics, not to people, which is the problem. 3. If it\u2019s true, like NASA maintains that during the trip to the moon 50 years ago \u201cthe astronaut doses were \u2018NEGLIGIBLE\u2019, why does NASA state today, in regards to the Van Allen belts, that \u201cwe must solve these challenges before we send people"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "the movement of the particles can play a critical role in protecting our satellite systems as they pass through the Van Allen Belts \u2013 and its far reaching radiation extensions. As we know, the Sun produces copious amounts of charged particles in the stellar winds and \u2013 at times \u2013 can blast in our direction during coronal mass ejections (CMEs) or shock fronts caused by fast solar winds overtaking slower winds called co-rotating interaction regions -CIRs). When directed our way, they disrupt Earth\u2019s magnetosphere in an event known as a geomagnetic storm. During a \u201cstorm\u201d the radiation belt particles have been known to decrease and empty the belt within hours\u2026 a depletion which can last for days. While this is documented, we simply don\u2019t know the cause, much less what causes the particles to leave! In order to get a firmer grip on what\u2019s happening requires multiple spacecraft measuring the changes at multiple points at the same time. This allows scientists to determine if an action that happens in one place affects another elsewhere. While we look forward to the Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) mission results, it isn\u2019t scheduled to launch until August 2012. In the interim, researchers have combined data from two widely separated spacecraft to get an early determination of what happens during a loss event. So where did this early support information come from? Fortunately the team was able to observe a small geomagnetic storm which occurred on January 6, 2011. By engaging the the three NASA THEMIS (Time History of Events"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "can be used to distinguish the ions escaping through the polar plume and those through the tail region. The contribution of the polar plume ion escape to the total escape rate will also be discussed. An all-woman crew to Mars: a radical proposal Landis, G. A. It is logical to propose that if a human mission is flown to Mars, it should be composed of an entirely female crew. On the average, women have lower mass and take less volume than males, and use proportionately less consumables. In addition, sociological research indicates that a female crew may have a preferable interpersonal dynamic, and be likely to choose non-confrontational approaches to solve interpersonal problems. Low Loss Tapered Fiber Waveguide Modulator for Crew Cognitive State Monitoring (CSM) National Aeronautics and Space Administration \u00e2\u20ac\u201d Many crew-related errors in aviation and astronautics are caused by hazardous cognitive states including overstress, disengagement, high fatigue and ineffective crew... Management of cosmic radiation exposure for aircraft crew in Japan Yasuda, H.; Sato, T.; Yonehara, H.; Kosako, T.; Fujitaka, K.; Sasaki, Y. The International Commission on Radiological Protection has recommended that cosmic radiation exposure of crew in commercial jet aircraft be considered as occupational exposure. In Japan, the Radiation Council of the government has established a guideline that requests domestic airlines to voluntarily keep the effective dose of cosmic radiation for aircraft crew below 5 mSv y -1 . The guideline also gives some advice and policies regarding the method of cosmic radiation dosimetry, the necessity of explanation and education about this issue, a"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) spacecraft, two GOES (Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite), operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and six POES (Polar Operational Environmental Satellite), run jointly by NOAA, and the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) spacecraft, they were able to catch electrons moving close to the speed of light as they dropped out of the belt for over six hours. Orbiting Earth\u2019s equatorial zones, the THEMIS and GOES spacecraft are just part of the team. The POES spacecraft passes through the radiation belts several times a day as it cruises at a lower altitude and near the poles. By combining data, the scientists were able to take several observational vantage points and proved \u2013 without a doubt \u2013 that the particles left the belt by way of space and did not return to Earth. During this time, the spacecraft also observed a low-density area of the Van Allen belts which appeared along the periphery and traveled inward. This appeared to be an indication the particles were outward bound. If this was a normal occurrence, it stands to reason that a type of \u201cwave\u201d must assist the motion, allowing the particles to reach the outer escape boundary. Discovering just what exactly triggers this escape mechanism will be one of the jobs for RBSP, says David Sibeck at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., who is NASA\u2019s mission scientist for RBSP and project scientist for THEMIS. Original Story Source: NASA THEMIS News Release."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "stored in a computer memory, causing malfunctions and restarts, or can damage permanently the sensors of a still camera or TV camera, as reported by astronaut Don Pettit: Free from the protection offered by the atmosphere, cosmic rays bombard us within Space Station, penetrating the hull almost as if it was not there. They zap everything inside, causing such mischief as locking up our laptop computers and knocking pixels out of whack in our cameras. The computers recover with a reboot; the cameras suffer permanent damage. After about a year, the images they produce look like they are covered with electronic snow. James Van Allen himself replies In February 2003, a member of the Cosmoquest forum reported that he had written to James Van Allen asking for information on the effects that belt radiation might have had on astronauts and that he had received the following answer: Dear Mr. Lambert, In reply to your e-mail, I send you the following copy of a response that I wrote to another inquiry about 2 months ago -- - The radiation belts of the Earth do, indeed, pose important constraints on the safety of human space flight. - The very energetic (tens to hundreds of MeV) protons in the inner radiation belt are the most dangerous and most difficult to shield against. Specifically, prolonged flights (i.e., ones of many months' duration) of humans or other animals in orbits about the Earth must be conducted at altitudes less than about 250 miles in order to avoid significant radiation exposure. -"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "as a natural radiation shield. (Credit: NASA) There are many astronauts experiences that are well understood. Everyone knows about \u201cweightlessness,\u201d or floating in a microgravity environment, (which is actually perpetual free-fall around the Earth, but that\u2019s a technicality for another post.) Everyone has heard about the problem of space sickness that hits some astronauts and not others. Disruptions in our sense of orientation (i.e., up and down,) are likely to blame. However, what many do not know about are the strange \u201cflashes\u201d of light astronauts see while in space and what it might mean for their future heath. With commercial space travel on the horizon and space tourists and commercial astronauts lining up to take part, the realities of space travel must be explored and disclosed. The Earth\u2019s atmosphere normally acts as a shielding layer, protecting the surface from cosmic and solar radiation. However, when we travel beyond the atmosphere, (i.e., space,) we increase our exposure to such radiation. In truth, these \u201cflashes\u201d reported by astronauts are actually electrochemical reactions occurring in astronauts\u2019 eyes as a result of high-energy radiation striking their retinas. A radiated particle passes through the lens of the eye, strikes the retina, and fakes out the optic nerve, which in turn interprets the signal as light. So, aside from being strange, what are the potential effects of these flashes? There appears to be a relationship between this radiation exposure and later development of cataracts, a disease characterized by a clouding of the lens of the eye. According to a 2001 study, a"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "as a natural radiation shield. (Credit: NASA) There are many astronauts experiences that are well understood. Everyone knows about \u201cweightlessness,\u201d or floating in a microgravity environment, (which is actually perpetual free-fall around the Earth, but that\u2019s a technicality for another post.) Everyone has heard about the problem of space sickness that hits some astronauts and not others. Disruptions in our sense of orientation (i.e., up and down,) are likely to blame. However, what many do not know about are the strange \u201cflashes\u201d of light astronauts see while in space and what it might mean for their future heath. With commercial space travel on the horizon and space tourists and commercial astronauts lining up to take part, the realities of space travel must be explored and disclosed. The Earth\u2019s atmosphere normally acts as a shielding layer, protecting the surface from cosmic and solar radiation. However, when we travel beyond the atmosphere, (i.e., space,) we increase our exposure to such radiation. In truth, these \u201cflashes\u201d reported by astronauts are actually electrochemical reactions occurring in astronauts\u2019 eyes as a result of high-energy radiation striking their retinas. A radiated particle passes through the lens of the eye, strikes the retina, and fakes out the optic nerve, which in turn interprets the signal as light. So, aside from being strange, what are the potential effects of these flashes? There appears to be a relationship between this radiation exposure and later development of cataracts, a disease characterized by a clouding of the lens of the eye. According to a 2001 study, a"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "events,\u201d said Jeff Newmark, interim director of the Heliophysics Division at NASA Headquarters in Washington. \u201cEruptive solar flares, coronal mass ejections and geomagnetic storms all involve the release, through reconnection, of energy stored in magnetic fields. Space weather events can affect modern technological systems such as communications networks, GPS navigation and electrical power grids.\u201d See our earlier MMS coverage. And see our Atlas archive for further information. If you will be away from your computer but would like to receive occasional status checks, sign up for our Twitter feed to get text message updates sent to your cellphone. U.S. readers can also sign up from their phone by texting \u201cfollow spaceflightnow\u201d to 40404. (Standard text messaging charges apply.) And check out Spaceflight Now\u2019s Facebook page! Atlas 5 rocket begins arriving in Florida for commercial crew test flight New Horizons phones home, confirms successful flyby SpaceX poised to launch planet-hunter"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "solar flares, and cosmic rays from the wider galaxy and beyond, from reaching the Earth. Even though it does a good job of protecting us, the magnetosphere isn't completely benign. It is home to the dangerous radiation belts, regions of space filled with highly energetic protons and electrons that are harmful to astronauts and can damage spacecraft. The radiation belts are much more dangerous in the hours and days after the magnetosphere has been hit by a coronal mass ejection or exposed to particularly strong solar wind. The orbit of the GPS constellation and Geosynchronous orbit, the location of the vast majority of communications satelites, are both within the outer radiation belt which makes them vulnerable during some space weather events. Space Weather: Effects on the ground Space Weather and the dynamics in the magnetosphere can also effect the surface of the Earth and our atmosphere. During space weather events there is a higher than usual flux of charged particles impacting the upper atmosphere. This can subtly change the conditions in the ionosphere and interfere with radio and satellite comunications. These increased particle fluxes are strongest at the poles so can also result in diversion of transpolar flights. Space weather events can also interfere with power grids. The interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere can make the Earth's magnetic field oscillate. Oscillating magnetic fields can generate electric currents, which in the case of Earth's magnetic field can then flow in power grids. If this happens without warning, the extra current can sometimes overload"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "shortwave radio communications, which were being used by amateurs and professionals in emergency response efforts, although it does not detail how emergency efforts may have been affected by the radio blackout. \u201cSafeguards put in place to prevent dangerous disruption to GPS from solar events worked,\u201d said Mike Hapgood, head of space weather at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom, and a scientist not connected to the new study. \u201cIn many ways, we were ready. Some things that could have caused big problems didn\u2019t, but shortwave radio is always tricky to use during solar events. But good radio operators are aware of the events and will work hard to overcome problems.\u201d \u201cIt\u2019s the Sun reminding us that it\u2019s there,\u201d Hapgood added. \u201cThe Sun\u2019s been very quiet for the last 10 years. It reminds people not to be complacent.\u201d Unexpected space weather The 2017 flares were the largest since 2005 and the best documented solar storm to date, observed from a fleet of spacecraft between the Earth and the Sun, in Earth\u2019s orbit, on Earth and Mars. Solar flares release bursts of X-rays from the Sun that travel outwards in all directions at the speed of light. Strong flares can disrupt radio and aviation communications. Space weather forecasters have only minutes to broadcast warnings to spacecraft, aviation and other administrators before affects are felt on Earth. X-rays from solar flares interact with Earth\u2019s atmosphere 50-1000 kilometers (30-600 miles) above the Earth, in a region called the ionosphere. Shortwave radio communication works by bouncing signals off the ionosphere"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "this website includes a report of radiation levels in the atmosphere at aviation altitudes and higher in the stratosphere. In the following chart, \u201cdose rates are expressed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x.\u201d Source: spaceweather.com You\u2019ll also find a report of recent and upcoming near-Earth asteroids on the spaceweather.com website. This definitely broadens the meaning of \u201cspace weather.\u201d As you can seen the in the following table, no close encounters are predicted over the next two months. In summary, the effects of a solar storm may include: Interference with or damage to spacecraft electronics: induced currents and/or energetic particles may have temporary or permanent effects on satellite systems Navigation satellite (GPS, GLONASS and Galileo) UHF / SHF signal scintillation (interference) Increased drag on low Earth orbiting satellites: During storms, currents and energetic particles in the ionosphere add energy in the form of heat that can increase the density of the upper atmosphere, causing extra drag on satellites in low-earth orbit High-frequency (HF) radio communications and low-frequency (LF) radio navigation system interference or signal blackout Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in long conductors can trip protective devices and may damage associated hardware and control equipment in electric power transmission and distribution systems, pipelines, and other cable systems on land or undersea. Higher radiation levels experienced by crew & passengers flying at high latitudes in high-altitude aircraft or"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "injuries Asthenization Ebullism Illness and injuries during spaceflight Medical treatment during spaceflight Space adaptation syndrome Space and survival Spaceflight osteopenia Aerospace Medical Association National Space Biomedical Research Institute Rubicon Foundation Space Nursing Society Adverse health effects from lunar dust exposure Cardiac rhythm problems during space flight Effects of sleep deprivation in space Epidemiology data for low-linear energy transfer radiation Sleep in space Health threat from cosmic rays Intervertebral disc damage and spaceflight Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight Radiobiology evidence for protons and HZE nuclei Reduced muscle mass, strength and performance in space Renal stone formation in space Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis Team composition and cohesion in spaceflight missions Visual impairment due to intracranial pressure Astrodynamics Asian Space Race Space launch Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Space command Militarisation of space Private spaceflight Imagery and mapping Weather and environment monitoring Communications satellite Commercial use of space Space launch market competition Space architecture Life-support system Animals in space Extravehicular activity Overview effect Space toilet Space colonization Space diving Voskhod Apollo\u2013Soyuz Shuttle\u2013Mir Shenzhou Tiangong Space psychology Psychological and sociological effects Space capsule Orbital module Reentry capsule Robotic spacecraft Self-replicating spacecraft Space telescope Spacecraft propulsion Rocket engine Electric propulsion Solar sail Gravity assist Sub-orbital Geosynchronous Direct ascent Expendable and reusable launch systems Non-rocket spacelaunch Ground segment Mission control center WikiProject Radiation health effects Spaceflight health effects"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "on the Sun-Earth line, 1.5 million km from the Earth. Gravitational stability in this region results in a stable orbit. Magnetogram an image displaying the strength and location of magnetic field regions on the sun. Image: Courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams. MOSWOC Met Office Space Weather Operations Centre. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. bright and hot patches in the Sun's chromosphere. Plage are associated with concentrations of magnetic fields and sources of strong ultraviolet radiation. a super-heated, ionised gas of charged particles, accounting for 99% of all visible matter in the Universe. a positively charged subatomic particle. Radio blackout during a large space weather event, the ionosphere may start to absorb HF radiation instead of reflecting it. This causes problems with communication systems. low energy electromagnetic radiations, used for long distance communication. Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) a space weather spacecraft launched in 1995, orbiting at L1. Its objective is to measure magnetic field regions in the chromosphere and corona, investigating the emission of solar wind. Solar cycle the 11-year periodic change in the sun\u2019s activity, including changes in the levels of radiation and solar wind emitted. Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) a space weather spacecraft launched in 2010, orbiting at an inclined geosynchronous orbit. Its objective is to image the Sun across different wavelengths to detect features appearing at varying depths of the Sun\u2019s surface and investigate the causes of solar variability. the sudden release of magnetic energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation, originating from the sun\u2019s atmosphere. 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This is the reason engineers pay special attention to deal with this heat and design a \u201cthermal protection system\u201d. There have been accidents in the past which have caused tremendous damage and loss of human life2. Artist\u2019s concept depicting the Apollo Command Module (CM) re-entering Earth\u2019s atmosphere after returning from a lunar landing mission (1968). Image was created by North American Rockwell for NASA. Another interesting effect of these physical phenomena is that because of the ionised state of air around the spacecraft during re-entry, the communication with the spacecraft does not work for these few minutes. This is termed as the \u201cre-entry blackout\u201d. It happens because the ionised air molecules interfere with the radio waves which we use to communicate with spacecraft. These moments of complete radio silence are therefore spent worrying and hoping that everything goes according to plan. Brief history of re-entry thermal protection The earliest techniques for re-entry, used during the Apollo era, were more rudimentary. The idea of adding more material to absorb the heat generated was one such example. This meant more weight had to be carried to space and it certainly was one of the expensive implementations. The Apollo heat shield was the beginning of a long race for a safer, cheaper, and more convenient thermal protection system. One of the next big programs by NASA, the space shuttle was a brilliant spacecraft primarily because it was reusable. For thermal protection, different types of special insulation tiles were used. These could be"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "reentry into Earth\u2019s atmosphere."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "RoePhilip Roe The spacecraft taking off is already outside the stratosphere when it has the speed that re-entry spacecraft posses when they enter the stratosphere. The stratosphere only extends for about 100 miles above sea level. Since a rocket takes off vertically it will clear the stratosphere in less than 8 minutes and way before it has the speed to cause any appreciable friction in said part of atmosphere. The re-entry spacecraft, on the other hand, is using the atmosphere to slow down from orbital velocity. It needs to slow from 8 to 10 km/sec to a much slower speed in which to either deploy parachute or land on an extended runway. This is a very significant reduction in speed and the friction in the atmosphere is what accomplishes this reduction. Since friction causes heat and it will have to spend considerable time in atmosphere to work off the speed, an evaporative tile heat shield is necessary. 0tyranny 0poverty0tyranny 0poverty Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged temperature acceleration drag rocket-science space-mission or ask your own question. Temperature of a black-body in LEO on the dark side of the Earth Does the metal foam \u201cwhiffleball\u201d orbital reentry idea make any sense? Orbital mechanics and rocketry: Is it ever a good idea to intentionally lower periapsis? What exactly is \u201cpressure\u201d, and what's its relation to force? Non-Constant Acceleration due to Gravity Why is specific impulse measured in seconds? What's the difference between proper acceleration and coordinate acceleration? Projectile Path Farther Away From Earth How"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "Image: NASA Goddard, 2001 TRMM Workshop The onset of re-entry usually occurs at an altitude of 120 to 100 Kilometers when the spacecraft enters the dense atmosphere, initially not slowing down at a fast rate yet but already interacting with plenty of molecules in the upper reaches of the atmosphere. Given the high speed of the object, traveling at 7.7 Kilometers per second, air in front of the craft is compressed creating a shock wave layer in which some of the molecules are separated into ions, creating the typical visible plasma layer that can be present even minutes before disintegration starts. The Entry Point, as defined by USSTRATCOM and represented in all their data, refers to the spacecraft passing 80 Kilometers in altitude where drag builds up to a destructive force, triggering the onset of the disintegration of the spacecraft structure. The shock wave layer forming just in front of the spacecraft and any separated components leads to considerable heating that causes the incineration of the majority of the spacecraft structure. The mechanical deceleration experienced during re-entry can be up to 20Gs further crushing the structural components and causing the break-up of the spacecraft. The mechanical energy of a re-entering satellite is ~3.2 x 10^7 J/kg which would be sufficient to easily vaporize the entire satellite if all of this energy were converted into heat entirely absorbed by the satellite structure. However, only a fraction of a satellite\u2019s total energy is converted into heat absorbed by its body and depends on a number of factors such"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "abomination that doesn't present a smooth face to the airstream (unfolding is only effective at the level of individual parts. Combine that with needing a large wheelbase to make a reasonably stable rover on low-g worlds and you can end up with rovers you can't get in a fairing) you need to go farther out before you turn. Loren PechtelLoren Pechtel $\\begingroup$ Rather useful i must admit $\\endgroup$ \u2013 QuIcKmAtHs Jan 1 '18 at 12:39 Spacecraft do indeed heat up as they leave the atmosphere. They suffer aerodynamic heating just like everything else. However, there is a major different: direction. As you are accelerating upwards, you are traveling through thinner and thinner atmosphere, faster and faster. These partially cancel each other out, keeping your heating reasonable. On the way down, you are traveling into thicker and thicker atmosphere, and must dissipate the heat as you go. If you were, say, fired from a railgun, you'd experience the greatest heating at the start, where you are going very fast at low altitudes (thick atmosphere). If you feel the reentry should be more symmetric with the launch in terms of heating, consider this: on the bottom of the rocket being launched is a great big ball of angry fire that is at least as hot as the reentry. Cort AmmonCort Ammon When an object orbiting the earth enters the descending path of re-entry it has huge speed, hence huge kinetic energy and it also has potential energy of approximately m.g.h. Because 100 km is a fraction of 6.7"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "interacting with plenty of molecules that are broken up into atoms and ions leading to plasma forming around the spacecraft which would normally become self-luminous around 104 Kilometers in altitude. As the spacecraft re-enters, heat starts building on the vehicle and aerodynamic forces occurring at the high entry velocity cause the light propellant tank structures to break up soon into the entry process. Beak-up and disintegration of the vehicle usually occurs at around 80 Kilometers. Most components of the disintegrating spacecraft burn up harmlessly in the atmosphere and never reach the ground, especially for rocket bodies that consist for a large part of thin metal that forms the propellant tanks. However, dense components such as pressurant tanks and engine components can survive re-entry and reach the ground. The third stage of the Soyuz is 2.66 meters in diameter and 6.74 meters long with an empty mass of 2,410 Kilograms featuring a single RD-0110 engine with four chambers. During the ascent, the stage provided a thrust of 30 metric ton force over the course of a 4-minute burn to push its payload into orbit. The Joint Space Operations Center monitors the re-entry of objects through the use of ground and space-based sensors that can detect the infrared signature of re-entering objects, making it possible to precisely determine the timing and location of orbital decay \u2013 at least for sizeable objects like the Soyuz third stage. Space Surveillance Data places re-entry (=the object passing 80km in altitude) at 20:29 UTC on December 17 +/-1 Minute. The location of"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of great concern. Consider the breakup of"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of great concern. Consider the breakup of"}, {"title": "dpr-wiki", "text": "Atmospheric entry shield is due to adiabatic compression, the vehicle's kinetic energy is ultimately lost to gas friction (viscosity) after the vehicle has passed by. Other smaller energy losses include black body radiation directly from the hot gases and chemical reactions between ionized gases. Ballistic warheads and expendable vehicles do not require slowing at reentry, and in fact, are made streamlined so as to maintain their speed. Furthermore, slow-speed returns to Earth from near-space such as parachute jumps from balloons do not require heat shielding because the gravitational acceleration of an object starting at relative rest from within the atmosphere itself (or"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "bottom section of our atmosphere that is used to effectively slow the spacecraft to safe landing speed is not sufficiently thick (~ 100 km) to allow for vertical re-entry. So, the spacecraft is forced to re-enter at an angle to the horizontal of between 5.2o and 7.2o. This small angular corridor is called the re-entry window. If the astronauts re-enter at too shallow an angle, the spacecraft will bounce off the atmosphere back into space. If the astronauts re-enter at too steep an angle, both the g-forces and the heat generated will be too great for the crew to survive. Sometimes the gravitational fields of planets can be used to increase the speed of spacecraft relative to the Sun and thus reduce travel times and minimize fuel and energy demands. Such spacecraft are said to be on \u201cgravity-assist trajectories\u201d and the whole process is often referred to as the \u201cslingshot\u201d effect. Essentially, the spacecraft moves behind the planet as viewed from the Sun, and is accelerated by this moving gravity field, much as a surfer is pushed forward by a wave. The energy gained by the spacecraft does not actually come from the gravitational field but from the kinetic energy of the moving planet, which is slowed by a tiny amount in its orbit, causing it to drop very slightly closer to the Sun. Let us consider the example of the Cassini spacecraft that reached Saturn in 2004. On its long voyage, Cassini boosted its speed by passing close to Venus, Earth and Jupiter. With each"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "survive reentry into the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, let alone its ability to guide such a missile."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "a Faraday cage when lightning strikes. The charge disappears into the ground by traveling through the metal body frame. So, it\u2019s important that you don\u2019t lean on the door or touch any other metal part of the car\u2019s body during lightning. (1, 2, 3) 9. The heat generated during re-entry of a spacecraft isn\u2019t (primarily) the result of friction against the atmosphere. It\u2019s caused due to rapid compression of the atmosphere by the spacecraft. Image credits: Space We all know that that a meteor burns up when it enters Earth\u2019s atmosphere. This is due to the extreme heat generated due to friction with Earth\u2019s atmosphere. This can be dangerous when planning for space travel at extremely high speed. So, while planning for space programs, scientists take special precautions to protect the spaceship from heat. So, what causes the atmosphere to heat up while a spacecraft re-enters? The most common answer would be friction. While friction does play a role in a later part, the heat produced just as the spacecraft re-enters is actually due to compressive heating. During re-entry, the spacecraft arrives at a speed of about 17,000 miles per hour. As the spacecraft enters the atmosphere at such a high speed, it heavily compresses the air in front of it and pushes the air off to the side. This compression raises the air temperature as high as 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit! As the compressed air heats up, the expanding air cools down (according to the Ideal Gas Law). However, this super-hot air doesn\u2019t even touch the"}, {"title": "math", "text": "Before impacting, the comet had passed within Jupiter\u2019s Roche limit (probably several times), been pulled into a streamer of rocks, and slowed down. What is a \"Sun Synchronous\" orbit? (b) Why are satellites launched from near the equator? (1) Why don't its particles separate by weight? (2) What accelerates the solar wind? Science Fair Project on the Size of the Earth If you have a relevant question of your own, you can send it to audavstern(\"at\" symbol)erols.com ### 114. Why not use a heat shield going up? The other day a colleague asked me a question that I could not answer and which keeps intriguing me. \"We know that (the shield of) a spacecraft that re-enters the earth's atmosphere heats up spectacularly because it is hit and slowed down by air-molecules. Is there a similar problem when it is going the other way, at take off? It is going through the same amount of air and acceleration looks quite similar to deceleration, only the other way around.\" The only answer that I could think of is that a good part of the acceleration might take place at higher altitudes where there is less air, and braking is done only by using the atmosphere. Going up, it is the rocket engine which provides acceleration and energy. Because air resistance robs energy and is undesirable, the rocket deliberately rises vertically, to go though the denser atmosphere as quickly as possible. The vehicle gets most of its velocity, and almost all of the kinetic energy, at high altitudes where"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "the reports of non-deployment of the antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "atmosphere, so substances can stay in the stratosphere very long (unless destroyed in chemical reactions or heavy enough to fall down due to gravity). You don't need much mass to have a high impact. CFCs have concentrations in the parts per billion range, but with their lifetime of decades can and do break down large amounts of ozone. So we can't simply dismiss the problem based on atmospheric mass considerations alone. The materials from which satellites are built are different from propellants involved in launch. Therefore, you can't simply dismiss satellites as far less massive than rocket propellants and therefore declare the impact of re-entry negligible compared to the the impact of launch. Much of a satellite material is metal, which will deposit rather quickly (see next question), but other materials could in theory have an impact (John et al. considered paint and concluded its impact was negligible). Some satellites contain unusual materials: for example, Kosmos 1402 was a Soviet spy satellite containing a nuclear reactor and thus fuel. Leifer et al (1987) have shown that more than a year after Cosmos-1402 deorbited a 53\u00b120% excess of 235U was measured at an elevation of 36 km. I don't know what happened since then. Fortunately Starlink will not contain nuclear reactors. Lifetime, often defined using the half-life or the time it takes for the concentration to halve, is crucial to determine impact. A piece of metal that falls down has no impact on the atmosphere, but exclusively anthropogenic CFCs lingering around for decades may, even in relatively"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "of a hole in the ion stream (created by the shape of the orbiter) to transmit data to the satellites. A TDRS satellite on display at the Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia, USA. So we have our object coming back through the atmosphere and is heated on one side by the sudden and intense compression of the air, and heated on the other side by the extremely hot ball of plasma that wraps around it before being left behind in a trail. It is time to introduce the notion of the boundary layer, which is a zone where fluid \u201csticks\u201d to and object according to its physical profile and the viscosity of the fluid. During our atmospheric entry, this layer limit will serve as a real \u201cair cushion\u201d and will push the shockwave farther away from the surface of the object, and will also push away the heat! We will see later (in the \u201cHow to protect a capsule or shuttle\u201d section) how modifying the shape of the object allows to push away the shockwave. After having endured the extreme temperatures of compression and plasma, as well as the aerodynamic forces of reentry, our object slows down more and more due to the shockwaves and air friction. Its speed will end up below hypersonic and enter supersonic, where the majority of the heat comes only due to air friction. The vehicle will then have to land, and in its own way: parachutes (Soyuz, Apollo, Dragon), rocket engines (Perseverance on Mars), or like a glider (space shuttles,"}, {"title": "math", "text": "out. Your thinking is reasonable as far as it goes... But once you lose too much velocity and ... \u2022 147k Accepted ### How does the Falcon 9 first stage avoid burning up on re-entry? The heat of re-entry is highly dependent on speed. The second stage of the rocket is responsible for providing most of the speed needed for orbit, after the first stage lifts it out of dense ... \u2022 163k Accepted ### Is it harder to enter an atmosphere perpendicular or at an angle \u201cBouncing off the atmosphere\u201d is a misleading turn of phrase. When returning to the Earth from the Moon, a spacecraft is on an elliptical orbit with the high end somewhere around the moon\u2019s altitude ... \u2022 163k Accepted ### Why does the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket do a 180 flip for reentry? Hobbes has already showed you a diagram of the Falcon 9 launch profile, so I won't repeat that. Note: This answer is not intended to be a complete, scientific treatment of the subject. I knowingly ... \u2022 7,252 Accepted ### What eliminates the velocity when occupants return from ISS to earth, and how much? Nearly all the velocity is cancelled by atmospheric deceleration of the descent module, before its parachutes are deployed. ISS orbital velocity is around 7700 m/s. An initial retro-burn of the ... \u2022 163k ### Why does the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket do a 180 flip for reentry? Trajectory of the Falcon 9 first stage: Graphic courtesy ZLSA Design (zlsa.github.io) As you can see,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "attitude in the tenuous upper layers of the atmosphere. The speed of orbital decay will depend on a number of factors, not all of which can be known precisely such as the state of Earth\u2019s atmosphere that can only be estimated based on current solar weather using the 10.7cm radio flux, Kp-Index and space weather forecast models to feed decay simulations. Also, the spacecraft attitude plays a role in the level of drag experienced by the vehicle. Therefore, decay predictions are always associated with an error bar that corresponds to about 20% of the time from the prediction to the predicted decay time. Over its final hours in orbit, the craft will be tracked by ground-based radars to precisely determine its orbit. The United States operate a tracking system that provides data to the public to allow an independent calculation of the re-entry time. When re-entry comes, its position can be calculated from orbital data gathered in the last orbits ahead of the event, but the most precise data will be provided through space-based assets of the U.S. military that can track the signature of spacecraft re-entries and so pin-point their timing and location with high precision. As the spacecraft drops in altitude, it will approach the dense layers of the atmosphere for its steep plunge. The exact timing of orbital decay depends on the current state of the atmosphere which is known to expand and contract as a result of solar activity. Once hitting the dense atmosphere, Kanopus/Volga will start feeling the effects of re-entry."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "of the smaller debris \u2013 likely the heavy engine section of the rocket stage representing the most dense component with the highest kinetic energy. The media quickly reported and the Internet was a buzz within minutes of the event with meteor and UFO reports from a wide area under the entry footprint as is typical for re-entries occurring over densely populated areas. Impressive photos from Las Vegas were published showing a light show in the sky in addition to the iconic lights of the Las Vega Strip. Many observers were mesmerized by the falling rocket stage as it moved silently across the sky, visible for over a minute. The onset of re-entry normally occurs between 120 and 100 Kilometers in altitude when the spacecraft encounters the dense layers of the atmosphere, initially not slowing down at a fast rate, but already interacting with plenty of molecules that are broken up into atoms and ions leading to plasma forming around the spacecraft which would normally become self-luminous around 104 Kilometers in altitude. Credit: Christopher Boyd, @CJBear71Twitter Given the extremely high speed of the object at Entry Interface, air in front of the vehicle is compressed, creating a shock wave layer in which molecules are separated into ions and temperatures rise to the extreme. The Entry Point, defined by USSTRATCOM at an altitude of 80 Kilometers, marks the beginning of of the disintegration of the spacecraft (+/-10km) due to drag building up to a destructive force, triggering the onset of fragmentation of the spacecraft structure. The shock wave"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "all the spacefaring nations to put aside their differences \u2013 and probably a lot of their military secrets \u2013 and cooperate fully, in order to achieve a rapid amelioration of the situation. With such cooperation \u2013 a necessary prelude, I believe, to the economical exploration and utilization of space \u2013 it would surely then be possible to limit the on-orbit and re-entry debris problem at source by having only one common network of satellites for each specific global purpose: location, internet access, land, ocean and weather monitoring, et Will it happen? I\u2019m not holding my breath. Inside Spacecraft Atmospheric Reentry When Will Tiangong-1 Re-enter? Atlas V Centaur Hydrazine Tank Found In Spain Spectacular Re-Entry Over Hawai Mystery of Rocket Re-entry Over Spain Solved Japanese Cargo Vehicle HTV-5 Safely De-orbited A Fiery End for Kosmos 1315 Over Hawaii Long March 4C Rocket Debris Hit House TRMM Spacecraft Debris to Re-enter Over Tropics Russian Roulette - Space Debris Decoding the Mystery of Destructive Reentry Russian Roulette in Space: The Temporary Demise Of Foton M4 Cosmos 1220 Took the Plunge, But What\u2019s Left? Calling Debris on the Carpet Retrieving Space Debris Around the World: Interview with Dan Reichel Getting to the Root of Debris Predictions with Terminal Velocity Aerospace That Time a Space Station Became Part of the Miss Universe Pageant Chinese Aircraft Hit by Unknown Object at High Altitude Identifying Space Debris: Further Adventures in East Texas Is It Space Junk? Texan Electrician Finds Mysterious Sphere in his Backyard Orbcomm Satellite Stranded by Falcon 9 Falls Out of"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "(8,400 miles) in the position of the object when it reenters! This is why it is impossible to pinpoint the expected point of re-entry beforehand, when it is not a \"controlled\" re-entry. (in a \"controlled\" re-entry, the satellite operators send a command to the satellite to make a rocket burn at a precise time, kicking it down over a designated spot, usually the Pacific ocean. This Soyuz reentry was however not such a \"controlled\" reentry). Many people mistakenly think that in this day and age of supercomputers, scientists (or the military) can predict everything. In reality, satellite/rocket reentries like this are so complex that even the best computer models can only give rough indications untill just minutes before the actual re-entry. (A) Yes, it does. That last rocket stage is jettisoned that high above earth surface, that it does not just rapidly fall back on a ballistic trajectory (such as the 1st and 2nd stages do) but actually reaches Low Earth Orbit, and stays in orbit around the earth for several days. In effect, it becomes a satellite for a while in a very low orbit around Earth. Under influence of gravity and drag from the outer atmosphere, the orbit slowly evolves and becomes smaller and smaller. On the first day only gradually, but as it slowly comes down, this gradually goes faster and faster. The influence of our atmosphere reaches several hundreds of kilometers up: even the International Space Station experiences some atmospheric drag, and would fall down within a year if its orbit was"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "in 2002. No injuries on the ground were reported, and even property damage was pretty minimal. And that was over one of the aforementioned densely populated regions. @John Campbell: I think your \u201corbital tug boat\u201d would be somewhat impractical, at least if it depends on traditional combustive propulsion, as the fuel requirements would be prohibitive. It would only be useful for a very small percentage of possible failure modes; namely those in which the crippled craft is already in a rendezvous orbit with the ISS. Down the road, I could possibly see a version using ion propulsion becoming practical, but in this case I still don\u2019t think it would help, for a few reasons. First, Progress vehicles are launched into a \u201cparking orbit\u201d that naturally decays in only a few weeks. At this point, it is simply too far away from the ISS for an ion-drive-equipped recovery vehicle to reach it in time. Secondly, the spacecraft is tumbling at a rate of something like 20 revolutions per minute. This would make rendezvous and capture extremely hazardous, and would require completely new methods that would probably take years (if not decades) to develop. @Chris: As passengers on Soyuz 5 and Soyuz TMA-11 can attest, reentering without service module separation is bad. In this configuration, the most stable orientation tends to be nose-first, with the heat shield pointing uselessly to the rear. Fortunately, in the two aforementioned manned cases, the SM separated before maximum heating and the spacecraft reoriented itself aerodynamically, but these were very close calls that"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "common. Also, balloons are not capable of reaching space by simple definition of how they work (they need to displace atmosphere and thus cannot ever reach the \u2018top\u2019). Earths atmosphere extends all the way out to 600 kM which is well beyond the orbit of the ISS. This is done to intentionally avoid the infamous \u2018Kessler Syndrome\u2019. \u2018Orbital drag\u2019 is the reason why satellites eventually fall out of orbit and \u2018reenter\u2019 the atmosphere (can\u2019t re-enter if they never left now can they). {side note: Orbital drag is different from gravitational drag which also exists and can deorbit things\u2026 eventually} c x says: October 19th, 2014 at 9:15 pm Yelp?"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "Interface (EI) and usually occurs 30 minutes before touchdown at about 400,000 ft. At this time, a communications blackout occurs as the orbiter is enveloped in a sheath of plasma caused by electromagnetic forces generated from the high heat experienced during entry into the atmosphere. As the orbiter glides toward a landing, initially at a velocity of 25,000 feet per second at the EI point, its velocity is gradually slowed by a series of banks and roll reversals. As the atmospheric density increases, the forward RCS thrusters are turned off, while the aft RCS jets continue to maneuver the orbiter until a dynamic pressure of 10 lb. per square foot is sensed by instruments on board. At this point, the ailerons on orbiter's delta-shaped wings begin to operate and the aft RCS roll thrusters are stopped. When the dynamic pressure reaches 20 lb. per square foot, the orbiter's wing elevators become operational and the RCS pitch thrusters are stopped. A speed brake on the vertical tail opens when the orbiter's velocity falls below Mach 10. Then, at Mach 3.5, the rudder is activated and the final RCS burns -- the yaw jets -- are stopped. The orbiter is now at an altitude of 45,000 ft., and is beginning what are called \"area energy management maneuvers\" which enable it to intercept the landing approach corridor at the desired altitude and velocity. As it nears the landing site, the orbiter is steered into the nearest of two heading alignment circles called HACs. Each has a radius of 18,000"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "launch are basically the opposite of the requirements for re-entry. During the launch, we want to reduce drag as much as possible to increase thrust and lift, often resulting in the typical rocket shape. However, during re-entry, we need to increase drag to reduce our speed, utilizing a preferably broad, blunt design. Let\u2019s go over how different spacecraft handle re-entry: The Space Shuttles On the space shuttle, special silicone tiles on the aluminum skin helped provide insulation, but on the nose and edges of the wing where it would get hottest was a reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) composite. (Columbia\u2019s RCC was damaged during liftoff which caused it to burn up during reentry and was the reason for the Columbia disaster.) The shuttles were gliders, meaning they were able to adjust their flight pattern to help reduce the amount of heat building up including S turns, making re-entry not too dissimilar from landing in an airplane. First, the shuttle flew backward to slow down from orbit speed, and then the orbital maneuvering engines (OMS) would thrust it out of orbit and toward Earth. Next, the shuttle turned nose-first once out of orbit and entered the atmosphere with its belly down toward the atmosphere to use drag along its blunt bottom to help slow it down and then pull the nose up to about 40 degrees. It utilized S turns and other flight patterns to increase drag, reduce speed, and reduce the heat that built up from the re-entry into the atmosphere. The shuttle would then land similar to"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "RoePhilip Roe The spacecraft taking off is already outside the stratosphere when it has the speed that re-entry spacecraft posses when they enter the stratosphere. The stratosphere only extends for about 100 miles above sea level. Since a rocket takes off vertically it will clear the stratosphere in less than 8 minutes and way before it has the speed to cause any appreciable friction in said part of atmosphere. The re-entry spacecraft, on the other hand, is using the atmosphere to slow down from orbital velocity. It needs to slow from 8 to 10 km/sec to a much slower speed in which to either deploy parachute or land on an extended runway. This is a very significant reduction in speed and the friction in the atmosphere is what accomplishes this reduction. Since friction causes heat and it will have to spend considerable time in atmosphere to work off the speed, an evaporative tile heat shield is necessary. 0tyranny 0poverty0tyranny 0poverty Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged temperature acceleration drag rocket-science space-mission or ask your own question. Temperature of a black-body in LEO on the dark side of the Earth Does the metal foam \u201cwhiffleball\u201d orbital reentry idea make any sense? Orbital mechanics and rocketry: Is it ever a good idea to intentionally lower periapsis? What exactly is \u201cpressure\u201d, and what's its relation to force? Non-Constant Acceleration due to Gravity Why is specific impulse measured in seconds? What's the difference between proper acceleration and coordinate acceleration? Projectile Path Farther Away From Earth How"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "component parts taken to orbit on separate launches. Furthermore, rotation of space crews and emergency rescue missions require rendezvous and docking capability. Reentry refers to the return of a spacecraft into Earth\u2019s atmosphere. The blanket of relatively dense gas surrounding Earth is useful as a braking, or retarding, force resulting from aerodynamic drag. A concomitant effect, however, is the severe heating caused by the compression of atmospheric air in front of the rapidly moving spacecraft. Initially, heat shields were made of ablative materials that carried away the heat of reentry as they were shed, but the space shuttle introduced refractory materials\u2014silica tiles and a reinforced carbon-carbon material\u2014that withstood the heat directly. Newer vehicle designs use active cooling and refractory metallic alloys. Inherent in the safe reentry of a spacecraft is precise control of the angle of reentry. For Apollo, this angle with respect to Earth\u2019s horizon was \u22126.2\u00b0. If the reentry angle is too shallow, the spacecraft will skip or bounce off the atmosphere and back into space. If the angle is too great, the heat shield will not survive the extreme heating rates nor the spacecraft the high forces of deceleration. Returning Apollo Command Modules approached Earth at nearly 40,000 km (25,000 miles) per hour. Even with a satisfactory reentry angle, the capsules\u2019 heat shields were subjected to temperatures approaching 3,000 \u00b0C (5,400 \u00b0F). During the final phases of descent, some spacecraft\u2014especially capsule-type manned craft\u2014deploy parachutes, which lower the vehicle to a soft landing. The Apollo Command Modules employed this technique to make ocean splashdowns."}, {"title": "math", "text": "out. Your thinking is reasonable as far as it goes... But once you lose too much velocity and ... \u2022 147k Accepted ### How does the Falcon 9 first stage avoid burning up on re-entry? The heat of re-entry is highly dependent on speed. The second stage of the rocket is responsible for providing most of the speed needed for orbit, after the first stage lifts it out of dense ... \u2022 163k Accepted ### Is it harder to enter an atmosphere perpendicular or at an angle \u201cBouncing off the atmosphere\u201d is a misleading turn of phrase. When returning to the Earth from the Moon, a spacecraft is on an elliptical orbit with the high end somewhere around the moon\u2019s altitude ... \u2022 163k Accepted ### Why does the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket do a 180 flip for reentry? Hobbes has already showed you a diagram of the Falcon 9 launch profile, so I won't repeat that. Note: This answer is not intended to be a complete, scientific treatment of the subject. I knowingly ... \u2022 7,252 Accepted ### What eliminates the velocity when occupants return from ISS to earth, and how much? Nearly all the velocity is cancelled by atmospheric deceleration of the descent module, before its parachutes are deployed. ISS orbital velocity is around 7700 m/s. An initial retro-burn of the ... \u2022 163k ### Why does the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket do a 180 flip for reentry? Trajectory of the Falcon 9 first stage: Graphic courtesy ZLSA Design (zlsa.github.io) As you can see,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "Figure 3), and fragments greater than 1 centimeter will threaten the habitability of the most heavily protected spacecraft, namely the ISS. So, in the near-term protection represents a risk-accepting band aid solution to the growing debris problem. 2.6 Controlled End of Life Satellite Disposal Practices Part of NASA\u2019s efforts focus specifically on reducing the number of large objects, such as non- operational spacecraft and spent rocket upper stages orbiting the Earth. One method of post- mission disposal is to allow the reentry of these spacecraft, either from natural orbital decay (uncontrolled) or a deliberate controlled entry. Orbital decay can be accelerated artificially in order to lower the perigee altitude of an eccentric orbit so that atmospheric drag will cause the spacecraft to enter the earth\u2019s atmosphere sooner. However, left to natural decay friction the surviving debris impact footprint on Earth often cannot be guaranteed. To minimize uncertainties, controlled entry is normally achieved by the burning of more propellant through a larger propulsion system to cause the spacecraft to reenter the atmosphere at a steeper flight path angle. The vehicle will then impact at a more precise latitude and longitude, and the debris footprint can be positioned over an uninhabited region, generally into the oceans or other bodies of water or onto sparsely populated regions like the Canadian Tundra, the Australian Outback, or Siberia in the Russian Federation. To minimize the chances of damage to other vehicles, designers of new vehicles or satellites are frequently required to demonstrate that they can be safely disposed of at the"}, {"title": "math", "text": "# Tag Info Accepted ### Why don't we know exactly where the Chinese rocket will fall? If the orbital period is about 90 minutes, that means \u00b145 minutes error at predicting the moment of landing means randomizing that point all around the globe. At the moment the prediction error is \u00b1 ... \u2022 53.6k Accepted ### Why not increase contact surface when reentering the atmosphere? I've done a lot of work on this subject with researchers and engineers at JPL, NASA Langley, and NASA Ames. There are some interesting things that come out of high-fidelity CFM (Computational Fluid ... \u2022 18.1k Accepted ### Why didn't the Space Shuttle bounce back into space as many times as possible so as to lose a lot of kinetic energy up there? Skipping reentries aren't unheard of. The Apollo command module performed a single skip when returning from lunar missions. However, there are several reasons why a skipping reentry (especially one ... \u2022 1,899 ### Why didn\u2019t the Spacecraft used for the Apollo 11 mission melt in the Earth\u2019s Atmosphere? Although the temperature at altitude can be several thousands of degrees, the atmosphere is so thin it does not transfer heat efficiently. Wikipedia explains it very well - The highly diluted gas ... \u2022 943 ### Why didn't the Space Shuttle bounce back into space as many times as possible so as to lose a lot of kinetic energy up there? I think bounce back causes intermittent heating so heat shield tiles get a lot of time of radiate heat"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "the reports of non-deployment of the antennas for ground communication I would guess that the shroud that covers the capsule during the boost phase only partially separated or, during separation, destroyed the antennas. The spacecraft is reported to be in a 2-3 RPM spin, not a roll. Stopping this would be beyond the capabilities of any thrusters currently available to the crew of ISS, including R-2. Safety wise, it\u2019s WAY too much of an unacceptable risk. It never made the ISS\u2019 orbit, anyway, which puts it out of reach of the crew, any way. EULER says: Con lo sucedido y en vista de la enorme importancia que requiere dia a dia la exploraci\u00f3n del universo, es hora de iniciar el dise\u00f1o de un remolque tipo universal, para recuperaci\u00f3n de naves espaciales que presenten fallas de control en sus misiones. Dr. Bees says: @Carol Manka: Without any kind of propulsive control, no. The best that can be done is to track the vehicle and provide warnings to those along the projected reentry path. But considering that the earth\u2019s surface is 3/4 water, most likely that\u2019s where it will end up. Even if it does come in over land, most likely it will not be a serious threat. The majority of the earth\u2019s land area has a population density of less than 25/km\u00b2, with the main exceptions being eastern China, Japan, India, northwestern Europe, the eastern US, central Mexico, and Africa\u2019s Gold Coast. The rest of the world is just too sparsely populated for it to be of"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "of a hole in the ion stream (created by the shape of the orbiter) to transmit data to the satellites. A TDRS satellite on display at the Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia, USA. So we have our object coming back through the atmosphere and is heated on one side by the sudden and intense compression of the air, and heated on the other side by the extremely hot ball of plasma that wraps around it before being left behind in a trail. It is time to introduce the notion of the boundary layer, which is a zone where fluid \u201csticks\u201d to and object according to its physical profile and the viscosity of the fluid. During our atmospheric entry, this layer limit will serve as a real \u201cair cushion\u201d and will push the shockwave farther away from the surface of the object, and will also push away the heat! We will see later (in the \u201cHow to protect a capsule or shuttle\u201d section) how modifying the shape of the object allows to push away the shockwave. After having endured the extreme temperatures of compression and plasma, as well as the aerodynamic forces of reentry, our object slows down more and more due to the shockwaves and air friction. Its speed will end up below hypersonic and enter supersonic, where the majority of the heat comes only due to air friction. The vehicle will then have to land, and in its own way: parachutes (Soyuz, Apollo, Dragon), rocket engines (Perseverance on Mars), or like a glider (space shuttles,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "orbiter during reentry, which causes turbulence at lower speeds. A turbulent air flow results in a mixing of hot and cold air which can have a major effect on the shuttle temperature. According to NASA, the gap fillers, which each serve different purposes, are not required for reentry. One filler prevents \"chattering\" of tiles during ascent, which would occur due to the sonic booms from the noses of the solid rocket boosters and the external fuel tank. The other, in a different location where there is a wider gap between tiles, simply functions to reduce the gap size between tiles, which in turn reduces heat transfer to the shuttle. Even without this filler NASA did not expect the increased heat to cause a problem during reentry (it is present to avoid a level of heating which would only be problematic if experienced many times over a vehicle's design life). Since the gap fillers are not necessary for re-entry, it was acceptable to simply pull them out. An overview of the situation, including procedures for dealing with the protrusions were sent electronically to the crew and printed aboard the shuttle. Once Discovery was ready to undock, Charles Camarda sent a command to release the docking mechanism. At initial separation of the spacecraft, springs in the docking mechanism pushed the Shuttle away from the Station. Discovery's steering jets were shut off to avoid any inadvertent firings during the initial separation. Once Discovery was about two feet (61 centimeters) from the Station, with the docking devices clear of one"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "refers to mating operations where an inactive vehicle is placed into the mating interface of another space vehicle by using a robotic arm.[14][16][17] Vehicles in orbit have large amounts of kinetic energy. This energy must be discarded if the vehicle is to land safely without vaporizing in the atmosphere. Typically this process requires special methods to protect against aerodynamic heating. The theory behind reentry was developed by Harry Julian Allen. Based on this theory, reentry vehicles present blunt shapes to the atmosphere for reentry. Blunt shapes mean that less than 1% of the kinetic energy ends up as heat reaching the vehicle, and the remainder heats up the atmosphere. Landing and recovery The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo capsules all splashed down in the sea. These capsules were designed to land at relatively low speeds with the help of a parachute. Soviet/Russian capsules for Soyuz make use of a big parachute and braking rockets to touch down on land. Spaceplanes like the Space Shuttle land like a glider. After a successful landing the spacecraft, its occupants, and cargo can be recovered. In some cases, recovery has occurred before landing: while a spacecraft is still descending on its parachute, it can be snagged by a specially designed aircraft. This mid-air retrieval technique was used to recover the film canisters from the Corona spy satellites. Uncrewed Further information: Engineering:Uncrewed spacecraft and Engineering:Robotic spacecraft Sojourner takes its Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer measurement of Yogi Rock on Mars The MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury (artist's interpretation) Uncrewed spaceflight is all spaceflight activity"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "with a small camera we\u2019ll be able to measure the spectra of the flow radiation in the shock layer as well as species emitted by the burning cork.\u201d The cork nose of the Qarman reentry CubeSat ablating during plasma wind tunnel tests. The stability provided by Qarman\u2019s side panels and front centre of gravity should also allow the CubeSat to transmit its findings to commercial Iridium telecommunication satellites \u2013 planning to transmit around 20 minutes of reentry data in three to five minutes. An inner \u2018survival kit\u2019 containing instruments and electronics and lined with protective ceramic carbon matrix with aerogel protection will likely survive reentry but will not be recovered, most likely splashing down in the sea. \u201cWe\u2019ve played a role in many ESA programmes, such as the IXV, the forthcoming Space Rider reusable spacecraft, as well as the Vega-C and Ariane 6 launchers,\u201d notes Prof. Chazot, \u201cbut up until now we\u2019ve focused on the modelling and experimental simulation side. \u201cThese kind of tests cannot tell you everything we want to know however \u2013 to really validate our codes and understand the reality of the physics involved, we need to actually fly in space. The idea came to design our own CubeSat when we were running the European Commission-led QB50 programme, which was an international CubeSat network to perform lower atmosphere and reentry research. We designed and built the entire mission, buying in parts and expertise as needed, with valuable technical and organisational support coming from ESA. As a follow-up we are interested in designing a"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "shuttle, as most of us still fondly remember, was a somewhat controllable spacecraft but most other re-entry vehicles do not have a lot of control on their trajectory as they start their return journey to Earth. Crew Dragon is one of those spacecraft that simply fall down to the Earth on a pre-calculated trajectory. Once the spacecraft has been carefully navigated to fall through the re-entry corridor, the thermodynamics comes into play. The air, as we know, is composed of mainly two diatomic molecules: oxygen and nitrogen. Ordinarily, when air pressure is low, they remain in this diatomic state. However, under special circumstances like atmospheric re-entry, they behave differently. During re-entry, as the spacecraft falls under gravity and enters Earth\u2019s atmosphere, the increasing density of the atmosphere combined with the tremendous speed of the spacecraft (of the order of 7-8,000 metres per second) causes a shock wave leading to an enormous rise in the pressure in front of it. At approximately 70 to 80 km above Earth, this pressure becomes so large that it causes the diatomic oxygen and (after some time) nitrogen to split causing further reactions. These reactions are extremely exothermic \u2013 meaning they release a lot of heat. This heat is so significant that we need special arrangements to protect what\u2019s inside the spacecraft. During this crucial period of high energy thermodynamic reactions, the spacecraft continues to fall and slow down gradually. This mechanism of re-entry is indeed by design, as it allows the spacecraft to slow down enough to land safely while"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "of the spacecraft after passing in the vicinity of heavy objects moving at high speeds. The D'Alembert's inertial forces created in the vehicle's structure during such changes of trajectory would kill the crew and destroy the antigravitational vehicle. One of the most serious problems resulting from the repulsion of the antigravitational spacecraft from every other object would be the impossibility of reaching the surface of heavier planets after leaving from lighter heavenly bodies. For example, having started from Earth the spacecraft would not be able to reach Jupiter or Saturn, whereas after starting from the Moon it would not be able to reach Earth. The reason for this is that the velocity gained by the vehicle during its interaction with the field of a lighter planet would not be sufficient to break through the sphere of the stronger repulsion from a heavier planet. Therefore it is possible that such a spacecraft once launched would never achieve its destination, and would also be unable to return. The last two subsections clearly illustrate that antigravity would not be, as some people expect, a submissive servant performing our wishes, but rather a blind, uncontrollable element able to turn against its own creators. HB12. Antigravity would introduce a number of serious dangers For reasons which I presented in subsection HB14, almost all speculation on antigravity considers only the positive aspects of this hypothetical field. But in fact it would be an incredibly dangerous and destructive force. An initial taste of its destructive capabilities was the explained in subsection HB10 phenomenon"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "at the trajectory of a rocket launch. During the first seconds of the launch, the rocket climbs almost vertically to exit the denser part of the atmosphere. Quite quickly, however, the rocket tilts to gain horizontal speed: a spacecraft needs to travel at almost 8km/s to stay in low orbit (just above 200km in altitude). When the first stage of Falcon 9 is jettisoned, the rocket is travelling at ten times the speed of sound, 90km above the surface. Without doing anything, the stage would reenter the atmosphere uncontrolled, which would make recovering the stage difficult. On this mission, the stage was flipped around, so that it would travel tail first, a moment after it was dropped. Three engines were relighted before reentry, to slow the stage down, and allow the computer to control orientation during reentry. It may sound easy, but it isn\u2019t. it means keeping control of the stage\u2019s attitude after it has been jettisoned, and igniting a rocket engine is everything but easy. But that burn went well. The second burn is even more tricky: the goal is to relight one engine, when the stage is coming low over the surface, to slow it down and make it touch down gently. This time, the stage is traveling in thick atmosphere, which makes attitude control even more complicated. And that is where the problem came from: while the engine was burning, the stage started spinning along its vertical axis. The fuel was centrifuged (pushed away from the centre, against the walls of the tanks),"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "loads to result in fragmentations or detachment of components from the spacecraft before re-entry. On one hand, this occurrence may release unwanted and dangerous debris into orbit, resulting in potential threats to other satellites, if the detached components skip the Earth's atmosphere. On the other hand, this phase of catastrophic decay may have potential benefits in reducing the casualty risk. In fact, a partial disassembly of the spacecraft can expose the internal components to early re-entry heating, and the possible decrease in entry speed and flight-path angle could generate higher heat loads, thus improving the demise. Fig. 6c also shows that a higher number of revolutions is associated with orbits with higher pericentre altitudes and lower eccentricities. As increasing the number of passages through the atmosphere can increase the chance of early breakups, this circularisation phenomenon should be avoided, if the risk of releasing unwanted debris into orbit must be minimised. Re-entry predictions with the overshoot boundary As outlined in Section 3, understanding what are the conditions leading to the final re-entry of the spacecraft required switching from the long-term propagation to the destructive re-entry analysis. This switching is necessary when performing a full demisability and casualty risk analysis. However, it might be a cumbersome procedure when the intention is limited to discerning between the entry/skip behaviour, such as in the design and optimisation of the disposal trajectory and limit the number of low-altitude passages. To tackle this problem, we introduced the concept of overshoot boundary in Section 2.4. Since the overshoot boundary can be precomputed"}, {"title": "math", "text": "for speci\ufb01c antennas due to the plume. Kinefuchi et al. [26] reports of these effects for the Japanese M-V rocket and the European VEGA launch vehicle due to the usage of solid propulsion systems. In this regard, the rocket ex- haust plume is seen as near \ufb01eld of the trail and starting point for further predictions of the trail [24]. Deposition and possible contamination of condensed species on the space transportation system and its com- ponents being optical surfaces, windows, solar panels or radiating heat emission surfaces due to plume impinge- ment on vehicle is a further aspect of consideration. At high altitudes, the supersonic plume exhibits a Prandtl- Meyer expansion angles larger than 90and the subsonic boundary layer, although low, but not negligible in mass \ufb02ow, can even travel further upstream with all associated issues induced by the exhaust gas. The current revival of reusable launch vehicles and SpaceX efforts with the Falcon 9 Reusable Development Vehicle (F9R Dev) as shown in Ref. [27] opens up a less investigated \ufb01eld for future investigations. Firing in retro mode certainly involves many of the above described challenges, e.g. instabilities as shown in Ref. [28], over a wide Mach number range in a different fashion. The aforementioned examples reveal that base region is an area of uncertainty in the current launch vehicle design process. In the past, base \ufb02ow effects have mostly been examined in experiments with cold supersonic jets, which have shown to not mirror the base \ufb02ow effects satisfacto- rily. The objective of the hot plume"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "in wind effects on the landing design of the vehicle. The GRAM thermodynamic model can be used from deorbit altitudes to the location at which the RRA will take effect. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere (NASA 1976) has also been used for certain reentry calculations, but should be used with due consideration for its lack of representativeness of the reentry atmospheric conditions. Atmospheric density and density perturbations generally play a big role in reentry heating and in fuel-budgeting calculations. ORBITAL ENVIRONMENTS Orbital environment parameters apply to LV concept development in two principal ways: (1) When a vehicle includes an upper stage that must operate in orbit; and (2) when a vehicle has reusable elements (spacecraft) that reach orbital altitude and then return to Earth. An important addition is the case of crewed vehicles, in which, because of their very high reliability requirements, the problems with ionizing radiation (classified here as an orbital environment) should be considered even in the launch phase (first and second stage) for the mission-critical avionics. In addition to the information present here and the references cited, the current space and orbital environment information online at the Space Environment Information System (SPENVIS) is recommended. Also, the European Space Agency's European Cooperation for Space Standardization presents a good space environment standard document on their website. Ionizing Radiation Hazard At the concept development stage, it is rarely necessary to select electronic parts, so there is usually no need to consider the specifics of the radiation environment. Rather, selecting and planning for the electronic"}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "of assistance, a survivable landing might be possible. So it's not all bad\u2014if you can survive the heat. But on the other, other hand, the atmosphere causes an additional problem. The steeper your re-entry angle from orbit, the faster you will be descending through the rapidly thickening atmosphere, and so your spacecraft will get hotter faster than it would if you came in at a shallower angle. But if you get things wrong and your angle is too shallow, you could be in a different kind of trouble. At the speeds involved the diffuse, wispy upper atmosphere of the Earth can seem as solid to your descending craft as the liquid surface of a still pond does to a flat-bottomed pebble expertly skimmed towards it at a similarly shallow angle. Like the pebble, your spacecraft may skip when it encounters the denser medium below it. Unlike the pebble (which, skillfully thrown, will skip a few times, losing momentum as it does so, before finally vanishing below the water) if your craft is going fast enough it may simply bounce off the atmosphere and head off into space. If your spacecraft is low on propellant (and at the time of re-entry they generally are) you may have no way of recovering the situation as you drift off into the cold, silent void. So the designer of a returnable spacecraft has two core problems to solve: how to survive the heat of atmospheric re-entry and, once a lower altitude and a slower speed have been reached, how to"}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "earth via a parachute, where it would then be fished from the sea. The challenges of testing that rocket and its eventual cancellation meant that this plan never came to fruition. As the Falcon 9 was developed, it became clear that parachutes would be insufficient for returning the twenty-ton first stage back to earth. Return from space brings us back once again to the physics of getting there. Remember, your vehicle's velocity must exceed 17,500 miles per hour to stay in orbit. To return to earth, you have no choice but to plunge back into the atmosphere at extremely high speed. As you do, the vehicle smacks into the air in front of you, cramming the gas tightly together and making it enormously hot. While it's comparatively easy to make metal structures that can withstand the physical force of reentry, dealing with the high temperatures is a more difficult engineering challenge. Space vehicles have typically relied on special shapes to move that heat away from vital areas, and special materials are used that can absorb this energy. The Apollo and Soyuz space capsules let their blunt bellies take the heat of reentry before deploying parachutes. The much larger, reusable space shuttle counted on its heat shielding to absorb the force, then used its glider body to slow down in a series of wide turns before landing on the runway. Yet it, too, was a cautionary tale\u2014not just because the _Columbia_ disaster revealed how vulnerable the shielding could be, but because the expense of refurbishing it turned"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "will be quite spectacular. The 13-ton object will enter at about 7.6 km/s, creating a multi-colored fireball with a series of catastrophic fragmentation events and a shower of blue and yellow fragments. The entry path is long, the whole event lasting about four minutes. The reentry is visible in its entirety from an aircraft at altitude, because of low extinction near the horizon. Both ESA and NASA are keen to observe the re-entry to better understand how the spacecraft breaks appart during entry. The main uncertainties in fragmentation models such as SCARAB concern the timing of the disruptions of the fuel tanks and their effect on the overall breakup. The SETI Institute is coordinating the science team. We have the expertise to observe this reentry, based on past airborne observing campaigns for the Stardust Sample Return Capsule entry and the Aurigid and Quadrantid MAC missions. We can measure the timing of breakup and explosion events and identify the fragments from their brightness, deceleration, and spectral properties. Figure 2 (below): The reentry of the MIR space station on 2001 March 23, as observed from Fiji. A private airborne mission with two small aircraft failed to observe the reentry because MIR's final de-orbit burn was longer than planned and the station entered earlier along its approach trajectory. [Other reentry images.] Mission profile The nominal mission would consist of two aircraft for stereoscopic measurements (and ability to adjust to overboost or underboost entry scenarios), one positioned sideways of the center of the entry track and one sideways of the"}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "land gently. (The problem of re-entry angle is more one of mission planning and spacecraft control, so we won't worry too much about that here.) Long before there were practical space rockets, much of the early theoretical work on returning spacecraft to Earth assumed some kind of reusable winged vehicle that could execute fully controlled flybacks to a desired location, where it would then perform a perfect aircraft-like landing. Rather than having conventional wings, some of these spacecraft might be 'lifting bodies' in which the vehicle's curved shape provides the required lift within the atmosphere. Some of them might be launched vertically like rockets and some might fly out to the upper atmosphere like an airplane before making the transition to orbit, as we saw earlier in this chapter. However the same problem remained: all of the energy used to get the craft into orbit would have to be dissipated in order to get it back to Earth. And most of that energy was going to manifest as heat. Which meant all that heat had to be handled somehow. You either had to endure it or get rid of it. Many of these early studies were really concerned with suborbital aircraft rather than true spacecraft: vehicles which could climb to the edge of space without quite enough velocity to actually achieve orbit before flying back down through the atmosphere to a landing halfway round the world. Despite not making it into orbit, these craft would have much the same problem with re-entry heat as a true"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "technical limits. Despite every optimization this is still not enough to leave Earth. So we need several stages to achieve orbit. So we can get finally out of the Earth, but...how do we get back? We would need fuel to slow us down again, but we haven't really fuel to spare. So the engineers decided to use atmospheric entry to slow down the spaceship with a heat shield. A softer method is aerobraking to reduce the speed with several passes through the atmosphere. If we would have a torchship that does not work with the rocket limitations, that would be a real nice thing because we wouldn't need the dangerous and unnecessary reentry phase. Thorsten S.Thorsten S. $\\begingroup$ \"Essentially we can move the spacecraft like a feather into orbit, vertically up and down...theoretically.\" <-- Uh, if I'm reading correctly, you're pointing out that a craft entering orbit can do so by using a thrust force only slightly greater than gravity? I'd have thought that was obvious. Trying to apply that to re-entry has issues though, you'd have to expend propellant to achieve a GEO orbital profile at a re-entry altitude, which is as insane as it sounds. $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Kaithar Jan 4 '18 at 12:28 $\\begingroup$ So obvious like that things in space are automatically weightless, that rockets can overtake other rockets on the same height level (You Only Live Twice), spaceships 2D fights (Star Trek)...? You are right that slowing down chemical rockets is insane, but Project Orion-like nuclear pulse spaceships can do that without"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "entry, descent, and landing (EDL) process, compared with the traditional reentry vehicle, the flexible reentry vehicle can decelerate at a higher altitude, which effectively reduces the surface heat flux of the vehicle, decreases the plasma density of the shock layer, and increases the communication possibility between ground and aerospace [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Recently, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and many universities have cooperated to develop a membrane reentry vehicle with an inflatable torus. The target vehicle is sent into a predetermined orbit by a sounding rocket, and the membrane expands rapidly and is maintained by the inflatable torus under vacuum and microgravity conditions. After the highest point of the orbit, the vehicle returns to the atmosphere. It is worth noting that the expanded membrane has a flotation effect during the descent, so vehicle does not need to install a parachute, which can ensure the vehicle maintains a low ballistic coefficient flight during the whole EDL process by the advantage of its large area and small weight, and reduce the speed when landing to achieve a soft landing. As a new type of return vehicle with multiple reentry advantages in the future, aerospace agencies of various countries have been successively launching a series of studies on this type of reentry vehicle since the 1960s. Yamada et al. [10,11] used scientific balloons for free flight tests in 2004 and 2009, respectively. The first experiment aimed to establish that the flexible membrane technology could effectively achieve a soft landing of the vehicle without a parachute, which was the primary goal"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "moved several manned ships back and forth from space during the 1960s and 1970s, coated the command module with special ablative material that burned up upon re-entry, absorbing heat. Unlike the Apollo vehicles, which were built for one-time use, space shuttles are reusable launch vehicles (RLVs). So instead of merely using ablative material, they must incorporate durable insulation. On the next page, we'll delve more deeply into the modern re-entry process for shuttles. The Demise of the Satellite Satellites don't have to stay up in Earth's orbit forever. Old satellites sometimes fall back to Earth. Because of the harsh conditions of re-entry, they can severely burn up on their way down. However, some of them can survive the fall and hit the Earth's surface. In controlled falls, engineers manipulate the propulsion systems on a satellite to make it fall in a safe place, like the ocean. The Descent of a Space Shuttle Re-entering Earth is all about attitude control. And, no, this doesn't mean astronauts need to keep a positive attitude (although that's always helpful). Rather, it refers to the angle at which the spacecraft flies. Here's an overview of a shuttle descent: Leaving orbit: To slow the ship down from its extreme orbit speed, the ship flips around and actually flies backwards for a period of time. The orbital maneuvering engines (OMS) then thrust the ship out of orbit and toward Earth. Descent through atmosphere: After it's safely out of orbit, the shuttle turns nose-first again and enters the atmosphere belly-down (like a belly-flop) to"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "moved several manned ships back and forth from space during the 1960s and 1970s, coated the command module with special ablative material that burned up upon re-entry, absorbing heat. Unlike the Apollo vehicles, which were built for one-time use, space shuttles are reusable launch vehicles (RLVs). So instead of merely using ablative material, they must incorporate durable insulation. On the next page, we'll delve more deeply into the modern re-entry process for shuttles. The Demise of the Satellite Satellites don't have to stay up in Earth's orbit forever. Old satellites sometimes fall back to Earth. Because of the harsh conditions of re-entry, they can severely burn up on their way down. However, some of them can survive the fall and hit the Earth's surface. In controlled falls, engineers manipulate the propulsion systems on a satellite to make it fall in a safe place, like the ocean. The Descent of a Space Shuttle Re-entering Earth is all about attitude control. And, no, this doesn't mean astronauts need to keep a positive attitude (although that's always helpful). Rather, it refers to the angle at which the spacecraft flies. Here's an overview of a shuttle descent: Leaving orbit: To slow the ship down from its extreme orbit speed, the ship flips around and actually flies backwards for a period of time. The orbital maneuvering engines (OMS) then thrust the ship out of orbit and toward Earth. Descent through atmosphere: After it's safely out of orbit, the shuttle turns nose-first again and enters the atmosphere belly-down (like a belly-flop) to"}, {"title": "math", "text": "before the boostback burn, the stage flips so the engines point in the direction of travel. When ... \u2022 122k Accepted ### Did the astronauts seated on the space shuttle mid-deck have responsibilities during reentry and landing? There were no nominal activities for the middeck crew related to flying the vehicle. There were no switches or controls on the middeck accessible to seated crewmembers in the ascent/entry seats. The ... \u2022 169k Accepted ### What impact will the deorbiting of thousands of satellites have on the atmosphere? Not much research has been done on this question in recent years, but some researchers are worried enough to research into wooden satellites. The question on the environmental impact of deorbiting ... \u2022 11.2k Accepted ### Space Shuttle Challenger bringing back Salyut-7 No work was ever done on this in the Shuttle Mission Simulator (SMS), so they were nowhere \"close to an actual mission\". Not even any testing. Source: I worked to some extent on all missions ... \u2022 169k Accepted ### Why are spaceship capsules frustum shaped? The capsules designed to reenter the atmosphere have to slow down from about 8 km/s to zero by the time they get to the ground. They actually don't use the part that looks like a cone to do that. They ... \u2022 21k Accepted ### If I drop a feather from orbit, would it burn up or \"hit\" the ground? Throwing it down at 5 m/s will do basically nothing. That will simply cause it to advance in its orbit a"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "2 '18 at 8:34 $\\begingroup$ The Sprint anti-ballistic missile launches extremely fast and heats up a lot during launch, as it was designed to reach an altitude of 18 miles in about 15 seconds. It reaches Mach 10 in 5 seconds and requires an ablative heat shield to protect it from the heat (around 3400\u00b0C). It also forms a plasma sheath like a re-entry vehicle and needs special transmitters to get radio to it during ascent (if it works correctly, there is no descent!) $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Inductiveload Jan 3 '18 at 12:04 Recently I read up on spacecrafts entering earth using a heat shield. However, when exiting the earth atmosphere, it does not heat up, so it does not need a heat shield. Why is this so? A spacecraft on launch does heat up, just not to the degree that it does on reentry. And it heats up for the same reason--atmospheric drag, which includes adiabatic air compression and atmospheric friction. The key difference between launch and reentry is that they are two different flight profiles meant to optimize the drag variable (less drag on launch, more drag on reentry). (This is a simplified statement to address the OP's question regarding vehicle heating--real rocket launch and reentry dynamics are multi-variable optimizations.) On launch the rocket spends the initial portion of flight attempting to gain altitude to go into the upper atmosphere where the air is less dense. Then it switches into a lateral velocity regime to gain the necessary lateral velocity to obtain orbit. The rocket"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "2 '18 at 8:34 $\\begingroup$ The Sprint anti-ballistic missile launches extremely fast and heats up a lot during launch, as it was designed to reach an altitude of 18 miles in about 15 seconds. It reaches Mach 10 in 5 seconds and requires an ablative heat shield to protect it from the heat (around 3400\u00b0C). It also forms a plasma sheath like a re-entry vehicle and needs special transmitters to get radio to it during ascent (if it works correctly, there is no descent!) $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Inductiveload Jan 3 '18 at 12:04 Recently I read up on spacecrafts entering earth using a heat shield. However, when exiting the earth atmosphere, it does not heat up, so it does not need a heat shield. Why is this so? A spacecraft on launch does heat up, just not to the degree that it does on reentry. And it heats up for the same reason--atmospheric drag, which includes adiabatic air compression and atmospheric friction. The key difference between launch and reentry is that they are two different flight profiles meant to optimize the drag variable (less drag on launch, more drag on reentry). (This is a simplified statement to address the OP's question regarding vehicle heating--real rocket launch and reentry dynamics are multi-variable optimizations.) On launch the rocket spends the initial portion of flight attempting to gain altitude to go into the upper atmosphere where the air is less dense. Then it switches into a lateral velocity regime to gain the necessary lateral velocity to obtain orbit. The rocket"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "spacecraft\u2019s fall toward earth, a solid-fuel Antares II rocket behind the payload fired for 30 seconds, increasing the descent speed to 40,501 kilometers (25,166 miles) per hour. Instruments in the spacecraft radioed temperature data to the ground. The spacecraft exterior reached an estimated temperature of 11,400 K (20,000 degrees F). About 32 minutes after launch, the spacecraft impacted into the Atlantic Ocean. The mission, sponsored by Langley Research Center, provided reentry heating measurements needed to evaluate heatshield materials and information on the communications blackout during reentry. 1965 May 22 \u2013 . 21:55 GMT \u2013 . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC12. LV Family: Atlas. Launch Vehicle: Atlas D. LV Configuration: Atlas D 264D. FIRE 2 \u2013 . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 817 km (507 mi). Suborbital reentry heating experiment using the FIRE subscale Apollo capsule. An Atlas D booster propelled the instrumented probe, called a \u201cflying thermometer,\u201d into a ballistic trajectory over 805 km (500 mi) high. After 26 minutes of flight, when the spacecraft began its descent, a solid-fueled Antares rocket accelerated its fall. The probe entered the atmosphere at a speed of 40,877 km (25,400 mph) and generated temperatures of about 11,206K (20,000 degrees F). Data on heating were transmitted to ground stations throughout the descent. Thirty-two minutes after the launch \u2013 and but six minutes after the Antares was fired \u2013 the device impacted in the Atlantic about 8,256 km (5,130 mi) southeast of the Cape. Fire 2 launched 22-May-1965 By 1967, most of the research in support of"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "The Dragon spacecraft uses a carbon-based thermal protection system \u2013 a layer of ablative material which burns away, protecting the spacecraft. The importance of heat shielding was highlighted during the Columbia Shuttle incident, in which a tile was damaged on take off, resulting in the shuttle disintegrating upon reentry and killing the crew members. The heat generated will also depend on the entry angle. If the angle is too steep, the heat generated by the shockwave and friction at the front of the spacecraft will overwhelm the shielding, potentially causing the spacecraft to break apart or explode. Having said that, if all goes well, the advanced heat shielding materials used on the Dragon 2 are expected to withstand hundreds of atmospheric reentry flights. The human body has a limited tolerance to g-forces \u2013 most people will pass out at a sustained acceleration of 7g. As the Dragon 2 is designed to be the first commercial passenger spacecraft, the deceleration forces and heat tolerances must be demonstrably within safe limits on this test run. To test this safety for new astronauts, the Dragon 2 launch has a brave passenger. Ripley is a mannequin who is sat in one of the crew seats and will take data such as the internal temperature, pressure and g-forces experienced. This will ultimately determine if the reentry is safe for humans."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "is a masterpiece of simplicity and is thus very reliable. The feathering system does not look to be any more complicated than ailerons. The use of passive stabilization on reentry eliminates dozens of failure points inherent in an active stabilization system. All your \\\"safety systems\\\" would increase vehicle weight increasing by an order of magnitude the likelihood of of an accident during reentry when an accident is most likely. The Space Shuttle is the most complicated machine ever built, and of its two catastrophic failures one was because it was launched in weather outside its flight envelope, and the other was because of bad design. Why do your arguments make me think you work for a different and larger aerospace firm, that has not been able to get its suborbital vehicle to fly? Will Sharp October 27, 2011 05:25 AM Gaetano Marano, Dude, the Space Shuttle didn\\'t have any of those \\\"safety features\\\" either. If a single thing failed on takeoff or landing, there was pretty much nothing that could be done. Same with pretty much any spacecraft out there. NASA takes delivery of Orion Artemis I spacecraft InSight's Mars \"mole\" abandoned after two years of troubleshooting Blue Origin's New Shepard completes 14th flight, with improved capsule Boeing to provide six new solar arrays for International Space Station"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "component parts taken to orbit on separate launches. Furthermore, rotation of space crews and emergency rescue missions require rendezvous and docking capability. Reentry refers to the return of a spacecraft into Earth\u2019s atmosphere. The blanket of relatively dense gas surrounding Earth is useful as a braking, or retarding, force resulting from aerodynamic drag. A concomitant effect, however, is the severe heating caused by the compression of atmospheric air in front of the rapidly moving spacecraft. Initially, heat shields were made of ablative materials that carried away the heat of reentry as they were shed, but the space shuttle introduced refractory materials\u2014silica tiles and a reinforced carbon-carbon material\u2014that withstood the heat directly. Newer vehicle designs use active cooling and refractory metallic alloys. Inherent in the safe reentry of a spacecraft is precise control of the angle of reentry. For Apollo, this angle with respect to Earth\u2019s horizon was \u22126.2\u00b0. If the reentry angle is too shallow, the spacecraft will skip or bounce off the atmosphere and back into space. If the angle is too great, the heat shield will not survive the extreme heating rates nor the spacecraft the high forces of deceleration. Returning Apollo Command Modules approached Earth at nearly 40,000 km (25,000 miles) per hour. Even with a satisfactory reentry angle, the capsules\u2019 heat shields were subjected to temperatures approaching 3,000 \u00b0C (5,400 \u00b0F). During the final phases of descent, some spacecraft\u2014especially capsule-type manned craft\u2014deploy parachutes, which lower the vehicle to a soft landing. The Apollo Command Modules employed this technique to make ocean splashdowns."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Time-coordinated reentry guidance law for reusable launch vehicle Reusable launch vehicle (RLV) coordinated reentry guidance is one of the key conditions to determine the effect of coordinated flight. The existing RLV reentry guidance methods often take a single spacecraft as the research object and do not have the ability of coordinated reentry flight. To solve these problems, a coordinated reentry guidance scheme is designed. In this paper, a time coordination strategy is designed aiming at the predictability of reentry flight time. The pseudospectral method is used to predict the flight time of RLVs, and the coordinated flight time coordination of multiple RLVs is realized. Based on receding horizon control, a coordinated reentry guidance law is designed. In each guidance cycle, RLV flies according to the guidance instructions generated in the previous guidance cycle. At the same time, taking the previous reentry trajectory as the initial value and the coordinated flight time determined by the time coordination algorithm as the constraint condition, the pseudo-spectral method is used to generate the flight trajectory quickly. The angle of attack and inclination are used as guidance instructions for the next guidance cycle of RLV, so as to guide RLV to the target. Finally, the simulation results verify the performance of the reentry coordinated guidance law and the effectiveness of the whole reentry guidance scheme."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "natural origin without any size limit) from comets, asteroids, and even differentiated bodies. With the exploration of space, anthropogenic objects like spacecraft and rocket bodies in orbit around Earth also enter the atmosphere. Upon reentry, bodies heat up and ablate depending on their physical and chemical properties. This way, matter in form of atoms and aerosols is injected into the atmosphere. With the steady growth of spaceflight activities with evermore nations operating space programs and the increase of commercialization, more and more objects are launched into orbit around Earth. This has raised major concerns about space debris (Klinkrad, 2006). As a result, standards have been introduced to minimize the amount of orbital debris (ISO Central Secretary, 2019) and space agencies like ESA and NASA have introduced guidelines and requirements, largely accepting those standards (see for example ESA, 2008;NASA, 2019). A consequence of these guidelines is that payload launched into low Earth orbit (LEO) has to be disposed of within 25 years after end of operation. This is achieved by reentry into the atmosphere. Hence, more and more anthropogenic material is injected into the atmosphere, raising questions about its significance in comparison to the natural injection caused by the ablation of meteoroids, and about possible impacts on the atmosphere itself. Several companies have proposed large satellite constellations of hundreds to thousands of small spacecraft in LEO providing global internet and other telecommunication services (Liou et al., 2018). The amount of spacecraft to be launched combined with their limited lifetime will dramatically increase the anthropogenic amount of mass"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "bit. To deorbit, you need to throw it backwards, not down. However in this case, since the ... \u2022 58.1k ### During spacecraft reentry why is heatshield side down the most stable orientation? We\u2019re accustomed to seeing things travel pointy-end-first (bullets, rockets, arrows, Lamborghinis) so it seems \u201cnatural\u201d that Entry Vehicles (EV) should be most stable traveling pointy-end-first as ... \u2022 12.5k Accepted ### Gagarin not ejecting from capsule Initially, the USSR insisted that Gagarin had landed with the spacecraft, because of requirements for FAI certification of spaceflight records: One of the stipulations for spaceflight requires that ... \u2022 163k ### Apollo Command Module heatshield tube - what was it for? That is the remnant of one of the attachments between the Command and Service modules (there were three). Here is a cutaway drawing showing the bolt penetrating the heat shield (labeled \"tension tie\")... \u2022 169k Accepted ### Why did early satellites (e.g. China's Fanhui Shi Weixing) re-enter the atmosphere narrow end (nose)-first? The advantages of the blunt end first design were known well before either vehicle was launched (1958, a few years earlier for spy satellite designers). However, pointy end first is the simplest ... \u2022 2,247 Accepted ### Could one skydive from a space capsule that just had a parachute failure during re-entry? Would you even be able to open the door? It would depend on the capsule, but since the Apollo 1 fire, one expects crewed American capsules to have explosively-jettisoned hatches that can be ... \u2022 163k Accepted ### Is there such"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "spacecraft as it goes into the atmosphere.\u201d Chew said, the problem is that the more material you use, the greater the weight of the spacecraft. That\u2019s why it\u2019s important to find the optimum thickness. \u201cWe know the rate at which the shield burns off from wind tunnel experiments and test data of the Orion spacecraft when it was launched into Earth\u2019s orbit in 2014,\u201d Harpale said. \u201cUsing this information as a starting point, we calibrated a numerical model to determine the heat shield material response for different flight profiles. We used multi-scale computations to find the rate at which AVCOAT burns. We know the heat flux on the surface for the reentry, so now we can figure out the temperature profile in the heatshield during reentry and ultimately the thickness required.\u201d Chew added, \u201cIn other words, we created an atomistic model to establish the chemistry of how the phenolic resin decomposes\u2014at what temperature they break up and become gases\u2014essentially the temperature at which it begins to burn. We used that information at the atomic-scale to create an engineering model capable of predicting the response at the structure level.\u201d One aspect Harpale said he didn\u2019t expect was learning that the actual recipe for AVCOAT mattered. When he began the research, he was just interested in understanding the atomistic response of the material at temperatures ranging from 440 to almost 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit in the spacecraft\u2019s trajectory. When attempting to recreate a data set from the 1960s, he realized that the material response is highly sensitive to the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "ESA Clean Space tackles space junk one component at a time VALETTA, Malta \u2014 Through a novel approach to testing, the European Space Agency\u2019s Clean Space initiative is assisting in the development of satellite components that are designed for demise, an approach to satellite development that advocates for the safe disposal of spacecraft by destructive atmospheric reentry. The ESA Clean Space initiative was launched in 2012 to consider the environmental impact of the agency\u2019s missions across their entire life cycle. A primary focus of Clean Space since its earliest days has been mitigating space debris through \u201cdesign for demise.\u201d The goal: making design choices that ensure a spacecraft component has less than a 1 in 10,000 chance of surviving reentry and posing a threat to people on the ground. When considering how to design components that are more likely to burn up in the atmosphere during reentry, the Clean Space team took a novel approach. Instead of relying on modeling software to understand the forces exerted on a specific component during a satellite\u2019s reentry, the team followed their models up with real-world testing. In order to simulate what a satellite and its components would experience during reentry, the team utilized a plasma wind tunnel at German space agency DLR\u2019s facility in Cologne. The wind tunnel is able to mimic the superheated gas, or plasma, that satellites encounter during reentry, subjecting individual components and sections of satellites to several thousands of degrees Celsius. Following a series of initial studies to identify which components of a satellite were"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Improved Air Turbo Rocket for Space Applications Application to Orbital Vehicles and Reentry An Air Turbo Rocket (ATR) is a propulsion system which combines a turbo jet with a rocket engine. Currently it is being touted as a propulsion system for future missile systems, as these engines have a higher thrust density when compared to other air breathing engines. This paper explores the possibility of modifying the ATR for use in space application as well as during spacecraft re-entry. Such modified ATR\u2019s could be used to power space vehicles up to the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to dock with the International Space Station (ISS). In addition, thrust reversal techniques on the ATR systems could be used to improve the accuracy of Ballistic Missiles and hypersonic space planes upon Re-entry. Challenges faced would be in this type of air breathing engine would be operating at different atmospheric conditions. This paper will explore an ATR design, which will operate at different modes namely conventional mode, which will be used during below absolute ceiling, and the mission mode, which will be employed during flight in vacuum. Lastly, the reentry mode, which can be used for lessening the entry velocity of a vehicle to reduce the risks associated with reentry. The paper will try to emphasize the advantages of ATR as an affordable launch system for space shuttles and satellites with high maneuverability."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "R-DBAS aims to provide direct reentry alerts to affected land, sea, and air craft (Credits: Kristhian Mason). The Reentry Direct Broadcasting Alert System (R-DBAS) is an evolution of the Reentry Breakup Recorder (REBR) concept, often called the black box of spacecraft. But unlike the REBR, which simply downloads data via satellite link for later analysis, the R-DBAS is intended as a direct communication tool with the end user. As a spacecraft carrying R-DBAS hits the atmosphere, it relays a message with the coordinates of the falling debris area to anyone with a receiver and a display, such as a laptop or iPad , warning them of the hazard. Despite increasing efforts to accurately predict space debris reentry, the exact time and location of reentry is still very uncertain. Partially, this is due to a skipping effect uncontrolled spacecraft may undergo as they enter the atmosphere at a shallow angle. Such an effect depends on atmospheric variations of density and winds that are difficult to model. When the skipping ends and atmospheric reentry starts, the trajectory and the overall location of surviving fragments can be precisely predicted but the time to impact the ground or to reach airspace is at that point very short. All of these factors together mean that population centers, ships, and aircraft have very little time to respond to incoming space debris. A GPS localizer combined with a pre-computed debris footprint area and direct broadcasting provides a solution. Schematic of the existing Reentry Breakup Recorder (Credits: The Aerospace Corporation). The risk to aviation"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Probabilistic Analysis of the Inadvertent Reentry of the Cassini Spacecraft's Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators As part of the launch approval process, the Interagency Nuclear Safety Review Panel provides an independent safety assessment of space missions\u2014such as the Cassini mission\u2014that carry a significant amount of nuclear materials. This survey article describes potential accident scenarios that might lead to release of fuel from an accidental reentry during an Earth swingby maneuver, the probabilities of such scenarios, and their consequences. To illustrate the nature of calculations used in this area, examples are presented of probabilistic models to obtain both the probability of scenario events and the resultant source terms of such scenarios. Because of large extrapolations from the current knowledge base, the analysis emphasizes treatment of uncertainties."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "is \"ultrasonic\". Etymology: The word supersonic comes from two Latin derived words; 1) super: above and 2) sonus: sound, which together mean above sound, or faster than sound. Supersonic objects The tip of a bullwhip is thought to be the first object designed to break the sound barrier, resulting in the telltale \"crack\" (actually a small sonic boom). The wave motion travelling through the bullwhip is what makes it capable of achieving supersonic speeds. However, the first man-made supersonic boom was likely caused by a piece of cloth, spurring the whip's eventual development. Most modern firearm bullets are supersonic, with rifle projectiles often travelling at speeds approaching and in some cases well exceeding Mach 3. Most spacecraft are supersonic at least during portions of their reentry, though the effects on the spacecraft are reduced by low air densities. During ascent, launch vehicles generally avoid going supersonic below 30 km (~98,400 feet) to reduce air drag. Note that the speed of sound decreases somewhat with altitude, due to lower temperatures found there (typically up to 25 km). At even higher altitudes the temperature starts increasing, with the corresponding increase in the speed of sound. When an inflated balloon is burst, the torn pieces of latex contract at supersonic speed, which contributes to the sharp and loud popping noise. Supersonic land vehicles To date, only one land vehicle has officially travelled at supersonic speed, the ThrustSSC. The vehicle, driven by Andy Green, holds the world land speed record, having achieved an average speed on its bi-directional run of"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "entry, descent, and landing (EDL) process, compared with the traditional reentry vehicle, the flexible reentry vehicle can decelerate at a higher altitude, which effectively reduces the surface heat flux of the vehicle, decreases the plasma density of the shock layer, and increases the communication possibility between ground and aerospace [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Recently, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and many universities have cooperated to develop a membrane reentry vehicle with an inflatable torus. The target vehicle is sent into a predetermined orbit by a sounding rocket, and the membrane expands rapidly and is maintained by the inflatable torus under vacuum and microgravity conditions. After the highest point of the orbit, the vehicle returns to the atmosphere. It is worth noting that the expanded membrane has a flotation effect during the descent, so vehicle does not need to install a parachute, which can ensure the vehicle maintains a low ballistic coefficient flight during the whole EDL process by the advantage of its large area and small weight, and reduce the speed when landing to achieve a soft landing. As a new type of return vehicle with multiple reentry advantages in the future, aerospace agencies of various countries have been successively launching a series of studies on this type of reentry vehicle since the 1960s. Yamada et al. [10,11] used scientific balloons for free flight tests in 2004 and 2009, respectively. The first experiment aimed to establish that the flexible membrane technology could effectively achieve a soft landing of the vehicle without a parachute, which was the primary goal"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "ProjectOrion MPCV 4throck Enthusiast ! Great to see that Orion is generating the interest it deserves, with many add-ons to depict the different planned versions. Good work. Astro SG Wise Future Orion MPCV Pilot Just a few more photo ops. Thanks to francisdrake for tips of re-entry with Orion MPCV on Re-entering with Orion thread. Why does Orion re-enter the atmosphere twice, instead of once? I don't know if you remember me stating this, so I will restate it. I do not believe that you should put extra water around the CM when it splashes down. If you want to make it look like the bottom part of the CM is in water, you should cut off the round bottom in the mesh file. It was too marine/aqua colored as well. Thank you for the work! IronRain The One and Only (AFAIK) Moderator Donator Just a few more photo ops. Thanks to francisdrake for tips of re-entry with Orion MPCV on Re-entering with Orion thread. Why does Orion re-enter the atmosphere twice, instead of once? [ame=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_reentry\"]Skip reentry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/ame] Skip reentry is a reentry technique involving one or more successive \"skips\" off the atmosphere to achieve greater entry range or to slow the spacecraft before final entry, which helps to dissipate the huge amount of heat that is usually generated on faster descents. The range modulation made possible by skip entry allows a spacecraft to reach a wider landing area, or to reach a designated landing point from a wider range of possible"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "of the computable modeling of Boltzmann-type velocity distribution function equation with internal energy excitation and the gas-kinetic massively parallel algorithm for hypersonic non-equilibrium aerothermodynamics during falling disintegration of the uncontrolled Tiangong-1 spacecraft. As this work is only the beginning of numerical forecast for un-controlling spacecraft falling from outer space, further investigations on the three-dimensional irregular multi-body flows with real gas effects involving internal energy excitation around disintegrating debris of uncontrolled spacecraft, need to be studied in the future. Reyhanoglu M, Alvarado J (2013) Estimation of debris dispersion due to a space vehicle breakup during reentry. Acta Astronautica 86:211\u2013218 Balakrishnan D, Kurian J (2014) Material thermal degradation under reentry aerodynamic heating. J Spacecr Rocket:1\u201310. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.A32712 Wu ZN, Hu RF, Qu X et al (2011) Space debris reentry analysis methods and tools. Chin J Aeronaut 24(4):387\u2013395 Caggiano A, Etse G (2015) Coupled thermo-mechanical interface model for concrete failure analysis under high temperature. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 289:498\u2013516 MathSciNet Article Google Scholar Li ZH, Ma Q, Cui JZ (2016) Finite element algorithm for dynamic thermoelasticity coupling problems and application to transient response of structure with strong aerothermodynamic environment. Commun Comput Phys 20(3):773\u2013810 MathSciNet MATH Article Google Scholar Peng AP, Li ZH, Wu JL, Jiang XY (2016) Implicit gas-kinetic unified algorithm based on multi-block docking grid for multi-body reentry flows covering all flow regimes. J Comput Phys 327:919\u2013942 Li ZH, Peng AP, Wu JL, Ma Q, Tang XW, Liang J, Gas-Kinetic Unified Algorithm for Computable Modeling of Boltzmann Equation for Aerothermodynamics during Falling Disintegration of Tiangong-type Spacecraft, Proc. of"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "time. Mechanical insulation is commonly installed in industrial and commercial facilities. Refrigeration A refrigerator consists of a heat pump and a thermally insulated compartment.[3] Spacecraft Launch and re-entry place severe mechanical stresses on spacecraft, so the strength of an insulator is critically important (as seen by the failure of insulating tiles on the Space Shuttle Columbia, which caused the shuttle airframe to overheat and break apart during reentry, killing the astronauts onboard). Re-entry through the atmosphere generates very high temperatures due to compression of the air at high speeds. Insulators must meet demanding physical properties beyond their thermal transfer retardant properties. Examples of insulation used on spacecraft include reinforced carbon-carbon composite nose cone and silica fiber tiles of the Space Shuttle. See also Insulative paint. Automotive Internal combustion engines produce a lot of heat during their combustion cycle. This can have a negative effect when it reaches various heat-sensitive components such as sensors, batteries, and starter motors. As a result, thermal insulation is necessary to prevent the heat from the exhaust from reaching these components. High performance cars often use thermal insulation as a means to increase engine performance. Factors influencing performance Insulation performance is influenced by many factors, the most prominent of which include: It is important to note that the factors influencing performance may vary over time as material ages or environmental conditions change. Calculating requirements Industry standards are often rules of thumb, developed over many years, that offset many conflicting goals: what people will pay for, manufacturing cost, local climate, traditional building practices,"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.06282103061676025, -0.06524964421987534, 0.07413623481988907, -0.02645750157535076, 0.08525484055280685, 0.030234765261411667, 0.05134095251560211, -0.07064565271139145, 0.007844063453376293, 0.01070084422826767, 0.1226736307144165, -0.06837301701307297, -0.008295713923871517, 0.014195885509252548, 0.0032631983049213886, -0.046964533627033234, -0.028134360909461975, -0.03489575907588005, 0.007844063453376293, -0.06434353440999985, 0.07620507478713989, 0.008969474583864212, -0.02029586397111416, -0.02029586397111416, -0.04678775742650032, 0.06672302633523941, -0.033114392310380936, -0.04020049050450325, -0.07567931711673737, 0.06401538848876953, -0.07740265876054764, -0.07740265876054764, 0.020748011767864227, 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The Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite burned up in Earth's atmosphere during a planned reentry on Nov. 28, leaving behind a treasure trove of data about a part of the space environment that's difficult to study. The unique set of sustained observations from C/NOFS will greatly improve models currently used to predict satellite trajectories, orbital drag and uncontrolled re-entry. Scientists from the U.S. Air Force, NASA, and the University of Texas (UT) at Dallas are presenting the results at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco. Launched on April 16, 2008, C/NOFS studied a region high above in our atmosphere called the ionosphere, a layer of electrically charged particles created by ultra-violet radiation from the sun. This layer lies some 40 to 600 miles above the Earth's surface, where it interacts and co-mingles with the neutral particles of the tenuous upper atmosphere. The upper atmosphere and ionosphere change constantly in response to forces from above and below, including explosions on the sun, intense upper atmosphere winds, and dynamic electric field changes. In addition to interfering with satellite orbits, such changes can produce turbulence in the ionosphere that cause what's known as scintillations, which interfere with"}, {"title": "rpj-book", "text": "USA, Spain and Australia. Their spacing means that anything more than 30,000 km from the Earth should always be up for at least one of them. The European Space Agency has a similar facility (in Argentina, Spain and Australia), while other nations operate systems with less complete coverage.9 And, of course, for more distant craft you have to cope with that round-trip communications delay discussed earlier in this chapter. Finally, as we saw in Chap. , high speed entry into an atmosphere can generate a lot of heat. One consequence of this can be the creation of an envelope of ionized atmospheric gases around the craft, which interferes with or even totally blocks radio communications. Spacecraft returning to Earth will experience this comms blackout, as will probes landing on any other celestial body with enough of an atmosphere. The result is always several very tense minutes during which ground controllers have no idea what is happening to their craft. ## Engineering Success Regardless of how it is controlled, when you delve into the details of almost any space-based mission, at first it may seem rather astonishing how often something goes wrong at some point. When you pause and reflect, you may change that view. Given the size, complexity, duration and sheer difficulty of doing anything in space, it is not at all surprising that things frequently go wrong. What is surprising is how often and how quickly the mission recovers. In most cases this is _not_ just down to luck. An aspect of unmanned space missions"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "that interacts with them. And as the sun enters solar minimum \u2014 a low-activity period that happens every 11 years\u2014 the ionosphere expands. The Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer will have the chance to redeem itself from its defectiveness last year by sampling the densities of ionized and neutral atoms in this atmospheric region when Dellingr launches on its maiden journey this month. Editor's Note: This story was corrected at 8:15 p.m. EDT to clarify that \"6U\" refers to a cubesat's size, not the number of instruments it carries. Follow Doris Elin Salazar on Twitter @salazar_elin. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com. Doris Elin Urrutia Doris is a science journalist and Space.com contributor. She received a B.A. in Sociology and Communications at Fordham University in New York City. Her first work was published in collaboration with London Mining Network, where her love of science writing was born. Her passion for astronomy started as a kid when she helped her sister build a model solar system in the Bronx. She got her first shot at astronomy writing as a Space.com editorial intern and continues to write about all things cosmic for the website. Doris has also written about microscopic plant life for Scientific American\u2019s website and about whale calls for their print magazine. She has also written about ancient humans for Inverse, with stories ranging from how to recreate Pompeii\u2019s cuisine to how to map the Polynesian expansion through genomics. She currently shares her home with two rabbits. Follow her on twitter at"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "as others have stated, mostly due to the more sparse atmosphere. In LEO at 250km, there may be as many as $10^{-10}g/cm^3$ particles, whereas in GEO at 35,786km this is more like $10^{-20}g/cm^3$. Spacecraft in GEO experience other effects from the solar wind (surface charging and other electromagnetic effects). DiamondDiamond Another contributing factor is that the LEO satellite, at altitudes of 1-6 Mm, is getting pounded by the inner Van Allen belt. RogerRoger 1,02011 silver badge1414 bronze badges GEO satellites tend to be large satellites, because they have to be larger to support their missions. When you have to make them larger, then they are built with additional redundancy. In addition, GEO satellites do not have as many eclipses, they have them at most once a day for 90 minutes during eclipse season. For LEO satellites, their death tends to be due to poor batteries. The batteries are very stressed due to the constant use that they require. GEO satellites tend to end their lives when the fuel runs out. Fuel requirements are usually easier than batteries. LEO satellites tend to require a constellation to work effective. The redundancy in many ways is that there are usually other satellites in orbit that can \"pick up the slack\" if one of them fails. GEO satellites tend to require being in a specific location, and cannot support that kind of redundancy. Bottom line is, LEO satellites are built smaller, cheaper, and with lower lifetimes, and have more battery stress than GEO satellites. $\\begingroup$ I think you are quite"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "plane of the sky. The high gain antenna is pointing toward the Earth (toward the viewer).The spacecraft will first go behind the ionosphere (the yellow ring), then the neutral atmosphere (the blue ring) and then the planetary disc. The radio signal propagates from the spacecraft first through the ionosphere and later through the atmosphere towards the Earth. Timing and duration of planetary occultations during Mars Express's nominal and extended missions. Mars Express will differ from the other spacecraft that have performed similar experiments (Mariner 4 in 1965 and Mars Global Surveyor now) by using the S- as well as the X-band. \"The S-band is sensitive to plasma (ionised gas) densities,\" says P\u00e4tzold, which makes it particularly useful for studying the ionosphere, the ionised, outer part of the atmosphere. One of the outstanding questions about Mars is how it came to lose most of its atmosphere. One possibility is that the solar wind, the stream of charged particles flowing out from the Sun, has gradually stripped the atmosphere away through interactions with the ionosphere. The radio science experiment will measure density profiles in the ionosphere, which will help determine whether, how and when this happened. The speed of a spacecraft relative to the ground station can be measured with an accuracy of \"less than one tenth the speed of a snail at full pace,\" according to P\u00e4tzold. Such high precision is achieved by measuring the frequency change in the radio signal caused when the spacecraft moves towards or away from the ground station. (The phenomenon, called the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "Jan 28 '17 at 0:35 $\\begingroup$ @DavidHammen OK ..my poor assessment of difficulty (of aiming the transmitter). $\\endgroup$ \u2013 Andrew Thompson Jan 28 '17 at 0:52 In space, there is a lot of electromagnetic radiation from sun and other space objects. No, there isn't. In classical physics, electromagnetic radiation is a wave phenomenon. Normally, waves of light pass through each other unperturbed. In quantum physics, there is such a thing as two-photon physics, but this takes very energetic photons. Neither the visible light from the Sun nor the radio waves from a spacecraft qualify as \"very energetic\". In short, there is no interference. There is a problem if (for example) Mars is close to being directly behind the Sun as seen from the perspective of the Earth. In this case, an Earth-bound antenna pointing toward Mars will also be pointing toward the Sun. This would be a very bad day for that Earth-bound antenna. This means that communications with Earth are suspended for about a week or two every other year for vehicles on or near Mars. Communications with Mars is not a problem outside of these solar connections. I see images of Mars by rovers, how is it noise-free and sharp? Designing communication protocols that are (to some extent) loss tolerant. This is, in part, the job of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. Designing the communications capabilities of the spacecraft to be in line with the data to be gathered by the spacecraft. This is a collaborative effort between the designers of the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "interference with the antenna)"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "22 watt transmitters onboard. NASA\u2019s JPL navigation teams have done an amazing job (ex the Mars Climate orbiter fiasco) and preparing now for the Perseverance rover landing on Mars. They use a quasar based positioning system and account for variables like the slight fluctuations in the Earth\u2019s rotational speed. My point in connection with this discussion is that the shielding requirements for a spacecraft traversing the interstellar medium at relativistic speeds are substantial and will require shielding for both charged and neutral particles. Outside the heliopause will be higher interaction with high energy Cosmic Rays but also energetic neutral atoms. A large piece of ice (or equivalent) be required at the front of the spacecraft for neutral atoms and an onboard magnetic deflector for charged particles. This additional shielding mass puts further load on the propulsion system. The James Webb IR telescope launch is now scheduled for October 31st ( fingers crossed). Scott #96: even if your prior tells you that the objects in these and other videos do not come from outer space, it remains to explain what they are. Unknown natural phenomena? Secret Chinese weapons? There could be some pretty interesting stuff to find out, even if the explanation is more mundane than the \u201calien from outer space\u201d one. I find it a little\u2026 unsatisfying, shall we say, that the skeptics typically dismiss the \u201calien\u201d hypothesis as implausible without bothering to propose a more plausible explanation. Rollo Burgess Says: In conversation on an episode of Sean Carroll\u2019s podcast (I forget which episode, sorry) he"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "to check that the electromagnetic emissions from various parts of the spacecraft \u2013 particularly the various radio antennas onboard \u2013 did not interfere with other spacecraft subsystems. During this phase of the tests, the spacecraft's high gain, medium gain and low gain antennas that will provide telemetry, tracking and communication (TT&C) for the mission were turned on one at a time, checking that all other systems were still operating properly. The engineers also had to verify the compatibility of the spacecraft's systems with sensitive external equipment. The Solar Orbiter EMC tests verified that no emissions from the spacecraft would interfere with the launch vehicle's radio receivers and transponders or with nearby radio antennas during the launch preparations and lift-off from the Cape Canaveral launch site in Florida, USA. Solar Orbiter in the magnetic field simulation facility. Credit: ESA\u2013S. Corvaja In addition, some specific compatibility tests were performed to determine whether the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument would be affected by the spacecraft's electromagnetic emissions. This instrument is sensitive to electric and magnetic signals, so it was important to characterise the fields produced by the spacecraft in order to be discriminated later on from the actual measurements of the fields in space. Once in space, Solar Orbiter will deploy three 7-m long monopole antennas that are part of the RPW instrument. However, these are too long to be deployed in the EMC chamber, so the tests were carried out using shorter placeholder antennas plugged into the instrument, together with an external antenna linked to a receiver."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "he added, they shine incredibly faintly. This raises two main problems. First, the charged layer of Earth's atmosphere, the ionosphere, \"wreaks havoc\" with the radio waves that come through, Burns said, absorbing and refracting them until they're too difficult to interpret. And many of the wavelengths he's interested in run up against a major Earth emission \u2014 FM radio, which uses the same wavelengths of light and overwhelms the faint signal. [The Universe: Big Bang to Now in 10 Easy Steps] \"We've concluded that these observations are best done from a very quiet place that has no ionosphere,\" Burns said. \"And in the local part of our solar system nearest the Earth, that would correspond to the far side of the moon.\" DARE would take observations during the portion of its 2-hour orbit when the moon shields it from Earth's radio waves, while it's on the moon's far side. When shielded from the sun as well, the spacecraft could collect higher-quality data; the best possible time is during the full moon, DARE materials said. Blasting off Burns hopes to submit a proposal to NASA's Explorer program in December \u2014 if selected to do a concept study and chosen for flight after that, the mission could launch somewhere around 2021 or 2022, he said. The DARE team has partnered with Ball Aerospace, which is also based in Boulder, to develop plans to repurpose one of the company's smaller spacecraft to deliver the probe to lunar orbit. \"One of the main differences between this mission and most other"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "space weather The northern lights interfere with radio communications, GPS navigation and satellite communications. Researchers are now going to launch 20 satellites containing world class instruments from the University of Oslo to find out why. Satellites are becoming increasingly important in communications and navigation. This makes us more vulnerable to the northern lights, especially within offshore and aviation. In a worst case scenario an aircraft can lose contact with its surroundings. Oil tankers can struggle with precise navigation. In order to more precisely predict when radio communications and navigation will fail, researchers require more information about what happens when violent solar winds hit the Earth and produce the northern lights. The solar winds consist of charged particles and produce powerful turbulence in the ionosphere, which consists of plasma clouds with electrical particles at an altitude of 80 to 500 km. The turbulence interferes with radio signals. Sometimes they are reflected wrongly. On other occasions the signals are blocked altogether. \u201cIn the northern regions GPS satellites lie low in the sky. This means the signals have to pass through the ionosphere. This reinforces the navigation problems,\u201d says professor J\u00c3\u00b8ran Moen of the Department of Physics at University of Oslo (UiO), Norway. Full story: http://www.apollon.uio.no/english/articles/2012/spaceweather.html Categories: Astronomy, Astrophysics, Aurorae, CME (Coronal Mass Ejections), Earth, General Astronomy, Solar System, Sun Tags: astronomy, aurora, Nature, news, science, space AstroNews Is Coming Back Online May 14, 2012 astronewsus Leave a comment Okay, so it\u2019s been awhile but I\u2019ve got some help and we\u2019re looking to get AstroNews back up \u2018n running"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "enough not to harm the spacecraft. (The radio signal can't literally \"burn\" the spacecraft, but it seems conceivable that a radio receiver designed to listen for very faint radio signals from millions of kilometers away might be harmed by the loudness of the same signals sent from very short range.) Here's another interesting remark: Roscosmos head Vladimir Popovkin denied information on their existing spacecraft \"Phobos-Grunt\" design flaws that may prevent the establishment of contact with it. Earlier media reports that the device has a design flaw: one of its antennas pointing towards the ground, the other grayed [blocked by?] tank with fuel and propulsion system. \"I'm from you first hear it,\" - said Popovkin told reporters. He noted that currently the Russian Space Agency experts are trying to establish control over the \"Phobos-Grunt.\"This is referring to discussion taking place on many forums suggesting that the radio antenna that the spacecraft's controllers are trying so hard to talk to is blocked by the jettisonable fuel tank of the modified Fregat upper stage rocket engine. Speaking of forum discussions, they've started a new thread at nasaspaceflight.com to follow the continuing Phobos-Grunt saga. That and Russianspaceweb remain the best English-language places to find news. Read more: Phobos and Shuttle LIFE, Planetary Society Projects, mission status, Phobos-Grunt and Yinghuo-1 India's Vikram Spacecraft Apparently Crash-Lands on Moon Your Impact: Mission Success! Venus\u2019 Ocean of Air and Clouds Javier Peralta"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "paths, Earth had moved so far ahead that it finally was on the opposite side of the Sun from the spacecraft. You can visualize the alignment by imagining the face of a clock. If the Sun is at the center, then Earth is the same distance as the tip of the hour hand, and DS1, in its more distant orbit, is at the tip of the minute hand. Last month they were on opposite sides of the center, as if it were 6:00, in an arrangement astronomers call superior conjunction. Now in one way, this alignment is not special. After all, with so many bodies orbiting the Sun at different speeds, many coincidences of geometry occur. But it was significant for DS1, because the radio signals that normally take instructions from Earth to the probe and return data from the probe to Earth had to pass very near the Sun. The unpredictable turbulence of the plasma in the solar corona can cause strong interference, even to the point of completely drowning out these signals. So DS1\u2019s controllers had to assume that communications would be impossible during the time the spacecraft was nearly aligned with the Sun. Instructions were radioed to the craft in October to configure it for a month without ground assistance. From October 30 to November 28, it did not expect to hear from Earth at all. If any problems had occurred during the period of superior conjunction, DS1\u2019s terrestrial colleagues would have been unable to provide assistance. Although the ion propulsion system has"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "When a satellite is launched into orbit it has an expected life span. In some cases a satellite can continue to function well beyond what was predicted, such as in the case of NASA\u2019s world record-holding Landsat 5. Other times satellites just fail inexplicably. If you asked most people why a satellite fails they\u2019d probably guess that it was hit by something, either a man-made piece of space junk or a micro-meteoroid more commonly known as space dust. But a number of satellites have failed without any noticeable damage having been caused \u2014 their on board systems just shut down, and a Stanford researcher thinks she\u2019s figured out why. Satellites typically transmit a radio signal in order to communicate with Earth. And it is that signal that\u2019s allowing the satellites to be damaged to the point of shutting down. The culprit is space dust, but not because of a micro-meteoroid impact with the satellite causing physical damage. Sigrid Close, an assistant professor in aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford, has discovered that due to the speed at which space dust is traveling when it hits a satellite or nearby object, it turns into a \u201cquasi-neutral gas of ions and electrons.\u201d That plasma emits a signal in the form of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) burst, which can either damage or completely shut down the electronics of the satellite. Professor Close tested her theory at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Germany by firing dust at an object at 60km/second. Sure enough, the dust created a gas"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "sure what that means, but I guess hope springs eternal. Erny72 says: No. Bird was not old, solar activity is insignificant and would not have effected proper engineered electronics. Greenies deliberately turning off the satellite vs. just complete ESA incompetence. If just ESA incompetence, its because its run by greenies more interested in the agenda then science, so either way \u2026. Very unprofessional writing. Look at the first sentence of the press release. The way it\u2019s worded, it\u2019s not Envisat that just celebrated it\u2019s tenth year in orbit, but COMMUNICATION with Envisat. John Blake Having realized to what misuse AGW Catastrophists typically applied its hard-earned data, Envisat has probably perished of a broken heart. DesertYote says: May 10, 2012 at 11:35 am No. Bird was not old, \u2026 whereas the lead-post story says: \u201cOld?\u201d; It would indeed seem so \u2026 kadaka (KD Knoebel) says on May 10, 2012 at 1:00 am Question: Given the various worries such as solar events, space junk, small asteroid and micro-meteorite impacts, and assorted semi-random death rays, could we make do about as we are now with no-satellite surface-based communications? I know there are frequencies that \u201cbounce\u201d around the ionosphere, as with shortwave radio. Can we get enough bandwidth? \u2026 This isn\u2019t 1950 (or even 1960 or 1970); there is more than sufficient capacity on fiber (fibre ?) running around the world, not to mention the lower latency (spell that: \u201cpropagation delay time\u201d) mentioned by \u2018Echo\u2019 \u2018Mike\u2019 Smith above. Geostationary satellite latency and time delay http://www.satsig.net/latency.htm If you are located on"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "groups to find it unsatisfying if any of Dawn's electronics produced signals that accidentally activated the rocket's self-destruct system. (That system is designed to be commanded with radio signals transmitted by range safety in the event of a serious malfunction during ascent.) Similarly, if Dawn's radio emissions interfered with the rocket's reception of range safety's self-destruct command, the legions of Dawnophiles throughout the Milky Way Galaxy, and the even greater number elsewhere, would no longer give this project their loyal support. In addition to testing Dawn's compatibility with other systems, engineers are testing its self-compatibility. It is essential to verify that none of the subsystems, including the radio used for interplanetary communications, emits electromagnetic radiation that might interfere with other subsystems. Of course, Dawn's designers and builders were well aware of these and other concerns, and they have methods to make the probe satisfy the many associated requirements, but only through testing may we be confident that the work was successful. With the completion of testing in the electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility facility, the spacecraft will be prepared for a series of mechanical tests. For the rocket's control systems to remain stable with Dawn perched at the top, it must be accurately balanced and must meet certain criteria for how stable it is when it is spun, and the next set of tests will help prepare for that. (As we will discuss in an upcoming log in more detail, the spacecraft will spin at about 50 rpm during a portion of the time it is on the"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "Why Doesn't The Signal From Spacecraft Get Lost? Radio signals can and do collide with other objects in space, and definitely do disperse between the spacecraft and the Earth, but they will reach the Earth for two reasons. The first; even though our solar system has a lot of stuff in it, the vast majority of it is still empty space. The second is that all spacecraft are equipped with finely tuned and precisely calibrated antennas, which allow them to aim their signal directly at the earth, rather than beaming its signal in every direction. Beaming signal in every direction would require a lot of power to produce, so it\u2019s much more efficient to use a smaller amount of power to limit the signal to only direction you care about, i.e., in the direction of Earth. Now, if you\u2019re a spacecraft orbiting another planet, you can easily imagine that the planet will occasionally get in the way of you beaming information back to the Earth. Radio signals do not go through planets, and nor do they go on curved paths. So the spacecraft, in these times, must be capable of running itself for a while, before it comes back around from the far side of the planet (from an Earthly perspective). During these times the spacecraft are always in a communications blackout, and totally unable to communicate with us on Earth. All spacecraft are designed to operate this way \u2013 they have to be able to run a series of tasks without continual monitoring by someone"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "Communication in Commercial Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations Hardy, Terry L. A number of inventors and entrepreneurs are currently attempting to develop and commercially operate reusable launch vehicles to carry voluntary participants into space. The operation of these launch vehicles, however, produces safety risks to the crew, to the space flight participants, and to the uninvolved public. Risk communication therefore becomes increasingly important to assure that those involved in the flight understand the risk and that those who are not directly involved understand the personal impact of RLV operations on their lives. Those involved in the launch vehicle flight may perceive risk differently from those non-participants, and these differences in perception must be understood to effectively communicate this risk. This paper summarizes existing research in risk perception and communication and applies that research to commercial reusable launch vehicle operations. Risk communication is discussed in the context of requirements of United States law for informed consent from any space flight participants on reusable suborbital launch vehicles. Informing people about radiation risks: a review of obstacles to public understanding and effective risk communication Covello, V.T. This paper reviews the literature on informing people about radiation risks. The paper focuses on obstacles to public understanding and effective risk communication. The paper concludes with a set of guidelines for communicating information about radiation risks to the public. The paper also includes an appendix that reviews the literature on one of the most important tools for communicating information about radiation risks: risk comparisons Development of Communication Strategies for the Marketing of Electronic"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "to check that the electromagnetic emissions from various parts of the spacecraft \u2013 particularly the various radio antennas onboard \u2013 did not interfere with other spacecraft subsystems. During this phase of the tests, the spacecraft's high gain, medium gain and low gain antennas that will provide telemetry, tracking and communication (TT&C) for the mission were turned on one at a time, checking that all other systems were still operating properly. The engineers also had to verify the compatibility of the spacecraft's systems with sensitive external equipment. The Solar Orbiter EMC tests verified that no emissions from the spacecraft would interfere with the launch vehicle's radio receivers and transponders or with nearby radio antennas during the launch preparations and lift-off from the Cape Canaveral launch site in Florida, USA. Solar Orbiter in the magnetic field simulation facility. Credit: ESA\u2013S. Corvaja In addition, some specific compatibility tests were performed to determine whether the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument would be affected by the spacecraft's electromagnetic emissions. This instrument is sensitive to electric and magnetic signals, so it was important to characterise the fields produced by the spacecraft in order to be discriminated later on from the actual measurements of the fields in space. Once in space, Solar Orbiter will deploy three 7-m long monopole antennas that are part of the RPW instrument. However, these are too long to be deployed in the EMC chamber, so the tests were carried out using shorter placeholder antennas plugged into the instrument, together with an external antenna linked to a receiver."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "Archive Page \u2014 No Longer Maintained Return to Current Site Blogs | Dawn Journal | October 29, 2006 By Marc Rayman Dear Dawnvironments, The Dawn spacecraft is in space! Well, not quite, but it is getting a taste of the space environment, courtesy of the team preparing it for its mission. Although the individual components of the spacecraft have already been tested, the point of the testing in Orbital Sciences Corporation's Environmental Test Facility is to verify that the fully assembled spacecraft will survive the rigors of launch and be able to fulfill its ambitious mission of exploration in deep space. When Dawn is on the launch pad at Cape Canaveral and during the brief (but exciting!) trip from there to space, many radio signals between systems on the ground and between ground systems and the rocket will impinge upon it. Some of the tests are designed to verify that these signals will have no adverse effects on the spacecraft. Other tests show that Dawn's electronics do not produce signals that might interfere with these other systems. As one illustration of the importance of such tests, consider the scientists eager for Dawn's intimate portrait of the enormous asteroids Ceres and Vesta, the team members who have invested years of their lives in creating this spaceship and the means to use it to explore distant worlds, all people who thirst for greater knowledge of our solar system and the thrill of discovery, and taxpayers who make it possible. One may reasonably expect members of all of those"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "who specializes in UV transmitting fibres or radiation resistant fibres. THE PROPOSED MODEL: When a solar storm event occurs, in order to shield the satellites from the dielectric charging, it is necessary to power them down. While in this condition, they are to be replaced with an alternate link in order to process the highly critical communication. The basic model shown in Fig.4 includes a terrestrial optical mesh network. This has to be used to stop the radiation from interfering with the ground communications. This network is connected to another domain over the horizon via a mid-space repeater (MSR). The basic model (above) includes a terrestrial optical mesh network. This is to stop the radiations from interfering with the ground communications. This network is connected to another domain over the horizon via a mid-space repeater. These repeaters can be hot air balloons, mini aircrafts, UAVs, etc. These have to be shielded from the external environments by placing them in radiation proof cases. This setup takes up to 30mins from launch to transmission. This is to be used once the CME has passed the Earth's magnetosphere. These repeaters help in overcoming the Earth's curvature effect. The only disadvantage for this is a line of sight communication is necessary. Once the turbulence in the magnetosphere calms down, backup satellites or mini COMSATS kept ready for launch must be fired. These are to be set up at the LEO patch. Thus during the CME event, the communication is restored. The model has been thought over several times to eliminate"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "any possible blackout period, and a nominal likely trajectory to quantify likelihood of blackout for such cases. Morabito, David D.; Edquist, Karl T. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is expected to be a long-range, long-duration science laboratory rover on the Martian surface. MSL will provide a significant milestone that paves the way for future landed missions to Mars. NASA is studying options to launch MSL as early as 2009. There are three elements to the spacecraft; carrier (cruise stage), entry vehicle, and rover. The rover will have a UHF proximity link as the primary path for EDL communications and may have an X-band direct-to-Earth link as a back-up. Given the importance of collecting critical event telemetry data during atmospheric entry, it is important to understand the ability of a signal link to be maintained, especially during the period near peak convective heating. The received telemetry during entry (or played back later) will allow for the performance of the Entry-Descent-Landing technologies to be assessed. These technologies include guided entry for precision landing, a new sky-crane landing system and powered descent. MSL will undergo an entry profile that may result in a potential communications blackout caused by ionized particles for short periods near peak heating. The vehicle will use UHF and possibly X-band during the entry phase. The purpose of this rep0rt is to quantify or bound the likelihood of any such blackout at UHF frequencies (401 MHz) and X-band frequencies (8.4 GHz). Two entry trajectory scenarios were evaluated: a stressful entry trajectory to quantify an upper-bound for"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "the parachute on a bridle. The swinging motion of the lander imparts high Doppler dynamics on the signal and causes the received signal strength to vary widely, due to changing antenna pointing angles. All this time, the vehicle transmits important health and status information that is especially critical if the landing is not successful. Even using the largest Deep Space Network antennas, the weak signal and high dynamics render it impossible to conduct reliable phase coherent communications. Therefore, a specialized form of frequency-shift-keying will be used. This paper describes the EDL scenario, the signal conditions, the methods used to detect and frequency-track the carrier and to detect the data modulation, and the resulting performance estimates. Planetary/DOD entry technology flight experiments. Volume 2: Planetary entry flight experiments Christensen, H. E.; Krieger, R. J.; Mcneilly, W. R.; Vetter, H. C. The technical feasibility of launching a high speed, earth entry vehicle from the space shuttle to advance technology for the exploration of the outer planets' atmospheres was established. Disciplines of thermodynamics, orbital mechanics, aerodynamics propulsion, structures, design, electronics and system integration focused on the goal of producing outer planet environments on a probe shaped vehicle during an earth entry. Major aspects of analysis and vehicle design studied include: planetary environments, earth entry environment capability, mission maneuvers, capabilities of shuttle upper stages, a comparison of earth entry planetary environments, experiment design and vehicle design. Composition of the earth's atmosphere by shock-layer radiometry during the PAET entry probe experiment. Whiting, E. E.; Arnold, J. O.; Page, W. A.; Reynolds, R."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "the parachute on a bridle. The swinging motion of the lander imparts high Doppler dynamics on the signal and causes the received signal strength to vary widely, due to changing antenna pointing angles. All this time, the vehicle transmits important health and status information that is especially critical if the landing is not successful. Even using the largest Deep Space Network antennas, the weak signal and high dynamics render it impossible to conduct reliable phase coherent communications. Therefore, a specialized form of frequency-shift-keying will be used. This paper describes the EDL scenario, the signal conditions, the methods used to detect and frequency-track the carrier and to detect the data modulation, and the resulting performance estimates. Planetary/DOD entry technology flight experiments. Volume 2: Planetary entry flight experiments Christensen, H. E.; Krieger, R. J.; Mcneilly, W. R.; Vetter, H. C. The technical feasibility of launching a high speed, earth entry vehicle from the space shuttle to advance technology for the exploration of the outer planets' atmospheres was established. Disciplines of thermodynamics, orbital mechanics, aerodynamics propulsion, structures, design, electronics and system integration focused on the goal of producing outer planet environments on a probe shaped vehicle during an earth entry. Major aspects of analysis and vehicle design studied include: planetary environments, earth entry environment capability, mission maneuvers, capabilities of shuttle upper stages, a comparison of earth entry planetary environments, experiment design and vehicle design. Composition of the earth's atmosphere by shock-layer radiometry during the PAET entry probe experiment. Whiting, E. E.; Arnold, J. O.; Page, W. A.; Reynolds, R."}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "positioning dust sensitive apparatus at a distance as far as possible from the pedestal centre of operations. To prevent environmental disturbance as part of ESA\u2019s goal however, there is still good news that STS could still set up a lunar base on nearside but through a careful site selection approach integrating the lunar science\u2019s potentially completing interests, operational constraints, resource utilization and other important factors such as lunar landscape\u2019s topography, launch and landing trajectories of the transportation vehicles, safety considerations like free abort trajectories, probability of utilizing lunar resource, communications needs to, from and on to the lunar space and scientific objectives (June and Camp, 1983). All potential hazards brought about by launching and testing spacecrafts have to be dealt with agency. Studies indicate that exposure to recurrent nuclear blasts cause the problem of erosion (ablation) of the pusher plate. According to experiments and calculations, ablation of less than 1 mm happen incase a steel plate is not protected. This is a problem that is easily solved through spraying with oil. Additionally spalling can happen hence destroying the pusher plate; this problem is solved however by using alternative materials such as fiberglass and plywood (June and Camp, 1983). ESA is determined to minimize possible environmental and human health hazards hence this move will help attain it. A serious problem could occur from a launch of the spacecraft from the Earth\u2019s surface, the nuclear fallout. Researches indicate that any explosion in the magnetosphere could bring fissionable back to the earth\u2019s surface except if the launch happened from"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "Plunging into the ionosphere: Satellite's last days improve rrbital decay predictions NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center IMAGE: The US Air Force Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System re-entered Earth's atmosphere on Nov. 28, 2015, after a more than seven-year mission. Observations during its last year will help scientists better... view more Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Scientists are learning more about how the upper atmosphere and ionosphere affect space satellites as well as communications and navigation here on Earth, thanks to new data from a U.S. Air Force satellite that recently completed a more than seven-year mission. The Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite burned up in Earth's atmosphere during a planned reentry on Nov. 28, 2015 leaving behind a treasure trove of data about a part of the space environment that's difficult to study. The unique set of sustained observations from C/NOFS will greatly improve models currently used to predict satellite trajectories, orbital drag and uncontrolled re-entry. Scientists from the U.S. Air Force, NASA, and the University of Texas (UT) at Dallas are presenting the results at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco. Launched on April 16, 2008, C/NOFS studied a region high above in our atmosphere called the ionosphere, a layer of electrically charged particles created by ultra-violet radiation from the sun. This layer lies some 40 to 600 miles above the Earth's surface, where it interacts and co-mingles with the neutral particles of the tenuous upper atmosphere. The upper atmosphere and ionosphere change constantly in response to forces from above and below,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "magnetosphere needs to also survive other, more persistent dangers. Constant exposure to ionising radiation, cosmic rays, and large temperature changes mean that electronic systems need to be designed with shielding, fail-safes, and redundancies in mind. While one would assume that modern spacecraft are filled to the brim with the latest technology, that is rarely the case. The major problem with space missions is that once a craft leaves Earth, there is very little that can be done when things go awry, especially during unmanned missions. That is why it is far more important to use technology that has been tried and tested which means that some of the components that make it into the spacecraft can be years or even decades old. You might ask, why do engineers go to such lengths to put electronic systems on spacecraft? Well, as it turns out, virtually every aspect of modern spaceflight relies on electronics. Key systems like navigation, communications, telemetry, and sensors are made possible thanks to electronics. Moreover, any unmanned missions, which make up the vast majority of space missions, would be impossible without electronics that enable the spacecraft to be controlled from Earth. Taking it a step further, probes that conduct missions in deep space need to be able to make their own, real-time decisions. This also necessitates the use of computers. Because of the vastness of space, it can take minutes or even hours for a signal to travel to Earth and back, making it impossible to control the craft remotely in situations where fast"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "Receiver: An electronic device that receives incoming radio signals and converts them to perceptible forms. Red dwarf: A small star, on the order of 100 times the mass of Jupiter. Redundancy: The duplication of certain critical components in a space vehicle. Reentry: The descent into Earth\u2019s atmosphere from space. Reentry interface: An altitude 400,000 feet; the point at which reentering spacecraft are considered to enter the Earth\u2019s atmosphere. Refraction: The deflection or bending of electromagnetic waves when they pass from one kind of transparent medium into another. Regenerative cooling: Circulation of a propellant through a jacket around the combustion chamber in order to cool the chamber wall, the propellant subsequently being injected into the combustion chamber. Relay: An electrical switch employing an armature to open and close circuits. Rem: Roentgen Equivalent Man. A measure of nuclear radiation causing biological damage. Remote sensing: Instruments that record characteristics of objects at a distance, sometimes forming an image by gathering, focusing, and recording reflected light from the Sun, or reflected radio waves emitted by the spacecraft. Rendezvous: A place of meeting at a given time, for example, a spaceship with a space station. Resolution: Ability to distinguish visual detail, usually expressed in terms of the size (in kilometers) of the smallest features that can be distinguished. Resonance: A relationship in which the orbital period of one body is related to that of another by a simple integer fraction, such as 1/2, 2/3, 3/5. Retrograde: Orbital motion in the direction opposite to the primary\u2019s rotation. Retrorocket: A rocket fired to"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "is sending more information per second.\u201d With NASA looking to return to the Moon by 2025 through the Artemis program and stay there longer, the scientist said the agency expects a greater volume of information and therefore a greater demand for improved and streamlined communications. Once in orbit, Ocasio said, the LCRD, designed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), will be \u201cin operation\u201d for the holidays, to prioritize other satellites. See also Guyana is investigating alleged violations of its airspace by Venezuela From that moment on, tests will begin, which will be expanded when the station is installed on the International Space Station next year. Ocasio also explained that these LCRD infrared systems weigh less, are smaller and use less energy than radio waves, allowing, among other things, more space for research instruments and less weight to launch missiles. One of the challenges she had to overcome in building the LCRD, Ocasio said, was the weather conditions in Earth\u2019s atmosphere, \u201cif it\u2019s not enough, the signal can be damaged a little bit\u201d because it doesn\u2019t go inside a cable connecting it. \u201cIt\u2019s a beam of light that has to pass through the clouds of the atmosphere, but once the communication is in space, we no longer have that problem,\u201d he said. Las Lopas will play the South American final against Brazil \u2018Tempranillo\u2019: Andrea Legareta mocks Lucia Mendes for mistaking the wine type for a moment of the day | Video"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "has weather. Rick Doe, a Senior Research Physicist at SRI International, explained that you can corrupt radio signals when you cross the ionosphere, and \u201cradio waves are particularly susceptible to distortions\u201d when they encounter disruptions to ions. We depend on these distorted radio signals for navigation on Earth, including commercial aircraft, so this distortion can be a key determinate when doing things like autonomously navigating aircraft. Being able to determine when signals are particularly distorted by concentrated distorting activity in the ionosphere can help make sure that autonomous navigation takes into account and forecasts for these things in order to help mitigate their impact. It\u2019s not about countering the effect of this activity \u2014 Doe notes that it\u2019s like a tornado in terms of terrestrial weather: You don\u2019t try to counter the tornado, you plan around it and its impact when you\u2019re able to predict its occurrence. The program will provide similar prediction and mitigation abilities for solar weather. SpaceX\u2019s mission is currently set for launch on June 24 at 11:30 PM ET, and it\u2019ll carry all of the above on behalf of client NASA. We\u2019ll have coverage of the launch, so check back later this month for more."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "to VAFB (Vandenberg Air Force Base). Therefore, they need to get a special permit which encompasses all of the constituent spacecraft, as well as the IPS elements. Evidence of all of the individual spacecraft permits are needed to accomplish this. Even more vital is FCC licensing. As part of the FCC frequency approval, they also review orbital debris policy compliance. This includes debris mitigation on orbit (recontact & conjunction analyses), reentry within 25 years, and reentry hazards at end of mission. For this, specific spacecraft information is included in the supporting analysis and application. Given the large number of spacecraft on SSO-A, this is not a trivial effort. As mentioned previously, a complex Monte Carlo separation and conjunction analyses was conducted for all of the separating objects on the mission. Similarly, a reentry debris hazard analysis was completed for the UFF and LFF structures and subsystems that remained after spacecraft separation. The results of these analyses, along with other required documentation, were reviewed with and submitted to the FCC for frequency approval. Getting frequency approvals is critical to facilitate the launch. When SpaceX applies for their FAA license to launch, they submit a list of all spacecraft on the mission. The FAA initiates an interagency review to assure all applicable US Government agencies do not have concerns with any elements of the mission. As part of this review, the FCC provides confirmation that all US-origin spacecraft have the proper licensing. If just one spacecraft on the mission \u2013 even a single CubeSat \u2013 does not have"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "to VAFB (Vandenberg Air Force Base). Therefore, they need to get a special permit which encompasses all of the constituent spacecraft, as well as the IPS elements. Evidence of all of the individual spacecraft permits are needed to accomplish this. Even more vital is FCC licensing. As part of the FCC frequency approval, they also review orbital debris policy compliance. This includes debris mitigation on orbit (recontact & conjunction analyses), reentry within 25 years, and reentry hazards at end of mission. For this, specific spacecraft information is included in the supporting analysis and application. Given the large number of spacecraft on SSO-A, this is not a trivial effort. As mentioned previously, a complex Monte Carlo separation and conjunction analyses was conducted for all of the separating objects on the mission. Similarly, a reentry debris hazard analysis was completed for the UFF and LFF structures and subsystems that remained after spacecraft separation. The results of these analyses, along with other required documentation, were reviewed with and submitted to the FCC for frequency approval. Getting frequency approvals is critical to facilitate the launch. When SpaceX applies for their FAA license to launch, they submit a list of all spacecraft on the mission. The FAA initiates an interagency review to assure all applicable US Government agencies do not have concerns with any elements of the mission. As part of this review, the FCC provides confirmation that all US-origin spacecraft have the proper licensing. If just one spacecraft on the mission \u2013 even a single CubeSat \u2013 does not have"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "long years before Williams\u2019 discovery in 2013 of its abrupt (and for some, alarming) revival. Titan-3A with LES-1 satellite Some speculate that the battery\u2019s demise may be allowing power to pass directly from the solar panels to the computer, with human error in the wiring of the device to blame for its premature failure. The satellite was originally launched to test the United States\u2019 capability to communicate via satellite after nuclear testing in the Pacific annihilated portions of the ionosphere and effectively halted high-frequency communications with their allies in Hawaii and New Zealand. In an article, Prof. Sean Victor Hum of the University of Toronto explains that, prior to nuclear testing, the allies could use \u201cionospheric skip\u201d, where signals could effectively be \u201cbounced\u201d off the ionosphere for transmission over the horizon where no line of sight existed. With parts of the ionosphere effectively turned into blackspots, the US was suddenly without a vital communication infrastructure, and, as Mark Wade described in an article on Astronautix.com, the LES program was started to guarantee vital lines of communication. NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft Other programs ran concurrently, chief among them Project West Ford, which planned to disperse 500 million \u00be\u201d long 18 gauge copper needles into Earth orbit to reflect radio signals in place of the damaged ionosphere. But, even in the early days of the space program, scientists recognized the dangers of cluttering the orbit with debris and the program was ultimately terminated. The disappearance and reappearance of a manmade satellite is not without precedent"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "blocked for about two weeks every synodic period, around the time of superior conjunction when the Sun is directly between Mars and Earth,[22] although the actual duration of the communications blackout varies from mission to mission depending on various factors - such as the amount of link margin designed into the communications system, and the minimum data rate that is acceptable from a mission standpoint. In reality most missions at Mars have had communications blackout periods of the order of a month.[23] A satellite at either of the Earth-Sun L4/L5 Lagrange points could serve as a relay during this period to solve the problem; even a constellation of communications satellites would be a minor expense in the context of a full colonization program. However the size and power of the equipment needed for these distances make the L4 and L5 locations unrealistic for relay stations, and the inherent stability of these regions, while beneficial in terms of station-keeping, also attracts asteroids, which could pose a severe risk to any satellite.[24] Recent work by the University of Strathclyde's Advanced Space Concepts Laboratory, in collaboration with the European Space Agency, has suggested an alternative relay architecture based on highly non-Keplerian orbits. These are a special kind of orbit produced when continuous low-thrust propulsion, such as that produced from an ion engine or solar sail, modifies the natural trajectory of a spacecraft. Such an orbit would enable continuous communications during solar conjunction by allowing a relay spacecraft to \"hover\" above Mars, out of the orbital plane of the two"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "they need to get a special permit which encompasses all of the constituent spacecraft, as well as the IPS elements. Evidence of all of the individual spacecraft permits are needed to accomplish this. Even more vital is FCC licensing. As part of the FCC frequency approval, they also review orbital debris policy compliance. This includes debris mitigation on orbit (recontact & conjunction analyses), reentry within 25 years, and reentry hazards at end of mission. For this, specific spacecraft information is included in the supporting analysis and application. Given the large number of spacecraft on SSO-A, this is not a trivial effort. As mentioned previously, a complex Monte Carlo separation and conjunction analyses was conducted for all of the separating objects on the mission. Similarly, a reentry debris hazard analysis was completed for the UFF and LFF structures and subsystems that remained after spacecraft separation. The results of these analyses, along with other required documentation, were reviewed with and submitted to the FCC for frequency approval. Getting frequency approvals is critical to facilitate the launch. When SpaceX applies for their FAA license to launch, they submit a list of all spacecraft on the mission. The FAA initiates an interagency review to assure all applicable US Government agencies do not have concerns with any elements of the mission. As part of this review, the FCC provides confirmation that all US-origin spacecraft have the proper licensing. If just one spacecraft on the mission \u2013 even a single CubeSat \u2013 does not have a license, the FAA will not issue"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "survive all the way into orbit. That's why Raytheon tested its spacefaring Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite for Joint Polar Satellite System-2 by shaking it up. A lot. The Aurora Australis as seen from the Space Shuttle Discovery. Auroras are caused when high-energy electrons pour down from the Earth\u2019s magnetosphere and collide with atoms.(NASA photo) Forecasting the final frontier On Earth, a severe storm can wreak havoc on communities. But a weather event in space can impact entire planets. As satellites multiply and the U.S. prepares to send astronauts to Mars, space agencies increasingly need forecasts of \u201cspace weather\u201d \u2013 the storms of radiation that pour from the sun. Raytheon can meet that need with its Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System, which delivers terrestrial weather information to U.S. forecasters and can monitor, visualize and display space weather. A Delta IV-Heavy rocket lifts off from Space Launch Complex 37B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla., June 11, 2016. (Photo courtesy of U.S. Air Force) Runway to space As a member of the joint venture RGNext, Raytheon uses instrumentation to monitor and ensure safety of all U.S. Air Force and NASA space launches from Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg Air Force base. Launch Infographic Raytheon Awarded $700 Million NORAD Contract NASA Extends Contract for Facilities that Support Human Spaceflight NASA Awards Raytheon $240 Million for Earth Science Data System NASA Recognizes Raytheon For Small Business Support Flying a telescope Prediction is the best protection Range Generation Next Raytheon Space Mission Solutions"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "trajectory that takes it beyond the Van Allen belts for many months, or longer, but that eventually takes it back to Earth. If so \u2013and as usual, I emphasize the \u201cIF\u201d \u2013 the capsule could make the reentry and landing that it was designed to do, we could recover our biomodule and study the organisms as planned. CategoriesMars, Missions TagsMars, Missions, Phobos LIFE, Phobos-Grunt 10 Replies to \u201cCan Phobos-Grunt Still be Saved? Scientists Hold Out Hope as Deadlines Loom\u201d why cant signal be relayed by other satellite? Although my knowledge of this topic is pretty small here\u2019s my understanding\u2026 Because Phobos-Grunt is in a fairly low orbit it\u2019s moving across the sky very quickly. According to russianspaceweb.com this issue presented itself once they realized there was a problem. The antennae set up to communicate with the satellite simply couldn\u2019t track fast enough to keep it in the signal beam. The same problem would likely affect any satellite in low earth orbit trying to communicate with Phobos-Grunt. The window would be so short that nothing useful could be transmitted. Could they send signals from a satellite higher up, say in geosynchronous orbit? I don\u2019t know. Is this something a communications satellite can even attempt? Is Phobos-Grunt listening on the same frequencies that those satellites are able to send on? Is Phobos-Grunt\u2019s antenna oriented correctly to receive those signals? Wezley Jackson says: Yes and what about ISS? too low? How about any craft visiting ISS \u2013 could they make a quick detour to a reasonable close (but safe)"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "the flight \u2013after a first burn of the Fregat was to raise the apogee (the highest point) of the spacecraft\u2019s orbit to an altitude of about 4,170 kilometers\u2013 the timing and geometry between Earth-bound transmitters and the spacecrafts antennae would have made signaling the craft a straight forward task. But with Grunt orbiting much lower (thus moving much faster with respect to the ground), and with an antenna that could receive the signal obstructed partially by a fuel tank that was to be jettisoned after the first Fregat burn, controllers have only a couple of minutes at a time to attempt communication. Since the spacecraft was not designed for this scenario, getting her attention may be depend on prospect of getting the signals toward her at some unlikely angle. In other words, restoring control over Phobos-Grunt may be a matter of luck. But if luck is a factor in recovering the spacecraft, then the extension of her expected time in orbit due to thruster firings may prove helpful. The more time that controllers have to attempt contact, the better the chances that they\u2019ll get lucky at some point before the craft reenters the atmosphere. If this should happen, however, where should the probe travel? As of yesterday, it no longer will be able to go Mars, land on the surface of Phobos, scoop a 200 gram sample into the specially-designed return capsule, and still have a window for the capsule to be launched on a trajectory back to Earth. Last week, a lunar mission was discussed"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "waves as an important element in their functioning, including retransmitting television broadcasts or transmitting imagery or scientific data that they have collected. Interference can be generated by other satellites, terrestrial systems, or space weather. Collisions and explosions can create large amounts of space debris. This debris poses a risk to everyone operating in space, and the pieces can stay in orbit for decades or even longer, depending on the object's altitude. A few especially difficult space operational activities, such as rendezvous and docking, require extra attention to prevent collisions or other mishaps. Conflict in space could have devastating consequences for the long-term sustainability of space. Destroying satellites can create huge amounts of debris that could render certain areas of Earth orbit unusable. Misperceptions and mistrust with regard to military activities in space could serve as a catalyst for conflict in space or on Earth. Frequency Interference through improper configuration or use of radio transmission equipment on satellites or on the ground can interrupt satellite communications, which can increase chances of collisions and misunderstandings. What is SWF Doing to Assist Space Sustainability? Not all space actors have the capacity to operate safely in space. They may lack the proper information about the space environment, tools to analyze information and make decisions, or experience and knowledge about best practices. SWF has developed a small booklet to inform interested parties about the dangers to Space Sustainability, which is available for distribution. All space actors and users should be made aware of the potential negative consequences of certain actions in"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "waves as an important element in their functioning, including retransmitting television broadcasts or transmitting imagery or scientific data that they have collected. Interference can be generated by other satellites, terrestrial systems, or space weather. Collisions and explosions can create large amounts of space debris. This debris poses a risk to everyone operating in space, and the pieces can stay in orbit for decades or even longer, depending on the object's altitude. A few especially difficult space operational activities, such as rendezvous and docking, require extra attention to prevent collisions or other mishaps. Conflict in space could have devastating consequences for the long-term sustainability of space. Destroying satellites can create huge amounts of debris that could render certain areas of Earth orbit unusable. Misperceptions and mistrust with regard to military activities in space could serve as a catalyst for conflict in space or on Earth. Frequency Interference through improper configuration or use of radio transmission equipment on satellites or on the ground can interrupt satellite communications, which can increase chances of collisions and misunderstandings. What is SWF Doing to Assist Space Sustainability? Not all space actors have the capacity to operate safely in space. They may lack the proper information about the space environment, tools to analyze information and make decisions, or experience and knowledge about best practices. SWF has developed a small booklet to inform interested parties about the dangers to Space Sustainability, which is available for distribution. All space actors and users should be made aware of the potential negative consequences of certain actions in"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "spacecraft is en route to its destination, it is completely isolated. No additional resources can be provided and repair (particularly for unmanned mission) can be impossible. Apollo 13\u2019s crew barely survived the notable mishap on its mission because of the resources of the docked Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) and the resourcefulness of the ground control team\u2019s experts. A less well-known failure occurred during the Galileo mission to Jupiter. After the Challenger disaster, NASA adopted safety standards that restricted the size of boosters carried in the Space Shuttle. (Renzetti, 1995) Galileo was delayed while the Shuttles were grounded and Galileo\u2019s trajectory was re-planned to include a Venus fly-by to accelerate and compensate for a smaller booster. Galileo\u2019s main antenna failed to deploy; lubricant had evaporated during the extended unplanned storage (Evans, 2003) and limited computer space led to the deletion of the antenna motor-reversing software to make room for thermal protection routines. When the antenna partially deployed, it was stuck in place with no way to re-furl and redeploy it. Engineers ultimately used an onboard tape recorder, revised transmission protocols, the available low-gain antenna, and ground-based upgrades to the DSN to save the mission. (Taylor, Cheung, and Seo, 2002) The Titan survey was ultimately successful because simulation techniques were able to verify the planned trajectory modifications and sufficient reaction mass was available to complete the necessary maneuvers. In addition, Smeds\u2019s analysis gave the mission team the time it needed to fully diagnose the problem and develop and implement the remedy. If this test were conducted the day"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "moving. Failure to do so would cause a dropped signal or loss of communication. \u201cThis pointing challenge is the equivalent of a golfer hitting a \u2018hole-in-one\u2019 from a distance of almost five miles,\u201d said Cornwell. \u201cDevelopers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u2019s (MIT) Lincoln Laboratory have designed a sophisticated system to cancel out the slightest spacecraft vibrations. This is in addition to dealing with other challenges of pointing and tracking the system from such a distance. We are excited about these advancements.\u201d The LLCD mission will also serve as a pathfinder for the 2017 launch of NASA\u2019s Laser Communication Relay Demonstration (LCRD). That mission will demonstrate the long-term viability of laser communication from a geostationary relay satellite to Earth. In a geostationary orbit the spacecraft orbits at the same speed as Earth, which allows it to maintain the same position in the sky. Engineers believe that future space missions will be able to use laser communication technology with its low mass and power requirements, to provide increased data quantity for real-time communication and 3-D high-definition video. For example, using S-band communications aboard the LADEE spacecraft would take 639 hours to download an average-length HD movie. Using LLCD technology that time would be reduced to less than eight minutes. Prior to shipment from MIT, the LLCD spaceflight hardware was subjected to a rigorous set of flight test simulations such as the strong vibrations expected from a Minotaur V rocket, the launch vehicle for the LADEE mission. The LLCD hardware also had to withstand simulated extreme temperatures and"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "have as much communication with the craft as possible,\u201d notes Frank McKinney, project manager for spacecraft mission operations at Martin Marietta Astronautics in Denver. Cunningham says that if the transmitters had remained on during pressurization, engineers might have gathered more hints about the cause of the communications failure. But he adds that the manufacturer had recommended that NASA turn off the transmitters during such procedures, advice followed previously without problems. NASA expressed even greater pessimism about the fate of NOAA-13, a new weather satellite intended to replace an aging, but identical model that monitors Earth from a polar orbit. Researchers attribute the loss to a bad battery and don\u2019t expect to recover a signal. COPYRIGHT 1993 Science Service, Inc. Copyright 1993, Gale Group. All rights reserved. Gale Group is a Thomson Corporation Company. image from NASA of nasamtmountain"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "be stopped. It is not only the number of satellites but the number of customers they will serve that is the problem. A cell tower is more harmful than a radio station because instead of emitting just one signal it emits hundreds. Iridium is so impactful not only because it has 66 satellites but because it serves more than a million customers. Because of Iridium and Globalstar, standing barefoot on the earth is no longer as healthful and invigorating as it once was, anywhere on the planet. Grounding yourself increases the flow of qi through your body, but the qi has electronic noise on it. SpaceX\u2019s initial goal is to sign up 40 million subscribers. If OneWeb signs up another 40 million, and one-tenth of the subscribers are online at any given time, electronic noise from 8,000,000 additional signals, to start with, will pollute the global circuit. There are other serious environmental impacts from the intensive use of space, some of which I outlined in my first book. For example, the rockets of both SpaceX and OneWeb will burn kerosene. Burning kerosene in space produces prodigious amounts of black soot, which accumulates in the stratosphere. Black carbon absorbs so much solar energy that its contribution to global warming is two million times greater per unit mass than carbon dioxide. Just 35 launches of SpaceX\u2019s Falcon Heavy rocket per year would produce an amount of warming roughly equal to the amount of warming produced in a year by the world\u2019s one billion cars. I am extrapolating from"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "transmitter were automatic, it could have turned on while the spacecraft was still being built and tested here on Earth or during launch, posing a danger to people on the ground. Artist's view of the STEREO spacecraft. Image Credit: NASA Though spacecraft operators have an initial plan to make contact with STEREO-B, the path to recovery isn\u2019t clear or easy. Part of the problem is how little information we have about what caused the loss of communications with STEREO-B. \u201cThe only concrete information we have is that the IMU was feeding bad information to the guidance and control system,\u201d said Ossing. \u201cFrom there, we made educated guesses about what the spacecraft would do.\u201d Part of the problem is uncertainty about STEREO-B\u2019s position\u2014since it has been drifting out of contact for over a year, mission operators don\u2019t know exactly where it is. Further complicating this is the likelihood that STEREO-B would have used its thrusters as part of its effort to correct the nonexistent spin, possibly pushing it even further off course. This means that the STEREO team will have to sweep their signal over a significant portion of sky to make sure they reach STEREO-B. NASA has recovered spacecraft from similar situations before\u2014notably, ESA/NASA\u2019s Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, or SOHO, was out of contact for six weeks in 1998 before it was recovered. But the distance to SOHO was much smaller, only about a million miles, compared to the 189-million-mile gap between Earth and STEREO-B. As with all spacecraft, we don\u2019t know exactly what frequency STEREO-B"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "(NASA) \u2013 A new kind of atomic clock, non-toxic propellant system and missions to characterize how space weather interferes with satellites and communication transmissions are one step closer to liftoff. With the second-ever SpaceX Falcon Heavy launch complete, these NASA technologies await the powerful rocket\u2019s next flight. The Enhanced Tandem Beacon Experiment, or E-TBEx, CubeSats measure how radio signals can be distorted by large bubbles that form naturally in Earth\u2019s charged upper atmosphere. Such distortions can significantly interfere with communications and GPS in large regions near Earth\u2019s magnetic equator. The more we understand about the fundamental processes causing such disruptive bubbles, the more we can ultimately forecast and mitigate these disturbances. The Space Environment Testbeds mission studies how to protect satellites by assessing how the space environment near Earth affects hardware performance. Such information can be used to improve spacecraft design, engineering and operations in order to protect them from harmful radiation driven by the Sun."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "be rotated about their longitudinal axis, in order to avoid overheating. A battery pack provides supplementary power at necessary points in the mission, such as eclipse periods encountered during planetary flybys. The Telemetry, Tracking and Command Subsystem will provide a communication link capability with Earth in X-band, with the subsystem capable of handling telemetry, telecommand and ranging simultaneously. Low-Gain Antennas will be used for launch and early in the mission, and are available as back-up later. The Medium- and High-Gain Antennas used later in the mission are steerable, due to the need to point to a wide range of positions. This is necessary to achieve a link with the ground station and send down sufficient volumes of data. They must also cope with a high thermal load, as well as be able to avoid a build-up of electrostatic energy. The High-Temperature High-Gain Antenna can be folded in, so the Orbiter\u2019s heat shield can protect it. Due to the mission\u2019s unique orbit, the throughput of the data downlink is highly variable. Most data will therefore initially be stored in an onboard memory system and sent back to Earth at the earliest possible opportunity. The planned orbit so close to the sun will allow for observations of solar surface features and their connection to the heliosphere for much longer periods than from an Earth-orbit. According to ESA: \u201cThe view of the solar poles will help us to understand how dynamo processes generate the Sun\u2019s magnetic field. (\u2026) Since the orbital characteristics will change in the course of the"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "The final objective is to test for spacecraft Self-Compatibility, which demonstrates that the spacecraft will not electrically interfere with itself. To pass this test, the team had to verify 1) that the spacecraft operates as expected when it is not connected to any external ground-support equipment; 2) that there is no degradation in receiver (X-band) performance when exposed to the emissions generated by the spacecraft itself; 3) that the individual components on the spacecraft do not interfere with each other when all systems are operating; and 4) that there is no degradation in unit performance while the onboard transmitters (X-band) are transmitting. The test chamber simulates free space by absorbing all electromagnetic radiation. This test was performed in the same chamber as the mechanical environmental tests. This facility was modified to create an \u201canechoic chamber\u201d. The term anechoic can be broken down to \u201can-echoic\u201d, which basically means that the walls are non-reflective, non-echoing, or echo-free. For this test, we had to create a shielded room whose walls have been covered with a material that scatters or absorbs so much of the incident electromagnetic energy that it simulates free space. Testing for electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility (EMI/EMC) testing on the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft at Lockheed Martin. Overall, the test was completed without issue. At one point in the test an unexpected emission in the Global Positioning System (GPS) band was recognized. However, after a bit of troubleshooting, this emission was shown to be within specification. With the EMI/EMC test behind us, the last major environmental test, thermal vacuum testing,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "increases availability, makes sure that lots of folks are able to access and use them,\u201d said Jason Mitchell, director of NASA\u2019s advanced communications and navigation technology division. \u201cBut from our perspective, one of the challenges is that direct Earth link. The atmosphere, depending on where you\u2019re at, can really impact the laser channel. Turbulence can sort of distort the beam.\u201d Satellite communications using radio frequencies can get around some atmospheric interference by increasing power. Some radio bands are also less susceptible to blockage by clouds and rain. \u201cThere\u2019s a certain point that that we can\u2019t turn up the power and get past the bad weather like you can on an RF (radio frequency) link,\u201d said Dave Israel, principal investigator for the LCRD mission at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center. \u201cYou have to steer your laser beam someplace else. So we need to get a lot of operational experience before we\u2019re able to use optical communications for our our missions.\u201d NASA\u2019s Laser Communications Relay Demonstration experiment is seen mounted on the upper part of the STPSat 6 satellite. Credit: U.S. Space Force NASA has set up two ground sites in Hawaii and California to link up with the LCRD payload in space. Engineers are testing one-meter optical telescopes at both locations, which are positioned at high altitude to minimize cloud cover and other atmospheric effects on the laser link. Part of the LCRD experiment will involve collecting weather data at the Hawaii and California ground stations, according to Miriam Wennersten, ground segment manager on the LCRD mission"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "USA-221, also known as FalconSat-5, is an American military minisatellite, which was launched in 2010. The fifth FalconSat spacecraft to be launched, it carries four technology development and ionospheric research experiments. The satellite was constructed and is operated by the United States Air Force Academy. Spacecraft USA-221 is a spacecraft, measuring by by . It operates in a low Earth orbit with an apogee of , a perigee of , and 72 degrees of orbital inclination. The Space Plasma Characterization Source (SPCS) studies how a cold gas ammonia thruster and a Hall effect thruster behave in space, and how they affect the spacecraft's surroundings. Meanwhile, the Wafer-Integrated Spectrometer, WISPERS, will observe the plume generated by the Hall thruster, allowing a comparison to be made to theoretical data. The other two experiments will study the Earth's ionosphere. SmartMESA, the Smart Miniaturized Electrostatic Analyzer, was designed to record the ion density of the ionosphere, as well as the temperature, to allow a study of how temperature affects ion density. It is a reflight of the original SmartMESA mission, which was lost when FalconSat-2 failed to achieve orbit. The Receiver UHF/VHF Signal Strength, or RUSS, experiment, is intended to receive radio signals in the UHF and VHF bands, to determine the levels and effects of ionospheric interference. SmartMESA, also known as the Integrated Miniaturized ElectroStatic Analyzer, and WISPERS were respectively ranked as the 26th and 31st most important experiments for DoD satellites in 2006, by the US Space Experiments Review Board. Launch USA-221 was launched from Pad 1 of"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Satellite's Last Days Improve Orbital Decay Predictions Posted December 15, 2015 6:21 PM Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System Scientists are learning more about how the upper atmosphere and ionosphere affect space satellites as well as communications and navigation here on Earth, thanks to new data from a U.S. Air Force satellite that recently completed a more than seven-year mission. The Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite burned up in Earth's atmosphere during a planned reentry on Nov. 28, leaving behind a treasure trove of data about a part of the space environment that's difficult to study. The unique set of sustained observations from C/NOFS will greatly improve models currently used to predict satellite trajectories, orbital drag and uncontrolled re-entry. Scientists from the U.S. Air Force, NASA, and the University of Texas (UT) at Dallas are presenting the results at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco. Launched on April 16, 2008, C/NOFS studied a region high above in our atmosphere called the ionosphere, a layer of electrically charged particles created by ultra-violet radiation from the sun. This layer lies some 40 to 600 miles above the Earth's surface, where it interacts and co-mingles with the neutral particles of the tenuous upper atmosphere. The upper atmosphere and ionosphere change constantly in response to forces from above and below, including explosions on the sun, intense upper atmosphere winds, and dynamic electric field changes. In addition to interfering with satellite orbits, such changes can produce turbulence in the ionosphere that cause what's known as scintillations, which interfere with"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Sun; verification of predicted general relativity effects; determining the mass of the planet Mercury; the Earth\u2013Moon mass ratio; and the integrated electron density between the Helios spacecraft and the data receivig station on Earth. Coronal sounding experiment The Coronal Sounding Experiment developed by the University of Bonn measures the rotation (Faraday Effect) of the linear polarized radio beam from the spacecraft when it passes during opposition through the corona of the sun. This rotation is a measure of the density of electrons and the intensity of the magnetic field in the traversed region. Mission specifications Helios-A Helios-A was launched on December 10, 1974, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 41 in Cape Canaveral, Florida. This was the first operational flight of the Titan IIIE rocket. The rocket's test flight had failed when the engine on the upper Centaur stage did not light, but the launch of Helios-A was uneventful. The probe was placed in a heliocentric orbit of 192 days with a perihelion of from the Sun. Several problems affected operations. One of the two antennas did not deploy correctly, reducing the sensitivity of the radio plasma apparatus to low-frequency waves. When the high-gain antenna was connected, the mission team realized that their emissions interfered with the analyzer particles and the radio receiver. To reduce the interference, communications were carried out using reduced power, but this required using the large diameter terrestrial receivers already in place thanks to other space missions in progress. During the first perihelion in late February 1975, the spacecraft came"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Missions & Projects Mission Operations & Data Systems LASP Rocket Program Current Launch Status Introduction to Scientific Rockets Early History of Rocketry at LASP LASP Rocket Projects of Note Rocket Multimedia Gallery Quick Facts: Pioneer Venus Mission Introduction The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was the first of a two-spacecraft orbiter-probe combination designed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the atmosphere of Venus. (Courtesy NASA/GSFC) The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was the first of a two-spacecraft orbiter-probe combination designed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the atmosphere of Venus. The spacecraft was a solar-powered cylinder about 250 cm in diameter with its spin axis spin-stabilized perpendicular to the ecliptic plane. A high-gain antenna was mechanically despun to remain focused on the earth. The instruments were mounted on a shelf within the spacecraft except for a magnetometer mounted at the end of a boom to ensure against magnetic interference from the spacecraft. Pioneer Venus Orbiter measured the detailed structure of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus, investigated the interaction of the solar wind with the ionosphere and the magnetic field in the vicinity of Venus, determined the characteristics of the atmosphere and surface of Venus on a planetary scale, determined the planet\u2019s gravitational field harmonics from perturbations of the spacecraft orbit, detected gamma-ray bursts, and made UV observations of comets. The data indicated that Venus was much smoother and more spherical than Earth. The orbiter identified the highest point on Venus as Maxwell Montes, which rises 10.8 kilometers above the mean surface. Infrared observations revealed a clearing in the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "American agency overseeing development of spacecraft. Los Alamos, USA. Country: USA. Spacecraft: NASA-LANL Manned Mars Mission 1985, FORTE. 1977 September 2 - . 05:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Barking Sands. LV Family: Sandhawk. Launch Vehicle: Terrier Sandhawk. Active ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: Los Alamos. Apogee: 261 km (162 mi). 1977 September 12 - . 06:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Barking Sands. LV Family: Sandhawk. Launch Vehicle: Terrier Sandhawk. Active ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: Los Alamos. Apogee: 286 km (177 mi). 1997 August 29 - . 15:02 GMT - . Launch Site: Point Arguello. Launch Complex: Point Arguello WADZ. Launch Pad: Aircraft from Vandenberg.. Launch Platform: L-1011. LV Family: Pegasus. Launch Vehicle: Pegasus XL. FORTE - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF STP. Manufacturer: Los Alamos. Class: Technology. Type: Navigation technology satellite. Spacecraft: FORTE. USAF Sat Cat: 24920 . COSPAR: 1997-047A. Apogee: 833 km (517 mi). Perigee: 799 km (496 mi). Inclination: 70.00 deg. Period: 101.20 min. FORTE - 'Fast On-orbit Recording of Transient Events' - was a US Los Alamos National Laboratory satellite designed to study natural and artificial radio emissions from the ionosphere. This data was needed to develop technology for monitoring nuclear test ban treaties. Air dropped in Point Arguello WADZ. 2000 March 12 - . 09:29 GMT - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg 576E. LV Family: Taurus. Launch Vehicle: Taurus 1110. MTI - . Mass: 587 kg (1,294 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Los Alamos. Manufacturer: Sandia. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus:"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "It observes particles of solar, interplanetary, interstellar, and galactic origins, spanning the energy range from solar wind ions to galactic cosmic ray nuclei. Exploring Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs), also called noctilucent clouds, to find out why they form and why they are changing. Investigated and forecasted scintillations in the Earth's ionosphere. An international and multi-agency space mission that studies the cosmos in the energy range 10 rev-300GeV. Is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1009, and remains in operation. Although not the first space telescope, Hubble is one of the largest and most versatile, and is well known as both a vital research tool and a public relations boon for astronomy. Will investigate the forces at play in the near-space environment, leading the way in understanding disturbances that can lead to severe interference with communications and GPS signals. Observes how solar material moves, gathers energy, and heats up as it travels through a little-understood region in the sun's lower atmosphere. It will study every phase in the history of our Universe, ranging from the first luminous glows after the Big Band, to the formation of solar systems capable of supporting life on planets like Earth, to the evolution of our own Solar System. Robotic spacecraft currently orbiting the Moon in an eccentric polar mapping orbit. Data collected by LRO has been described as essential for planing NASA's future human and robotic missions to the moon. Investigated how the Sun's and Earth's magnetic fields connect and disconnect, explosively transferring energy from one"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the geostationary orbit in 2020. Amazonas 5 Communication Satellite The Amazonas 5 is a multi-session communication satellite launched aboard the Proton M Breeze M launch vehicle in September 2017. Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) Satellite The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite aims to explore Earth's ionosphere and thermosphere and is expected to be launched in November 2017. Heinrich Hertz Communications Satellite (H2Sat) Germany's new Heinrich Hertz communications satellite, being developed by OHB System, is scheduled to be launched into the geostationary orbit in 2021. Parker Solar Probe Spacecraft The Parker Solar Probe (previously Solar Probe Plus) spacecraft being developed by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Nasa) aims to provide data on solar activity. Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) Satellite In June, China's first astronomical satellite, the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT), was launched from the 603 Launch Pad of the LC43 Launch Complex of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in north-west China. Inmarsat-5 F4 Communications Satellite Inmarsat-5 Flight 4 (I-5 F4) commercial communications satellite was launched aboard Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy Space Centre in Florida, US, this May. Shijian-13 Telecommunications Satellite China's first high-throughput communications satellite Shijian-13 was launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan Province in April 2017. James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), also known as Next Generation Space Telescope, is a space observatory and successor to Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Sentinel-2B Earth Observation Satellite Sentinel-2B is the second of the twin satellite Sentinel-2 constellation. Sentinel-2A, the first in the pair, was launched in June 2015. EchoStar XIX Communication Satellite The EchoStar XIX, the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "capsule to Earth, the solar-powered service module first loitered at Earth-Moon L2 and then moved into orbit around the Moon. Credit: CCTV/China Space Website That module remained at that location until January 4, 2015 then conducted a departure maneuver to leave EML2 and begin a transition into lunar orbit. The module arrived on January 11, 2015 in lunar orbit and then lowered closer to the Moon. It imaged the target landing zone for the 2017 Chinese lunar sample return mission \u2013 Chang\u2019e 5 \u2013 a touchdown site which has yet to be disclosed. Radio occultation finding \u201cDuring this period, we performed the radio occultation experiment to detect the lunar ionosphere,\u201d notes M. Y. Wang of China\u2019s National Astronomical Observatories. Illustration of the service module of the circumlunar return and reentry spacecraft mission used for a radio occultation experiment. Credit: M. Y. Wang/National Astronomical Observatories. The observation confirms the presence of a large ionosphere surrounding the Moon, and data was collected on the total electron content, M.Y. Wang and his research colleagues report. They add in their abstract for the upcoming meeting: \u201cIn the future, we will perform more observation and work on the lunar ionosphere and its distribution characteristics.\u201d Curiosity Rover Marks Two Mars Years of Exploration Curiosity\u2019s ChemCam Remote Micro-Imager took this image on Sol 1338, May 11m 2016. Yesterday, on May 11, NASA\u2019s Curiosity Mars rover has been on the surface of Mars for two Mars years \u2013 almost four Earth years. During that time, the rover has made systematic measurements to compare how"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Plunging into the ionosphere: Satellite's last days improve rrbital decay predictions NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center IMAGE: The US Air Force Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System re-entered Earth's atmosphere on Nov. 28, 2015, after a more than seven-year mission. Observations during its last year will help scientists better... view more Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Scientists are learning more about how the upper atmosphere and ionosphere affect space satellites as well as communications and navigation here on Earth, thanks to new data from a U.S. Air Force satellite that recently completed a more than seven-year mission. The Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite burned up in Earth's atmosphere during a planned reentry on Nov. 28, 2015 leaving behind a treasure trove of data about a part of the space environment that's difficult to study. The unique set of sustained observations from C/NOFS will greatly improve models currently used to predict satellite trajectories, orbital drag and uncontrolled re-entry. Scientists from the U.S. Air Force, NASA, and the University of Texas (UT) at Dallas are presenting the results at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco. Launched on April 16, 2008, C/NOFS studied a region high above in our atmosphere called the ionosphere, a layer of electrically charged particles created by ultra-violet radiation from the sun. This layer lies some 40 to 600 miles above the Earth's surface, where it interacts and co-mingles with the neutral particles of the tenuous upper atmosphere. The upper atmosphere and ionosphere change constantly in response to forces from above and below,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "they need to get a special permit which encompasses all of the constituent spacecraft, as well as the IPS elements. Evidence of all of the individual spacecraft permits are needed to accomplish this. Even more vital is FCC licensing. As part of the FCC frequency approval, they also review orbital debris policy compliance. This includes debris mitigation on orbit (recontact & conjunction analyses), reentry within 25 years, and reentry hazards at end of mission. For this, specific spacecraft information is included in the supporting analysis and application. Given the large number of spacecraft on SSO-A, this is not a trivial effort. As mentioned previously, a complex Monte Carlo separation and conjunction analyses was conducted for all of the separating objects on the mission. Similarly, a reentry debris hazard analysis was completed for the UFF and LFF structures and subsystems that remained after spacecraft separation. The results of these analyses, along with other required documentation, were reviewed with and submitted to the FCC for frequency approval. Getting frequency approvals is critical to facilitate the launch. When SpaceX applies for their FAA license to launch, they submit a list of all spacecraft on the mission. The FAA initiates an interagency review to assure all applicable US Government agencies do not have concerns with any elements of the mission. As part of this review, the FCC provides confirmation that all US-origin spacecraft have the proper licensing. If just one spacecraft on the mission \u2013 even a single CubeSat \u2013 does not have a license, the FAA will not issue"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Constellation Challenges and Contributions of Taiwan Weather Monitoring Satellites National Space Organization (NSPO) of Taiwan in the past ten years has successfully launched three different types of satellites. The latest one is FORMOSAT- 3/COSMIC, a joint Taiwan-US project, which was successfully launched on April 15, 2006. The FORMOSAT-3 is a constellation of 6 satellites and each satellite is equipped with GPS Occultation Receiver (GOX), Tri-Band Beacon (TBB), and Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP). The constellation is on the way to its final orbit configuration. All satellites remain healthy except spacecraft flight model no. 2 (FM2) with a problem of power shortage and FM3 currently staying at an orbit of 711 km due to a mechanism issue to be solved. The current sounding profiles retrieved from the GPS occultation measurements are over an average of 1800 daily. The sounding profiles have been used to study atmospheric and ionospheric structures and total electron content, and assimilated into numerical atmospheric and space weather predictions models to improve the accuracy of prediction. Taiwan has taken an active role and grown remarkably well in remote sensing researches during the last decade. Taiwan will continue to share her resources with the international community for scientific research and applications. In this paper, we will present an overview of significant contributions of the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellite mission to the global community. We will also describe the constellation challenges and novel operations solutions and the future follow-on mission planning."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the Republic of China, the instrument is a push-broom imager with a 45-centimetre (18-inch) Cassegrain reflector telescope. It is expected to produce panchromatic images with a resolution of up to two meters (6.5 feet) per pixel, and multispectral images with a resolution of four meters (12 feet) per pixel. Multispectral images will consist of red, green, blue and near-infrared bands. Taiwan\u2019s National Central University is responsible for the Advanced Ionospheric Probe (AIP) aboard the spacecraft. This payload consists of a planar Langmuir probe, a retarding potential analyzer, an ion trap and an ion drift meter. It will record the composition and density of plasma within Earth\u2019s ionosphere, the velocity of incident ions and the temperature of ions and electrons within the ionosphere. Taiwan\u2019s National Space Organisation \u2013 also known as the NSPO, an abbreviation of its previous name, the National Space Program Office \u2013 is the country\u2019s national space agency. Formosat-5 is the latest in a series of missions in the NSPO\u2019s Formosat series of remote sensing spacecraft. The first satellite, Formosat-1, was launched in January 1999 aboard Lockheed Martin\u2019s Athena I rocket. Formosat-2, the spacecraft which Formosat-5 will replace, was deployed by a Taurus rocket in May 2004. At the times of their launches, Formosat-1 and 2 were named ROCSAT-1 and ROCSAT-2 respectively, taking on their new names in late 2004. Although only designed for a five-year operational life, Formosat-2 completed twelve years of service before a malfunction last June forced its retirement two months later. These spacecraft were joined in orbit in April 2006"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Irish Space Agency\u2019s satellite design has changed to make it more robust The Irish Space agency\u2019s design for its new satellite, launched from Europe in January, has changed dramatically. The \u20ac20 million Irish Space Technology Programme (ISTP) mission is designed to send a communications satellite to a geosynchronous orbit in the Pacific Ocean. A series of computer simulations show the spacecraft will operate in a much more resilient way than it did in the past.ISTP chief executive Patrick O\u2019Sullivan said the team worked on the redesign to improve the spacecraft\u2019s ability to withstand the forces of reentry and to protect itself from debris during reentry. The changes will mean the satellite can be launched in 2018. The first test flight of the satellite is planned for 2021, with the next flight in 2023.ISTC\u2019s next satellites are due to be launched from France in 2020 and the United States in 2021. How to build your own game design network How to design a scalable network architecture and logistics network design guide"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Irish Space Agency\u2019s satellite design has changed to make it more robust The Irish Space agency\u2019s design for its new satellite, launched from Europe in January, has changed dramatically. The \u20ac20 million Irish Space Technology Programme (ISTP) mission is designed to send a communications satellite to a geosynchronous orbit in the Pacific Ocean. A series of computer simulations show the spacecraft will operate in a much more resilient way than it did in the past.ISTP chief executive Patrick O\u2019Sullivan said the team worked on the redesign to improve the spacecraft\u2019s ability to withstand the forces of reentry and to protect itself from debris during reentry. The changes will mean the satellite can be launched in 2018. The first test flight of the satellite is planned for 2021, with the next flight in 2023.ISTC\u2019s next satellites are due to be launched from France in 2020 and the United States in 2021. How to build your own game design network How to design a scalable network architecture and logistics network design guide"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Customers. Space Environment And Spacecraft Interaction. Universe, galaxy, solar system. Coordinate systems. Time. Solar cycle. Plasma. Geomagnetic field. Atmosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere. Atmospheric drag. Atomic oxygen. Radiation belts and shielding. Orbital Mechanics And Mission Design. Motion in gravitational field. Elliptic orbit. Classical orbit elements. Two-line element format. Hohmann transfer. Delta-V requirements. Launch sites. Launch to geostationary orbit. Orbit perturbations. Key orbits: geostationary, sun-synchronous, Molniya. Space Mission Geometry. Satellite horizon, ground track, swath. Repeating orbits. Spacecraft And Mission Design Overview. Mission design basics. Life cycle of the mission. Reviews. Requirements. Technology readiness levels. Systems engineering. Mission Support. Ground stations. Deep Space Network (DSN). STDN. SGLS. Space Laser Ranging (SLR). TDRSS. Attitude Determination And Control. Spacecraft attitude. Angular momentum. Environmental disturbance torques. Attitude sensors. Attitude control techniques (configurations). Spin axis precession. Reaction wheel analysis. Spacecraft Propulsion. Propulsion requirements. Fundamentals of propulsion: thrust, specific impulse, total impulse. Rocket dynamics: rocket equation. Staging. Nozzles. Liquid propulsion systems. Solid propulsion systems. Thrust vector control. Electric propulsion. Launch Systems. Launch issues. Atlas and Delta launch families. Acoustic environment. Launch system example: Delta II. Space Communications. Communications basics. Electromagnetic waves. Decibel language. Antennas. Antenna gain. TWTA and SSA. Noise. Bit rate. Communication link design. Modulation techniques. Bit error rate. Spacecraft Power Systems. Spacecraft power system elements. Orbital effects. Photovoltaic systems (solar cells and arrays). Radioisotope thermal generators (RTG). Batteries. Sizing power systems. Thermal Control. Environmental loads. Blackbody concept. Planck and Stefan-Boltzmann laws. Passive thermal control. Coatings. Active thermal control. Heat pipes."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "EOS-02 (formerly known as Microsat-2A) was an Indian Earth observation microsatellite developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation as a test payload on the maiden launch of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV). EOS-02 was based on Microsat-TD. The objective behind EOS-02 was to realize and fly an experimental imaging satellite with short turnaround time to showcase launch on demand capability. It was intended to be used for cartographic applications at a cadastral level, urban and rural management, coastal land use and regulation, utilities mapping, development and various other GIS applications. The satellite carried two payloads: a mid-wavelength and a long-wavelength infared camera with a 6m resolution. Launch EOS-02 was launched on Small Satellite Launch Vehicle's maiden flight SSLV-D1 at 03:48 UTC / 09:18 IST on 7 August 2022, but due to the final VTM stage failure, the rocket entered a transatmospheric orbit of 356 km x 76 km (221 mi x 47 mi) instead of the planned circular 356 km (221 mi) circular orbit. As a result, both satellites onboard (EOS-02 and AzaadiSAT) were destroyed during reentry. References Earth observation satellites of India Spacecraft launched by India in 2022 Small satellites"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the upper atmosphere layers, destroying the solar panels and finally leading to reentry on 6 December 1996. AMSAT P3E (Phase 3E) is a dedicated communication and scientific platform for a highly elliptical orbit around Earth. The spacecraft will be created in a joint process together with the AMSAT P5A Mars mission by an international team under leadership of AMSAT-DL and continues the successful series of AMSAT-Phase 3 satellites. Additionally the spacecraft will be a test bench for technology developed for the Mars mission. The main task of P3E is to act as communication platform for radio amateurs worldwide. A launch was planned in the period 2004 to 2006, but until now, no flight opportunity could be secured. Currently the project is on hold due to the unavailability of affordable launch opportunities. A potential launch opportunity arose in 2015, which involved the completition of the satellite at Virginia Tech university and a launch on a US rocket, but eventually was not used. AMSAT P3E (Phase 3E, AMSAT P3-Express) - on hold with ?"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "FR-1 was the second French satellite. Planned as the first French satellite, it was launched on 6 December 1965\u2014ten days after the actual first French satellite, Ast\u00e9rix\u2014by an American Scout X-4 rocket from the Western Range at Vandenberg Air Force Base. The scientific satellite studied the composition and structure of the ionosphere, plasmasphere, and magnetosphere by measuring the propagation of very low frequency (VLF) waves and the electron density of plasma in those portions of the Earth's atmosphere. FR-1's VLF receiver operated until 26 August 1968. FR-1 remains in orbit as of 2023. Background FR-1 was the first step of an ambitious French plan to launch six FR-series satellites, each meant to study a different aspect of the Earth's atmosphere. FR-1 was generally designed to study the Earth's magnetic and electric fields in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. The satellite Ast\u00e9rix\u2014ultimately France's first satellite, launched ten days before FR-1\u2014was initially conceptualized as the second FR satellite under the name FR-2. Like FR-1, FR-2 would study the ionosphere. FR-3 was to be a \"scaled-up\" version of FR-2, with FR-4 to carry instruments measuring hydrogen distribution in the upper atmosphere, FR-5 to study \"magnetic impulses\" and serve as a platform for future research, and FR-6 to be a solar-stabilized spacecraft with final payload to be determined based on experimental results from its antecedents. The French space agencies Centre national d'\u00e9tudes spatiales (CNES) and Centre national d'\u00e9tudes des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications (CNET) were developing FR-1 concurrent with Ast\u00e9rix as early as 1963. That year, a model of FR-1 was displayed at the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Spacecraft: Toronto GNB, HS 376, FS-1300, Star bus, Cubesat. Launch Vehicles: Deacon, Thor, R-7, Arcas, Black Brant, R-14, Proton, Tomahawk, Sonda, Super Loki, Viper, Hawk, PSLV, Ariane 5, Pantera. Projects: AIS, BSB, Thor Comsat. Launch Sites: Cape Canaveral, Baikonur, Plesetsk, Andoya, Kiruna, Kourou, Sriharikota, Marka, SvalRak, Dombarovskiy. Agency: ILS, NASA, NTNF, NASA Greenbelt, NDRE, ISRO, DLR, El Segu. 1962 August 18 - . 07:09 GMT - . Launch Site: Andoya. LV Family: Deacon. Launch Vehicle: Nike Cajun. Ferdinand 1 Ionosphere mission - . Nation: Norway. Agency: NTNF. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). 1962 December 11 - . 03:27 GMT - . Launch Site: Andoya. LV Family: Deacon. Launch Vehicle: Nike Cajun. Ferdinand 3 Ionosphere mission - . Nation: Norway. Agency: NTNF. Apogee: 121 km (75 mi). 1962 December 14 - . 20:52 GMT - . Launch Site: Andoya. LV Family: Deacon. Launch Vehicle: Nike Cajun. Ferdinand 2 Ionosphere mission - . Nation: Norway. Agency: NTNF. Apogee: 123 km (76 mi). 1963 September 1 - . 08:03 GMT - . Launch Site: Andoya. LV Family: Deacon. Launch Vehicle: Nike Cajun. Ferdinand 5 Aeronomy / ionosphere / solar mission - . Nation: Norway. Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). 1963 September 12 - . 06:20 GMT - . Launch Site: Andoya. LV Family: Deacon. Launch Vehicle: Nike Apache. Ferdinand 4 Ionosphere / plasma / solar mission - . Nation: Norway. Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 136 km (84 mi). 1964 March 12 - . 02:58 GMT - . Launch Site: Andoya. LV Family: Deacon. Launch Vehicle: Nike Apache. Ferdinand"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "COSMIC-2 Achieves Full Operational Capability Diagram shows how COSMIC-2 satellites detect how GPS satellite signals are distorted, or bent, as they travel through the Earth's atmosphere. The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC-2) is a network of six small satellites, each about the size of a standard kitchen oven, designed to improve weather prediction and model accuracy as well as space weather monitoring capabilities. COSMIC-2 utilizes a technique called radio occultation to measure the \"bending\" of radio signals from global navigation satellites (such as GPS) as those signals pass through the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere. This bending provides critical information such as the temperature, pressure, and water vapor content of the atmosphere, helping improve global forecasting and aid in studying Earth's climate. This also gives us better insight into the processes that cause tropical storms to develop, strengthen, or weaken. The same signals also give information about highly charged regions of the Ionosphere. This data is used to understand the effects and impacts of space weather, such as solar storms, on the Ionosphere and elements of daily life such as communications Following launch on June 25, 2019, the satellites underwent an initial seven-month instrument and data evaluation process to make sure they were working properly as they were moved into their proper orbit. This was then followed by a period of software updates to enhance performance. During this time, a series of reviews were held to make sure that numerous specific milestones were being met by the spacecraft and the associated ground systems."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Dnepr, Taurus 3210, Taurus 3110. Launch Sites: Cape Canaveral, Vandenberg, Vandenberg 576E, Cape Canaveral LC46, Dombarovskiy. Agency: TRW, NSPO. Bibliography: 2, 4, 13024, 13025, 13026. 1999 January 27 - . 00:34 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC46. Launch Pad: SLC46. LV Family: Athena. Launch Vehicle: Athena-1. ROCSAT-1 - . Mass: 400 kg (880 lb). Nation: Taiwan. Agency: NSPO. Manufacturer: TRW. Class: Earth. Type: Seismology satellite. Spacecraft Bus: T200. Spacecraft: ROCSAT. USAF Sat Cat: 25616 . COSPAR: 1999-002A. Apogee: 523 km (324 mi). Perigee: 479 km (297 mi). Inclination: 34.96 deg. Period: 94.63 min. Taiwan's first satellite, with experimental communications, ocean imagery, and ionospheric studies instruments. The Primex OAM placed itself and the payload into an elliptical transfer orbit. A second OAM burn circularized the orbit, and ROCSAT separated into a 588 x 601 km x 35.0 deg orbit. 2004 May 20 - . 17:47 GMT - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg 576E. LV Family: Taurus. Launch Vehicle: Taurus 3210. ROCSAT 2 - . Payload: LeoStar 500XO. Mass: 760 kg (1,670 lb). Nation: Taiwan. Agency: NSPO. Manufacturer: EADS Astrium. Class: Surveillance. Type: Civilian surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: T200. Spacecraft: ROCSAT. USAF Sat Cat: 28254 . COSPAR: 2004-018A. Apogee: 891 km (553 mi). Perigee: 887 km (551 mi). Inclination: 99.10 deg. Period: 102.80 min. Delayed from October, November 25, 2003; January 17, February 26, April 9 and 22, May 17, 2004.. 2008 October 1 - . Launch Site: Dombarovskiy. LV Family: R-36M. Launch Vehicle: Dnepr. Theos - . Mass: 715"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "You are here Home \u203a Directory \u203a Satellite Missions \u203a R \u203a RAX-2 RAX-2 RAX-2 (Radio Aurora Explorer-2) RAX-2 is a RAX a follow-on collaborative 3U CubeSat mission comprised of teams from the University of Michigan (UMich), Ann Arbor, MI (James W. Cutler), and SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (Hasan Bahcivan), USA. The payload was developed at SRI, and the satellite bus was developed in the Michigan Exploration Laboratory (MXL). The mission is funded by NSF (National Science Foundation) to study space weather. RAX is a space weather mission designed to study plasma field-aligned irregularities in the ionosphere. It has enabled undergraduate students, graduate researchers, engineers, and scientists to be involved in the design, building, and operations of two spacecraft, RAX-1 and RAX-2. Small spacecraft are more highly resource-constrained by mass, power, volume, delivery timelines, and financial cost relative to their larger counterparts. Small spacecraft are operationally challenging because subsystem functions are coupled and constrained by the limited available commodities (e.g. data, energy, and access times to ground resources). Furthermore, additional operational complexities arise because small spacecraft components are physically integrated, which may yield thermal or radio frequency interference. The project extended the initial MBSE (Model Based Systems Engineering) framework developed for a small spacecraft mission by demonstrating the ability to model different behaviors and scenarios. MBSE and SysML (Systems Modeling Language) were applied to model an actual CubeSat, the RAX (Radio Aurora Explorer) mission. 1) 2) Background: RAX-1 (launch Nov. 20, 2010) demonstrated the functionality of a scientific mission, a CubeSat-based bistatic radar experiment capable"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the startup process exits with exit * code 0 and we switch to PM_RUN state. * * Normal child backends can only be launched when we are in PM_RUN state. * (We also allow it in PM_WAIT_BACKUP state, but only for superusers.) * In other states we handle connection requests by launching \"dead_end\" * child processes, which will simply send the client an error message and * quit. (We track these in the BackendList so that we can know when they * are all gone; this is important because they're still connected to shared * memory, and would interfere with an attempt to destroy the shmem segment, * possibly leading to SHMALL failure when we try to make a new one.) * In PM_WAIT_DEAD_END state we are waiting for all the dead_end children * to drain out of the system, and therefore stop accepting connection * requests at all until the last existing child has quit (which hopefully * will not be very long). * * Notice that this state variable does not distinguish *why* we entered * states later than PM_RUN --- Shutdown and FatalError must be consulted * to find that out. FatalError is never true in PM_INIT through PM_RUN * states, nor in PM_SHUTDOWN states (because we don't enter those states * when trying to recover from a crash). * * RecoveryError means that we have crashed during recovery, and * should not try to restart. */ typedef enum { PM_INIT, /* postmaster starting */ PM_STARTUP, /* waiting for startup subprocess */ PM_STARTUP_PASS2,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Laboratory. The spacecraft will eject a 8.5-pound subsatellite named NanoSail-D about a week after launch. NanoSail-D will unfurl a 100-square-foot solar sail to verify deployment mechanisms for future missions that could clear space debris from busy orbital lanes. Developed for less than $12 million, FASTSAT stands for Fast, Affordable, Science and Technology Satellite. It was built by engineers from Marshall Space Flight Center, Dynetics Inc. and the Von Braun Center for Science and Innovation, all in Huntsville, Ala. The FASTSAT project includes contributions from 13 local Huntsville firms. Three university satellites are also packed inside the Minotaur 4 rocket. Two FASTRAC satellites from the University of Texas at Austin will test autonomous formation-flying through crosslink communications and GPS navigation. One of the spacecraft also carries a micro-discharge plasma thruster. The Formation Autonomous Spacecraft with Thruster, Relnav, Attitude and Crosslink, or FASTRAC, program was selected by the Air Force's University Nanosat Program in 2005. More than 100 students worked on the FASTRAC satellites, which have a combined mass of more than 120 pounds at launch. The spacecraft will split up and perform formation demonstrations pivotal to future space research missions. FalconSat 5 is a cadet-built spacecraft from the U.S. Air Force Academy. Two payloads on FalconSat 5 include a small Hall Effect thruster for attitude control and an electrostatic analyzer/spectrometer suite to observe the effect of thruster plumes on the surrounding space environment. The $11 million mission began four years ago and is managed by the Air Force Research Laboratory. FalconSat 5 will also monitor ionospheric effects"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "why it operates mainly on the night side. Any mission to Mars using radio signals for science observations needs to know how the ionosphere behaves. When a manned mission is sent to Mars, it will be important to know the state of the ionosphere in order to optimise communications to and from Earth, as well as on the surface.\" Mars Express was launched in June 2003 and became ESA's first visit to another planet in the Solar System. The scientific payload, provided by research institutes throughout Europe, consists of seven instruments that provide remote sensing measurements of the atmosphere, ground and below the surface. Since arrival in orbit around Mars in December 2003, Mars Express has been helping to answer fundamental questions about the geology, atmosphere, surface environment, history of water and potential for life on Mars. The Mars Radio Science Experiment (MaRS) uses radio waves to study both the surface and the atmosphere of Mars. It measures local variations of gravity over the surface of the planet as well as providing pressure and temperatures profiles of the atmosphere. The experiment relies on the observation of the phase, amplitude, polarisation, and propagation times of radio signals transmitted from the spacecraft and received at ground station antennas on Earth. Paul Withers Astronomy Department, Boston University Massachusetts, USA Email: withers bu.edu Martin P\u00e4tzold, Rheinisches Institut f\u00fcr Umweltforschung, Abt. Planetenforschung Email: Martin.Paetzold uni-koeln.de Olivier Witasse, Mars Express Project Scientist Research and Scientific Support Department Directorate of Science & Robotic Exploration ESA-ESTEC, The Netherlands Email: Olivier.Witasse esa.int https://sci.esa.int/s/890YO2W The ionosphere"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "space weather The northern lights interfere with radio communications, GPS navigation and satellite communications. Researchers are now going to launch 20 satellites containing world class instruments from the University of Oslo to find out why. Satellites are becoming increasingly important in communications and navigation. This makes us more vulnerable to the northern lights, especially within offshore and aviation. In a worst case scenario an aircraft can lose contact with its surroundings. Oil tankers can struggle with precise navigation. In order to more precisely predict when radio communications and navigation will fail, researchers require more information about what happens when violent solar winds hit the Earth and produce the northern lights. The solar winds consist of charged particles and produce powerful turbulence in the ionosphere, which consists of plasma clouds with electrical particles at an altitude of 80 to 500 km. The turbulence interferes with radio signals. Sometimes they are reflected wrongly. On other occasions the signals are blocked altogether. \u201cIn the northern regions GPS satellites lie low in the sky. This means the signals have to pass through the ionosphere. This reinforces the navigation problems,\u201d says professor J\u00c3\u00b8ran Moen of the Department of Physics at University of Oslo (UiO), Norway. Full story: http://www.apollon.uio.no/english/articles/2012/spaceweather.html Categories: Astronomy, Astrophysics, Aurorae, CME (Coronal Mass Ejections), Earth, General Astronomy, Solar System, Sun Tags: astronomy, aurora, Nature, news, science, space AstroNews Is Coming Back Online May 14, 2012 astronewsus Leave a comment Okay, so it\u2019s been awhile but I\u2019ve got some help and we\u2019re looking to get AstroNews back up \u2018n running"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "orbit until a self-diagnostic test confirms they are fully functional. This means it will take more time and propellant to get a satellite into its intended orbit, but the advantage is that if the craft ends up DOA, it\u2019s less likely to be a hazard to navigation. In a low orbit, even a non-functional spacecraft will dip back into the atmosphere and burn up in a relatively short period of time. SpaceX utilized this approach for the first Starlink launch, and in the end found that three of the sixty satellites never passed their self-check and failed to move on from their initial \u201cparking\u201d orbit. Finally, the SSC agrees with the European Space Agency that future satellites should utilize \u201cDesign for Demise\u201d or D4D. These are design principles which ensure that even a non-functional satellite will deorbit itself and completely burn up in the atmosphere. Techniques include spacecraft shapes and orientations that maximize atmospheric drag, and the use of thermal reactive adhesives which will release as the vehicle heats up during reentry. While the Space Safety Coalition\u2019s list of best practices for designing and operating spacecraft in Earth orbit are reasonable and in many cases logical, the group has no authority to actually enforce them. As such, any company that decides to follow these rules does so of their own volition. Smallsat launch providers Virgin Orbit and Rocket Lab have already decided to endorse the document, as have some companies which operate fleets of satellites, such as SES and Iridium. But while it\u2019s encouraging to see"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "orbit until a self-diagnostic test confirms they are fully functional. This means it will take more time and propellant to get a satellite into its intended orbit, but the advantage is that if the craft ends up DOA, it\u2019s less likely to be a hazard to navigation. In a low orbit, even a non-functional spacecraft will dip back into the atmosphere and burn up in a relatively short period of time. SpaceX utilized this approach for the first Starlink launch, and in the end found that three of the sixty satellites never passed their self-check and failed to move on from their initial \u201cparking\u201d orbit. Finally, the SSC agrees with the European Space Agency that future satellites should utilize \u201cDesign for Demise\u201d or D4D. These are design principles which ensure that even a non-functional satellite will deorbit itself and completely burn up in the atmosphere. Techniques include spacecraft shapes and orientations that maximize atmospheric drag, and the use of thermal reactive adhesives which will release as the vehicle heats up during reentry. While the Space Safety Coalition\u2019s list of best practices for designing and operating spacecraft in Earth orbit are reasonable and in many cases logical, the group has no authority to actually enforce them. As such, any company that decides to follow these rules does so of their own volition. Smallsat launch providers Virgin Orbit and Rocket Lab have already decided to endorse the document, as have some companies which operate fleets of satellites, such as SES and Iridium. But while it\u2019s encouraging to see"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "plane of the sky. The high gain antenna is pointing toward the Earth (toward the viewer).The spacecraft will first go behind the ionosphere (the yellow ring), then the neutral atmosphere (the blue ring) and then the planetary disc. The radio signal propagates from the spacecraft first through the ionosphere and later through the atmosphere towards the Earth. Timing and duration of planetary occultations during Mars Express's nominal and extended missions. Mars Express will differ from the other spacecraft that have performed similar experiments (Mariner 4 in 1965 and Mars Global Surveyor now) by using the S- as well as the X-band. \"The S-band is sensitive to plasma (ionised gas) densities,\" says P\u00e4tzold, which makes it particularly useful for studying the ionosphere, the ionised, outer part of the atmosphere. One of the outstanding questions about Mars is how it came to lose most of its atmosphere. One possibility is that the solar wind, the stream of charged particles flowing out from the Sun, has gradually stripped the atmosphere away through interactions with the ionosphere. The radio science experiment will measure density profiles in the ionosphere, which will help determine whether, how and when this happened. The speed of a spacecraft relative to the ground station can be measured with an accuracy of \"less than one tenth the speed of a snail at full pace,\" according to P\u00e4tzold. Such high precision is achieved by measuring the frequency change in the radio signal caused when the spacecraft moves towards or away from the ground station. (The phenomenon, called the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Academy) at Colorado Springs, CO. \u2022 FASTRAC-1 and -2 (Formation Autonomy Spacecraft with Thrust, Relnav, Attitude and Crosslink). FASTRAC is a nanosatellite pair whose design and integration has been undertaken by students of the University of Texas at Austin (UTA). The project is sponsored by AFRL. Note: All S26 missions have been described separately on the eoPortal. Orbit: Circular orbit, altitude = 650 km, inclination = 72\u00ba, with an orbital period of 97.7 minutes. \u2022 June 20, 2011: The PISA (Plasma Impedance Spectrum Analyzer) instrument has now completed more than 120 days over the course of six months since it was first turned on. That corresponds to more than 1,600 hours of observations and more than 2 GB of raw data taken over a wide range of locations and environments (Ref. 18). - The TTI (Thermosphere Temperature Imager) continues to operate as planned, detecting FUV (Far Ultraviolet) airglow and FUV auroral signatures. The TTI is on track for achieving full science mode sometime in late April. - The PISA (Plasma and Impedence Spectrum Analyzer) instrument also continues to operate well. PISA is testing new measurement techniques for the thermal electron populations in the ionosphere, calculating their density structure, which can interfere with or scatter radio signals used for communication and navigation. MINI-ME achieved full science mode on January 20, 2011 and has been collecting science data since that time. Together with other instruments and payloads on the STP-S26 mission, such as the NSF RAX mission, FalconSat-5, and NanoSail-D (launched as a tertiary payload from FASTSAT), these"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "This drawing shows Mars Global Surveyor taking measurements as it flew through the ionosphere of Mars during an early aerobraking pass. The orbit is shown by the dashed line. The ionosphere is shown by the shaded region circling the planet (not to scale). Image from: NASA/JPL The Exploration of Mars Mars Global Surveyor Image Archive Aerobraking The Mars Global Surveyor reached Mars in September of 1997. But it didn't make it into its final mapping orbit until February 1999. What took so long? Surveyor needed to reach a near-circular, low-altitude orbit in order to map the surface of Mars. In September 1997, the orbit of MGS was far from circular and at its farthest point in orbit, MGS was really far from Mars (56,000 kilometers above the surface)! Mission controllers needed MGS to be only ~400 kilometers above the surface. In order to adjust the orbit of MGS, the controllers used aerobraking. Controllers were going to send MGS through the atmosphere of Mars to slow it down. During these atmospheric passes, air resistance generated by the solar panels would slow the spacecraft and gradually lower its orbit. Surveyor was to use this aerobraking technique to lower the high point of its orbit from the initial 56,000 kilometers in altitude to about 400 kilometers. This aerobraking would also force the spacecraft into a near-circular orbit. Originally, this was only suppose to take 4 months. Unfortunately, one of the solar panels (which are used during aerobraking!) broke during the launch of MGS. This solar panel got stuck and"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "in 3 million years Learn more about General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems and NASA's Deep Space Atomic Clock. NPSat hosts two experiments built by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to investigate space weather and support space situational awareness (SSA), including ionospheric electron density structures that cause radio scintillations impacting communications and navigation. Monitors electron content and scintillations using radio frequency (RF) transmissions Conducts Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography (CERTO) experiment NRL-built Langmuir probe takes in-situ measurements to improve ionospheric modeling Prox-1 is a microsat developed by students at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta through the Air Force\u2019s University Nanosat Program to demonstrate satellite close proximity operations and rendezvous. Demonstrates small satellite close-encounter operations Prox-1 deploys the LightSail 2 cubesat developed by the Planetary Society E-TBEx: Measures distortion of radio signals traveling through the ionosphere using beacon tones transmitted from eight orbital locations: the six COSMIC-2 satellites and the twin E-TBEx CubeSats Launch Environment Observer (LEO) & StangSat: Measures thermal and vibration environments during launch and demonstrates Wi-Fi data transmission between Cubesats (2 separate cubesats) PSAT: Supports global amateur radio data relay capabilities to assist students and researchers around the world TEPCE: Demonstrates the feasibility of using electrodynamic propulsion by deploying a 1 km electrically conductive tether, performing orbit-changing maneuvers without consuming any fuel LightSail 2:The Planetary Society\u2019s citizen-funded solar-sailing spacecraft propelled by the Sun Video of qLEuCn8RT14?&theme=dark&autohide=2&modestbranding=1&showinfo=0&rel=0 Falcon Heavy\u2019s first stage is composed of three Falcon 9 nine-engine cores whose 27 Merlin engines together generate more than 5 million pounds of thrust at liftoff, equal to"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "first space hardware products during Alouette's construction. Spar, for instance, developed a new \" roll-up \" antenna for the Canadian satellite, a product that was later used in many variations for American satellites. After three and a half years of design and construction, the 145-kg satellite was flown to California and launched from the Pacific Missile Range at 2:06 a.m. (EST) on Saturday, September 29, 1962 . Sprung from a two-stage Thor-Agena rocket, Alouette-I was quickly put into a near perfect 1000 km orbit and soon began its top-down study of the ionosphere. Alouette-I was a tremendous success by any measure. The conservative research approach adopted by the DRTE team paid off manyfold as the satellite eventually stretched its one-year design life into an unprecedented 10-year mission, producing over one million images of the ionosphere in the process. Following the success of Alouette-I, Canada and United States signed an agreement to launch further satellites under a new program called International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies (ISIS). Under the program, the Alouette back-up model was refurbished and flown in 1965 as \" Alouette-II \" and two new satellites, named ISIS I and ISIS II, were successfully launched in 1969 and 1970 respectively. Alouette I paper model (PDF, 33.85 MB) Science satellites and spacecraft Canadian satellites Satellites in our everyday lives"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "scientific payload consisting of eight high-resolution instruments used to probe the characteristics of near-Earth space, and Cascade, a high data rate, high capacity store and forward technology payload from MDA Corporation. Together, e-POP and Cascade will achieve both a scientific and a commercial objective. providing scientists with unprecedented details about the Earth\u2019s ionosphere, thermosphere and magnetosphere, helping scientists understand the cause and effects of potentially dangerous space weather. Cascade will demonstrate a new digital communications \u2018courier\u2019 service provided by MDA. Pending a successful mission with CASSIOPE, SpaceX will then move to the launch of what will be the debut launch of a geostationary satellite, with the launch of the SES-8 spacecraft from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. Completing what is hoped to be a busy period of launches for SpaceX and their new Falcon v1.1, the company plan to loft Commercial Launches for Orbcomm and Thailand\u2019s Thai Comm. The next Dragon spacecraft would then greet the upgraded Falcon 9 for their CRS-3 (SpX-3) mission to the International Space Station (ISS), which currently has a place-holder of December. However, according to L2 information, ongoing discussions are taking place relating to a potential Visiting Vehicle (VV) conflict. Providing Orbital\u2019s OrB-D mission proceeds as planned, allowing for a December launch of OrB-1, one of the CRS missions will have to move to change its docked period to Node-2 Nadir between January 26 to February 25, 2014. A decision won\u2019t be made until later this year, following the OrB-D mission and SpaceX\u2019s progress during their busy upcoming mission"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.17405936121940613, 0.07360421866178513, 0.22341744601726532, 0.19000063836574554, 0.1670163869857788, 0.1670163869857788, 0.21028995513916016, 0.22163653373718262, 0.17362070083618164, 0.11332090944051743, 0.1557311713695526, 0.19322443008422852, 0.2233155071735382, 0.16798068583011627, 0.1627362072467804, 0.17188942432403564, 0.23688757419586182, 0.20481745898723602, 0.1435982882976532, 0.19180633127689362, 0.1639101505279541, 0.1303103119134903, 0.1932680606842041, 0.1932680606842041, 0.22663214802742004, 0.21876820921897888, 0.17628006637096405, 0.14851680397987366, 0.14114350080490112, 0.16350743174552917, 0.1925046592950821, 0.11947112530469894, 0.2176256626844406, 0.18993963301181793, 0.1820938140153885, 0.22309139370918274, 0.16230052709579468, 0.17393848299980164, 0.20773130655288696, 0.1802646815776825, 0.1802653670310974, 0.20204892754554749, 0.19332504272460938, 0.18556053936481476, 0.13160847127437592, 0.2121875286102295, 0.20534686744213104, 0.19602733850479126, 0.10503272712230682, 0.2122780680656433, 0.2342568039894104, 0.21755070984363556, 0.19995099306106567, 0.14465481042861938, 0.15794026851654053, 0.17277485132217407, 0.1897154152393341, 0.18442825973033905, 0.19313237071037292, 0.07475728541612625, 0.2056352198123932, 0.11332090944051743, 0.11332084238529205, 0.19863612949848175, 0.15913720428943634, 0.14419937133789062], "y": [0.06375504285097122, 0.06711039692163467, 0.028599921613931656, 0.10535576194524765, 0.002688328269869089, 0.0026882074307650328, 0.07594072073698044, 0.10878327488899231, 0.14520762860774994, -0.007723938673734665, -0.003717675805091858, 0.06810954213142395, 0.06768910586833954, 0.10722587257623672, 0.012900506146252155, 0.1049269512295723, 0.05497191846370697, 0.10868601500988007, 0.052013833075761795, 0.15665121376514435, 0.08363115042448044, 0.034326259046792984, -0.010691680945456028, -0.010691680945456028, 0.07372017204761505, 0.027488406747579575, 0.0009862222941592336, 0.04756998270750046, -0.04214012995362282, 0.048736970871686935, 0.03247542306780815, 0.0031884275376796722, 0.0775483027100563, 0.09893014281988144, 0.0767301544547081, 0.1235676258802414, -0.021426187828183174, 0.03832414373755455, 0.0710248053073883, 0.0016321325674653053, 0.0016320324502885342, 0.12209688127040863, 0.15974101424217224, 0.08845030516386032, 0.15444044768810272, 0.08089136332273483, 0.06832370162010193, 0.0654604583978653, 0.021653635427355766, 0.08187615871429443, 0.07750488817691803, 0.07448386400938034, 0.07070186734199524, 0.04246578365564346, 0.0817536786198616, 0.006859347689896822, 0.06081762537360191, 0.04956415295600891, 0.02406071126461029, -0.04649105668067932, 0.0496075339615345, -0.007723938673734665, -0.007724439725279808, 0.03244158253073692, 0.04517354816198349, 0.015599430538713932], "mode": "markers", "name": "Cluster 4", "marker": {"size": 8, "color": "rgb(128,177,211)"}, "text": ["Document 32", "Document 34", "Document 51", "Document 57", "Document 62", "Document 63", "Document 65", "Document 69", "Document 99", "Document 103", "Document 118", "Document 123", "Document 129", "Document 136", "Document 137", "Document 138", "Document 140", "Document 151", "Document 161", "Document 167", "Document 187", "Document 191", "Document 194", "Document 195", "Document 198", "Document 202", "Document 204", "Document 227", "Document 229", "Document 234", "Document 251", "Document 252", "Document 255", "Document 259", "Document 260", "Document 273", "Document 287", "Document 302", "Document 304", "Document 307", "Document 308", "Document 309", "Document 310", "Document 322", "Document 351", "Document 358", "Document 383", "Document 403", "Document 413", "Document 416", "Document 428", "Document 432", "Document 442", "Document 450", "Document 451", "Document 467", "Document 491", "Document 499", "Document 534", "Document 536", "Document 588", "Document 626", "Document 627", "Document 839", "Document 968", "Document 1256"], "customdata": [{"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "with the atoms and molecules in Earth\u2019s atmosphere, stripping off electrons and generating a layer of plasma. Earth\u2019s ionosphere ranges from about 60 km (37 miles) to over 1,000 km (621 miles) above the surface, encompassing many satellites in low-Earth orbit as well as the International Space Station. At its densest, the ionosphere reaches a few million electrons in a single cubic centimeter. The ionospheric plasma is highly variable, changing with the time of day, season, phase of the solar activity cycle, and in response to any transient solar events like flares or coronal mass ejections. As Marconi discovered over a century ago, we can use the ionosphere to help us communicate over long distances. As radio waves pass through a plasma, the electrons respond to the electric field of the wave and begin to wiggle around at the same frequency as the wave. (The ions in the plasma respond too, but since they\u2019re so much more massive than the electrons they do it much more slowly.) Depending on the frequency of the wave, the electrons will either keep pace with the wave and reflect it back toward the ground or be unable to keep up and allow the wave to pass through. This cartoon shows how radio waves travel large distances around Earth by bouncing off of plasma in the atmosphere. Whether or not a radio wave can escape the atmosphere depends on its frequency as well as the angle at which it\u2019s transmitted. Credit: NASA/GSFC The highest frequency that the electrons can match is"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "could affect visibility, but planes generally fly on instruments anyway, so this will not be an issue in itself. Can a normal person land a plane? Short answer: maybe, if he or she had plenty of help from air-traffic control and were good at multitasking. In movies, normal people are often put in situations where they have to land a plane. How do satellites survive the thermosphere? Many satellites orbit within the thermosphere and changes in the density of (the very, very thin) air at orbital altitudes, brought on by heating and expansion of the thermosphere, generates a drag force on satellites. These waves and tides help move energy around within the atmosphere, including the thermosphere. How does the ionosphere work? The ionized part of the Earth's atmosphere is known as the ionosphere. Ultraviolet light from the sun collides with atoms in this region knocking electrons loose. This creates ions, or atoms with missing electrons. This process also works in reverse for radio waves produced on the earth. Is the ionosphere hot or cold? Due to fluxes in solar radiation, temperatures in the ionosphere vary from 200 Kelvin (or -99 degrees Fahrenheit) to 500K (or 440 degrees Fahrenheit). Where does the ionosphere start? The ionosphere begins at a height of about 50 km (30 miles) above the surface, but it is most distinct and important above 80 km (50 miles). What is the altitude of the ionosphere? The ionosphere is an abundant layer of electrons and ionized atoms and molecules that stretches from about 48 kilometers"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "to provide much indication one way or the other. The ionosphere extends from about 80 to 1000 km (50 \u2013 600 miles), above the earth\u2019s surface. Below, lie the mesosphere, stratosphere, and the troposphere where we live. These layers are a good thing, as they protect us from solar radiation. The ionosphere exists because of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. It breaks apart the atmospheric molecules that remain at these altitudes, knocking off electrons, leaving a sea of ions and charged electrons. This region of charged particles exists alongside the very thin upper atmosphere. We need to understand how earth\u2019s weather patterns, including thunderstorms, snow, rain and heat, hurricanes, etc. affect this region, because many low-earth satellites that orbit the Earth, including the International Space Station, fly right through the ionosphere. Interestingly, the ionosphere actually supports some of the radio waves and signals that we rely on, such as GPS signals. When the ionosphere is unpredictably changed, creating ripples and bubbles of dense plasma, the impact on our communication technology can be significant. On the other hand, some signals, like those of short-wave radio, bounce off the ionosphere and rely on it for communications around the globe. Changes in the ionosphere can affect the signals that must go through it, like GPS, and those that bounce off of it, like short wave radio. For a long time, researchers thought that only space weather \u2013 sun activity \u2013 affected the ionosphere, but now we are learning that earth\u2019s weather also has an impact, and we need to"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "to density, and therefore inversely proportional to the altitude of the layer. This is because at altitudes of higher density, there are more ions and subsequently more possibility for collisions, which are the cause of deionization. In the E and F layers, the density is low enough such that these collisions do not happen as often as in the D layer, meaning that these two layers remain ionized long after radiation has stopped being applied. In fact, they remain ionized throughout the entire night, whereas the D layer loses its ionization during the night. This property of the ionosphere is what allows for radio communication via sky waves. At the ion density of the E and F layers during both day and night, LF and VLF radio waves reflect off of the ions, propagating back down to the surface of the earth. However, the properties of the D layer provide some difficulties. During the day, the ion density is too high for some LF, and especially VLF, radio waves to pass through to then be reflected off of the E or F layers. Instead, the waves are absorbed by the ions. During the night, the ion density is low enough for LF and VLF radio waves to pass through it undisturbed, and reach the reflective E and F layers. Brody, K., & Lukes, L., Dr. (n.d.). The EclipseMob Experiment. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from http://eng.umb.edu/~eclipsemob/images/Lesson-3-The-EclipseMob-Experiment.pdf Thurber, K. T. (1998, May). A Beginners Guide To Radio Propagation. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from https://archive.org/details/ABeginnersGuideToRadioPropagation Tran, L. (2017, August"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "of the electromagnetic spectrum also invisibly dominate the sky and are stronger than the emissions in the visible spectrum. Many of the spacecraft sent to space are not for exploring the universe, but rather for the practical purpose of GPS, TV, weather predictions, etc. These near-Earth satellites orbit relatively close to Earth and communicate with each other and stations on Earth through the use of lasers. The ionosphere and the ions present there tend to interfere with these signals. Changes in the ions, their density, and localization in the ionosphere will affect how satellites record data and communicate it. But the ionosphere is just invisible air, after all, right? Correct, but airglow is like an indicator to see and observe changes in the ionosphere. Changes in the characteristic photometric spectrum emitted by the ionosphere is how changes in the ionosphere are detected. The composition of the ionosphere is affected by the weather in space, as well as the weather conditions on Earth. The weather on Earth, the intensity of solar radiation, and gravity waves are some of the causes of changes in the ionosphere. Gravity waves are created when there is a disturbance between a fluid medium and gravity or buoyancy tries to restore the fluid to how it originally was or attain equilibrium. The ripples seen in a pond when a stone is dropped in is due to gravity waves. They are different from gravitational waves. The different altitudes of various near-Earth orbiting satellites (Photo Credit : Rrakanishu/Wikimedia Commons) Since the time it was first"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "of the electromagnetic spectrum also invisibly dominate the sky and are stronger than the emissions in the visible spectrum. Many of the spacecraft sent to space are not for exploring the universe, but rather for the practical purpose of GPS, TV, weather predictions, etc. These near-Earth satellites orbit relatively close to Earth and communicate with each other and stations on Earth through the use of lasers. The ionosphere and the ions present there tend to interfere with these signals. Changes in the ions, their density, and localization in the ionosphere will affect how satellites record data and communicate it. But the ionosphere is just invisible air, after all, right? Correct, but airglow is like an indicator to see and observe changes in the ionosphere. Changes in the characteristic photometric spectrum emitted by the ionosphere is how changes in the ionosphere are detected. The composition of the ionosphere is affected by the weather in space, as well as the weather conditions on Earth. The weather on Earth, the intensity of solar radiation, and gravity waves are some of the causes of changes in the ionosphere. Gravity waves are created when there is a disturbance between a fluid medium and gravity or buoyancy tries to restore the fluid to how it originally was or attain equilibrium. The ripples seen in a pond when a stone is dropped in is due to gravity waves. They are different from gravitational waves. The different altitudes of various near-Earth orbiting satellites (Photo Credit : Rrakanishu/Wikimedia Commons) Since the time it was first"}, {"title": "math", "text": "for a larger image \u2022 The ionosphere is a region of electrically charged particles or gases in the earth\u2019s atmosphere, extending from approximately 50 to 600 km above the earth\u2019s surface. Ionization, the process in which electrons are stripped from atoms and produces electrically charged particles, results from solar radiation. When the ionosphere becomes heavily ionized, the gases may even glow and be visible. This phenomenon is known as Northern and Southern Lights. \u2022 Why is the ionosphere important in HF radio? Well, this blanket of gases is like nature\u2019s satellite, making HF BLOS radio communications possible. When radio waves strike these ionized layers, depending on frequency, some are completely absorbed, others are refracted so that they return to the earth, and still others pass through the ionosphere into outer space. Absorption tends to be greater at lower frequencies, and increases as the degree of ionization increases. \u2022 The angle at which sky waves enter the ionosphere is known as the incident angle. This is determined by wavelength and the type of transmitting antenna. Like a billiard ball bouncing off a rail, a radio wave reflects from the ionosphere at the same angle it hits it. Thus, the incident angle is an important factor in determining communications range. If you need to reach a station that is relatively far from you, you would want the incident angle to be relatively large. To communicate with a nearby station, the incident angle should be relatively small. Ground station HF radio operators worry about the angle of incidence as"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "Sun. As the ionization of the upper layers of the ionosphere is strongly dependent on the Sun's radiation, the ionosphere varies both daily and seasonally. Because the energy from the Sun varies both daily and seasonally, the ionosphere is never static. The Sun, for instance, has times of extreme activity that causes storms and severe disruption to the propagation. Moreover, the ionosphere's behavior is affected by even more parameters, such as the height and the mixture of gasses [17]. This chemistry that was just mentioned also directly affects the rate of ionization, just as the density of atoms and the intensity of radiation do. Some chemical reactions take place quickly, causing high ionization, while others are slower, resulting in less ionization [10]. All the ionization that was explained illustrates the ionosphere's interaction with radio waves. When a radio wave reaches the ionosphere, the electric field in the wave forces the electrons in the ionosphere into oscillation at the same frequency as the radio wave. Some of the radiofrequency energy is released due to this resonant oscillation, on which the oscillating electrons may either recombine, thereby losing the radio energy, or re-radiate the original wave energy (refraction) [17]. The refraction phenomenon is fundamental in all ionospheric links, and it occurs because ionized molecules present free electrons that are able to vibrate in response to the radio signals reaching them. The behavior of each of these moving electrons resembles small dipole antennas. Radio waves are bent away from areas of high ionization because these areas have a lower"}, {"title": "math", "text": "A plasma is formed, which consists of negative free electrons and positive ions. The part of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation is called the ionosphere . At the same time that ionisation takes place however, an opposing process called recombination also begins. Some of the free electrons are drawn to the positive ions, and combine again with them if they are in close enough contact. Since the gas density increases at lower altitudes, the recombination process occurs more often here because the gas molecules and ions are closer together. The ionisation process produces energy which means that the upper parts of the thermosphere, which are dominated by ionisation, have a higher temperature than the lower layers where recombination takes place. Overall, temperature in the thermosphere increases with an increase in altitude. ## The ionosphere and radio waves The ionosphere is of practical importance because it allows radio waves to be transmitted. A radio wave is a type of electromagnetic radiation that humans use to transmit information without wires. When using high-frequency bands, the ionosphere is used to reflect the transmitted radio beam. When a radio wave reaches the ionosphere, the electric field in the wave forces the electrons in the ionosphere into oscillation at the same frequency as the radio wave. Some of the radio wave energy is given up to this mechanical oscillation. The oscillating electron will then either recombine with a positive ion, or will re-radiate the original wave energy back downward again. The beam returns to the Earth's surface, and"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "lie about other things, it lends to their character. The HAARP experiments interact with the ionosphere. The ionosphere begins 30 miles above the surface of the earth and extends up to around 250 miles. The highest passenger jets fly at about 10 miles (with the vast majority at around 4-6 miles). That\u2019s why the proposal talks about using satellites. That is why they would NOT use planes, they can\u2019t fly high enough. Yes it does. It\u2019s a research facility, and not an operational facility. It has no real ability to DO anything other than excite the ionosphere in a spot for a few minutes. The military\u2019s interest is partly explained in the FAQ: Because the DoD operates numerous communication and navigation systems whose signals either depend on reflection from the ionosphere or must pass through the ionosphere to satellites, there is obvious DoD interest in understanding the ionosphere\u2019s effect on these systems to improve their reliability and performance. You didn\u2019t respond to the patent that states a proposal for releasing barium clouds\u2026\u2026. I wonder if the \u201cexcitement\u201d in the sky they conduct is visible? We had a sky full of clouds with squared off edges that fit perfectly into eachother\u2026horizon to horizon. I\u2019d never seen anything quite like it. The spaces between the jagged clouds were the same width as the clouds. As the clouds left the area, there was a definite \u201cpattern\u201d at the edge of the cloud line as well. I felt like I\u2019d stepped onto an X-Files set. I sent copies to two"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "on scientific missions that usually last five to 20 minutes. The ionosphere is called so because it is ionised by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. Ionosphere stretches from 50 to 1,000 km and typically overlaps both the exosphere and the thermosphere. It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on the Earth. It is also responsible for auroras. Month: Current Affairs \u2013 June, 2017 Categories: Science & Technology Tags: Current Affairs - 2017 \u2022 Ionosphere \u2022 NASA \u2022 Science and Technology 12345...10203040...\u00bbLast \u00bb"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "of continual additions to our knowledge of the things that happen to the signals We launch so hopefully into space. It's helpful, now and then, to take stock of that knowledge. The accompanying article, extracted from the Bureau of Standards' Letter Circular LC-575, is an up-to-date summary of known ionosphere effects. \"Must\" reading for the chap who wants to keep well informed. In the high atmosphere, above about 50 kilometers (30 miles), the air particles are separated so far that collisions between them are far less frequent than in the lower atmosphere, and when an air particle is ionized by ultraviolet radiation from the sun it remains ionized for a considerable time. Therefore at any given time a large proportion of the air particles are in an ionized condition. This does not occur much below about 50 kilometers (30 miles), because the ionizing radiations from the sun are largely absorbed in the higher regions of the atmosphere. Likewise there is not very great ionization density above about 400 kilometers (250 miles), because the air is so rare at such heights that there are not enough atoms to provide for great ionization density. The region in which the ionization is great, great enough in fact to affect radio wave transmission, is thus between 50 and 400 kilometers (30 and 250 miles) above the earth's surface, and this region is called the \"ionosphere\". The ionization in the ionosphere is not uniformly distributed with altitude but is stratified, and there are certain definite layers in which the ionization density"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "of the ionosphere varies according to the amount of solar radiation. Solar flares, solar wind variability and geomagnetic storms affect the density of the ionosphere. Since the sun is the main cause of ionization, the night side of the earth and the poles are less ionized than those parts of the planet that point more directly to the sun. Sunspots-dark areas on the surface of the sun, affect the ionosphere due that the areas that surround the spots emit larger amounts of ultraviolet radiation, which is the main cause of ionization. The quantity of spots on the sun vary according to an 11 year cycle. radio communications may be less during a solar minimum than during a solar maximum. Check your Knowledge of the Ionosphere! The F2 region is the most used for radio communication due that it\u00b4s permanent day and night. The altitude at which it\u00b4s located allows for more ample communication and it reflects the higher frequencies. During the day, signals of medium wave frequency travel only as ground waves. As frequency increases, ionospheric attenuation decreases allowing signals to pass through the D region and on to the E region, where signals are reflected back to earth passing through the D region and landing at a great distance from the transmitter. As signal frequency increases further, The E region electron density is not sufficient to refract signals and signals reach the F1 region where they are reflected back through the E and D region, eventually landing at an even greater distance fom the transmitter."}, {"title": "math", "text": "the ionosphere, and therefore the most important for long-haul communications, is the F layer. At this altitude, the air is thin enough that the ions and electrons recombine very slowly, so the layer retains its ionized properties even after sunset. \u2022 In the daytime, the F layer consists of two distinct layers, F1 and F2. The F1 layer, which exists only in the daytime and is negligible in winter, is not important to HF communications. The F2 layer reaches maximum ionization at noon and remains charged at night, gradually decreasing to a minimum just before sunrise. \u2022 During the day, sky wave reflection from the F2 layer requires wavelengths short enough to penetrate the ionized D and E layers, but not so short as to pass through the F layer. Generally, frequencies from 10 to 20 MHz will accomplish this, but the same frequencies used at night would penetrate the F layer and pass into outer space. The most effective frequencies for long-haul nighttime communications are normally between 3 and 8 MHz. There are free electrons everywhere and when these electrons attach themselves to molecules in the atmosphere these molecules are said to be ionized. An ionized molecule is good for bouncing radio waves so an ionized layer of atmosphere is good for long distance communications. Where the knowledge shown here comes in handy is when selecting a frequency. During the day the lowest ionosphere is as ionized as it gets and a higher frequency (with the shortest wavelength) bounces best. During the night this layer"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "The Chirpsounder / Ionosonde Nov 21 Posted by Paula Livingstone in Radio Anybody who has ever set up a working international HF link will know it can be a tricky business. You see there's a pesky movable thing called the ionosphere which is pretty fundamental to the whole business. Communicating with a point halfway round the planet using HF is like trying to play that old 70's children's game called Rebound. Since radio links are usually close to or distinctly line of sight links, communicating with a point on the other side of a sphere would seem like a fairly insurmountable problem. I'd think the first time this problem was solved using the ionosphere it was probably an accident caused by some early radio pioneers receiving signals for their fellow pioneers some way round the planet and beginning to wonder why and how it was happening. The reason it was and does happen is because of a thin layer of the Earths atmosphere called the ionosphere. The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere, from about 85 km (53 mi) to 600 km (370 mi) altitude, and includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. It is distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth. This is the reason we as Telecommunications Engineers are interested in it. The ionosphere"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "to affect radio propagation. This portion of the atmosphere is ionized and contains a plasma which is referred to as the ionosphere. In a plasma, the negative free electrons and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electromagnetic force, but they are too energetic to stay fixed together in an electrically neutral molecule. This entry was posted in earth, Environment. Bookmark the permalink."}, {"title": "rpj-arxiv", "text": "\\section{Introduction} \\label{sec:introduction} The impact of the Earth's ionosphere is one of the major challenges in low-frequency ($\\lesssim$\\,1.0\\,GHz) radio observations. It is a perturbing medium for transionospheric radio signals measured by Earth-based radio telescopes, which suffer from phase corruption. To perform sensitive measurements at low radio frequencies, it is necessary to accurately calibrate the ionosphere-induced path length differences from the measured signal. \\par The ionosphere consists of partially ionized plasma, which extends from about 60\\,km to beyond 1000\\,km altitude, transitioning smoothly into the plasmasphere. The ionosphere is formed as X-ray, and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light from the Sun provides the energy that ionizes the atoms and molecules present in the upper atmosphere. At nighttime, the recombination process occurs, and the number of electron-ion pairs decrease. Other sources such as cosmic rays, can ionize the atmosphere, though not nearly as strong as the Sun. At night, the electron density peak lies at an altitude of about 250-500\\,km \\citep[see][]{Mannucci1998RaSc...33..565M}. The ionosphere is a highly dynamic region that varies with latitude and time. The electron density changes dramatically from local daytime to nighttime, peaking in the early afternoon and progressively declining after midnight. The electron density increases as one descends in the latitude of both hemispheres, reaching a maximum around the geomagnetic equator with a trough somewhere between the geographic and geomagnetic equators. As a result, the ionospheric activity is continuously varied during the daytime and has unanticipated changes during the nighttime, especially at low-latitude regions ($\\pm$20\\,degree magnetic latitudes). \\par The ionosphere has been investigated for decades with ionosondes and"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "which a free electron is \"captured\" by a positive ion if it moves close enough to it. As the gas density increases at lower altitudes, the recombination process accelerates since the gas molecules and ions are closer together. The point of balance between these two processes determines the degree of ionization present at any given time. The ionization depends primarily on the Sun and its activity. The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation received from the sun. Thus there is a diurnal (time of day) effect and a seasonal effect. The local winter hemisphere is tipped away from the Sun, thus there is less received solar radiation. The activity of the sun is associated with the sunspot cycle, with more radiation occurring with more sunspots. Radiation received also varies with geographical location (polar, auroral zones, mid-latitudes, and equatorial regions). There are also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease the ionization. There are disturbances such as solar flares and the associated release of charged particles into the solar wind which reaches the Earth and interacts with its geomagnetic field. The D layer is the innermost layer, 50 km to 90 km above the surface of the Earth. Ionization here is due to Lyman series-alpha hydrogen radiation at a wavelength of 121.5 nanometre (nm) ionizing nitric oxide (NO). In addition, when the sun is active with 50 or more sunspots, hard X-rays (wavelength < 1 nm) ionize the air (N2, O2). During the night cosmic rays produce a residual amount"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "conditions in the ionosphere. Note that some absorption of sky waves may also occur at lower atmospheric levels because of the presence of water and water vapor. However, this becomes important only at frequencies above 10,000 megahertz. They bounce the signal off the ionosphere! Also known as the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line. There's more in my next post. So much for satellites. All these three technologies use the cellphone tower network for their operation and bounce the signal near the speed of light off the ionosphere. Case closed. Now we know why they have chosen those low microwave frequencies that fry our brain. They are the only ones which bounce off the ionosphere without delays and allow the gps devices and phones to not need antennae! We must live in an absolute sea of brain-frying low microwave radiation. Last edited by totalrecall on Wed Jan 09, 2013 12:25 am, edited 3 times in total. Amateur radio enthusiasts primarily use this quality of the ionosphere to help propagate lower frequency HF signals around the world: the waves are trapped, bouncing around in the upper layers of the ionosphere until they are refracted down at another point on the Earth. This is called skywave transmission. UHF TV signals are not carried along the ionosphere but can be reflected off of the charged particles down at another point on Earth in order to reach farther than the typical line-of-sight transmission distances; this is the skip distance. UHF transmission and reception are enhanced or degraded by tropospheric ducting as the atmosphere warms"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "km (50 mi), in the thermosphere, the atmosphere is so thin that free electrons can exist for short periods of time before they are captured by a nearby positive ion. The number of these free electrons is sufficient to affect radio propagation. This portion of the atmosphere is ionized and contains a plasma which is referred to as the ionosphere. In a plasma, the negative free electrons and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electrostatic force, but they are too energetic to stay fixed together in an electrically neutral molecule. Ultraviolet (UV), X-Ray and shorter wavelengths of solar radiation are ionizing, since photons at these frequencies contain sufficient energy to dislodge an electron from a neutral gas atom or molecule upon absorption. In this process the light electron obtains a high velocity so that the temperature of the created electronic gas is much higher (of the order of thousand K) than the one of ions and neutrals. The reverse process to ionization is recombination, in which a free electron is \"captured\" by a positive ion. Recombination occurs spontaneously, and causes the emission of a photon carrying away the energy produced upon recombination. As gas density increases at lower altitudes, the recombination process prevails, since the gas molecules and ions are closer together. The balance between these two processes determines the quantity of ionization present. Ionization depends primarily on the Sun and its activity. The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation received from the Sun. Thus"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "known as the plasma frequency. Let\u2019s say you have a blob of plasma and you disturb it in some way. Maybe you push some electrons together so that one area has more negative charge than the rest. Because the like charges repel each other, the electrons spring apart and inevitably overshoot their original positions and end up sloshing back and forth, forming plasma waves. The frequency of these waves depends on how dense the plasma is; denser plasma has a higher intrinsic plasma frequency. For a density of one million electrons per cubic centimeter (typical of Earth\u2019s ionosphere), the plasma frequency comes out to about 9 MHz. This is glossing over a lot of the details of how radio waves interact with a plasma, but the bottom line is that high-frequency radio waves will be reflected at higher altitudes (where the plasma density is greater) than low-frequency radio waves, if they are reflected at all. This is true for radio waves that originate outside Earth\u2019s atmosphere as well, so while the ionosphere enables radio communication, it also prevents us from observing the universe or receiving any potential SETI signals at any frequency below the plasma frequency. This cartoon shows the wavelengths that are blocked by Earth\u2019s atmosphere. For any opaque wavelengths shorter than ~5 centimeters, absorption by atoms and molecules in Earth\u2019s atmosphere is responsible for the opacity. Above ~20 meters, Earth\u2019s ionosphere reflects the waves back to space. Credit: NASA What We Might Be Missing So we\u2019re unable to observe a huge chunk of the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "the rest of the ionspheric heaters. Did you miss the bit where it said it heats up a larger area than where it was aimed. They say it is to communicate with submarines, but there is evidence they are trying to own the weather. All that power being absorbed by the Ionosphere, heating the particles up there, it is very irresponsible, when they don\u2019t even know what it could be doing to our planet. Darcy Cowan says: Derek, no, not really. Have a look at the make-up of the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, the ionosphere is above the point where the temperature could reasonably be expected to be transmitted back down to Earth. Good thing \u2018cos up there it\u2019s routinely hundreds of degrees, sometime breaching thousands on degrees. The \u201cheating\u201d achieved by HAARP does not make much difference. Note, from a different portion of the web page you quote (and don\u2019t reference by the way, that\u2019s getting very old.): \u201cThis power is partially absorbed by the ionosphere, and though only a tiny fraction of the power it naturally receives from the sun, can still produce subtle changes that can be detected with sensitive instruments.\u201d http://vlf.stanford.edu/research/experiments-haarp-ionospheric-heater I put heating in quotes as while it is real, it\u2019s not quite the same as putting something under a heat lamp. The atmosphere up there is extremely attenuated, consisting of gas and free ions (hence ionosphere), the temperature reflects the energy these particles have but you would still freeze to death if you were up there. \u201cWithin the thermosphere temperatures rise continually"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "certainly not related to the claims that are made in Ata-ur-Rahman's article. Just a very brief primer on our ionosphere: This is a thin layer of atmosphere containing charged particles (ions - and hence the name ionosphere) extending roughly from 80 kms to 300 kms above the surface (Rahman got this thing correct). Most of the weather is shaped by lower layers (the stratosphere and the troposphere). Indeed, ionosphere is important for communication systems - as our transmitters often bounce off radio waves in the ionosphere. Therefore, it is important to understand variations in this layer of the atmosphere. Can this have a military connection? Of course. Militaries all over the world are worried about maintaining communication links in all eventualities. For example, solar flares emit charged particles - and these particles can disrupt satellites as well as they can have an impact on the ionosphere. Therefore, while solar flares are of interest to astronomers, many militaries in the world are also monitoring the Sun for the same purpose. But, the fallacy comes in when we jump from a military application...to the assumption of a weapon of mass-destruction. Wait a minute. So where does the HAARP and earthquake connection comes in. After all, Ata-ur-Rahman has quoted President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela of blaming the US for causing Haiti's earthquake (yes, all we need is a President of a country believing in quack science!). This is an interesting question. I know that radio waves are used to monitor movement of plates and any earthquakes (for example, here"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "certainly not related to the claims that are made in Ata-ur-Rahman's article. Just a very brief primer on our ionosphere: This is a thin layer of atmosphere containing charged particles (ions - and hence the name ionosphere) extending roughly from 80 kms to 300 kms above the surface (Rahman got this thing correct). Most of the weather is shaped by lower layers (the stratosphere and the troposphere). Indeed, ionosphere is important for communication systems - as our transmitters often bounce off radio waves in the ionosphere. Therefore, it is important to understand variations in this layer of the atmosphere. Can this have a military connection? Of course. Militaries all over the world are worried about maintaining communication links in all eventualities. For example, solar flares emit charged particles - and these particles can disrupt satellites as well as they can have an impact on the ionosphere. Therefore, while solar flares are of interest to astronomers, many militaries in the world are also monitoring the Sun for the same purpose. But, the fallacy comes in when we jump from a military application...to the assumption of a weapon of mass-destruction. Wait a minute. So where does the HAARP and earthquake connection comes in. After all, Ata-ur-Rahman has quoted President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela of blaming the US for causing Haiti's earthquake (yes, all we need is a President of a country believing in quack science!). This is an interesting question. I know that radio waves are used to monitor movement of plates and any earthquakes (for example, here"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "electron density pro\ufb01le D region absorption irregularities particle precipitation 100s km range errors 100 deg bearing errors intersymbol interference changes in E and F region electron density pro\ufb01le D region absorption irregularities multipath >20 dB fades at HF even no signal total electron content variations single frequency position errors up to 35 metres loss of position update Ionospheric propagation 315 pulses which may be distinct or which may overlap. This situation is further complicated because the signals can also bounce o\ufb00 the ionosphere more than once, having been re\ufb02ected from the ground in between. The earth\u2019s magnetic \ufb01eld also splits an arbitrary signal into two orthogonal polarisations which travel at a di\ufb00erent speed and follow a slightly di\ufb00erent path. There sometimes exist the so-called high and low-angle paths. At VHF and above the multipath manifests itself as rapid phase and amplitude scintillation of the signal [3, 4]. The ionosphere is in constant turmoil; more so at some latitudes than at others. This introduces Doppler shifts and spreads to the signals. 16.2 Ionospheric morphology The ionosphere is a lightly ionised region of the atmosphere lying mainly in the altitude range 60 km to 1000 km, Figure 16.1. This ionisation is caused by several mechanisms. The most important of these, at nonauroral latitudes, are the sun\u2019s extreme ultra violet (EUV), X-ray and Lyman \u03b1 radiation together with solar cosmic rays. At high latitudes, particularly during magnetically active periods, the e\ufb00ects of energetic particles and electric \ufb01elds are also important. The rates of ionisation at any altitude depend on"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "waves in electron content disturbances emanating from totality primarily over central/eastern United States. Study of wave characteristics reveals complex interconnections between the sun, moon, and Earth\u2019s neutral atmosphere and ionosphere.\u201d The ionosphere stretches from about 50 km to 1000 km in altitude during the day. It swells as radiation from the Sun reaches Earth, and subsides at night. Its size is always fluctuating during the day. It\u2019s called the ionosphere because it\u2019s the region where charged particles created by solar radiation reside. The ionosphere is also where auroras occur. But more importantly, it\u2019s where radio waves propagate. The ionosphere surrounds the Earth, extending from about 80 km to 650 km. Image Credit: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center/Duberstein The ionosphere plays an important role in the modern world. It allows radio waves to travel over the horizon, and also affects satellite communications. This image shows some of the complex ways our communications systems interact with the ionosphere. This graphic shows some of the effects that the ionosphere has on communications. Image: National Institute of Information and Communications Technology There\u2019s a lot going on in the ionosphere. There are different types of waves and disturbances besides the bow wave. A better understanding of the ionosphere is important in our modern world, and the August eclipse gave scientists a chance not only to observe the bow wave, but also to study the ionosphere in greater detail. The GNSS data used to observe the bow wave was key in another study as well. This one was also published in the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "on Aug. 21, scientists will know exactly how much solar radiation is blocked, the area of land it's blocked over and for how long. Combined with measurements of the ionosphere during the eclipse, they'll have information on both the solar input and corresponding ionosphere response, enabling them to study the mechanisms underlying ionospheric changes better than ever before. Tying the three studies together is the use of automated communication or navigation signals to probe the ionosphere's behavior during the eclipse. During typical day-night cycles, the concentration of charged atmospheric particles, or plasma, waxes and wanes with the Sun. \"In the daytime, ionospheric plasma is dense,\" Earle said. \"When the Sun sets, production goes away, charged particles recombine gradually through the night and density drops. During the eclipse, we're expecting that process in a much shorter interval.\" The denser the plasma, the more likely these signals are to bump into charged particles along their way from the signal transmitter to receiver. These interactions refract, or bend, the path taken by the signals. In the eclipse-induced artificial night the scientists expect stronger signals, since the atmosphere and ionosphere will absorb less of the transmitted energy. \"If we set up a receiver somewhere, measurements at that location provide information on the part of the ionosphere between the transmitter and receiver,\" Marshall said. \"We use the receivers to monitor the phase and amplitude of the signal. When the signal wiggles up and down, that's entirely produced by changes in the ionosphere.\" A layer of charged particles, called the ionosphere, surrounds"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "\u201cThe Universe Beyond the Plasma Frequency\u201d by Kerry Hensley After centuries of watching the night sky with increasingly sophisticated tools, there\u2019s still plenty we don\u2019t know about the universe. Part of the challenge is that we\u2019re stuck on a planet that\u2019s surrounded by an atmosphere that blocks certain types of radiation from reaching the ground. It\u2019s hard to complain too much, since if X-rays could make it to Earth\u2019s surface humans would either be dead or a very different kind of organism, but it has certainly slowed our progress. We\u2019ve managed to launch telescopes into orbit around Earth to observe most wavelengths of light, but there\u2019s a huge chunk of extraterrestrial radiation that we currently have no means to observe. The culprit? A layer of plasma in Earth\u2019s atmosphere called the ionosphere. A Brief Overview of the Ionosphere In 1901, Guglielmo Marconi made a discovery that would change the way the world communicates: he received a radio transmission from over 2,000 miles away, demolishing the idea that radio signals can travel only as far as the visible horizon. Marconi was wrong about how the radio waves made it that far (he thought they would naturally follow Earth\u2019s curvature rather than traveling in straight lines), but the discovery prompted Oliver Heaviside and Arthur Kennelly to propose that the waves had actually been reflected by plasma\u2014atoms and molecules split into electrons and positively charged ions\u2014in the atmosphere. Two decades later, scientists were able to prove that such a layer of plasma existed and dubbed it the ionosphere. (Fans"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "this very well.\" Conditions in the upper atmosphere, which vary based on particles and radiation coming from the sun as well as weather patterns on Earth, are poorly understood. But this information is critical to communications and navigation systems, because radio waves bounce off of the atmosphere, and satellite-Earth communications (and GPS signals) must pass through it. Communications between satellites and Earth-based antennas must pass through the ionosphere. (Image credit: NASA/GSFC/CIL/Krystofer Kim) In addition, space weather \u2014 the sun's variation, changes in Earth's magnetic field and changes in near-Earth space \u2014 can disrupt electric power systems and grids on Earth in severe cases, Talaat said. The better scientists can understand and model the region, the better they can monitor and predict the effects it will have on Earth and low Earth orbit. \"This is a really incredible region where terrestrial weather from below percolates up and mixes with solar influences like geomagnetic storms and solar extreme ultraviolet radiation from above,\" said Katelynn Greer, a research scientist at LASP. \"With GOLD, we're going to be able to get to observe this with measurements of temperature and composition on the whole disk [nearly a whole hemisphere of Earth] every half-hour. And we've never had information like this before.\" Layers of Earth's upper atmosphere \u2014 GOLD focuses on the neutral thermosphere and the charged particles, called the ionosphere, embedded within it. (Image credit: NASA Goddard/Genna Duberstein ) Coming online SES-14 and GOLD will take about 4 and a half months to maneuver to their high perch in geostationary orbit"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "Why Do Radio Signals Travel Further At Night? Jason Fitzpatrick @jasonfitzpatric Geek Trivia Stations boost the power at night The ionosphere shifts FCC regulations are relaxed after 9PM The air is colder In The Mid-1960s, There Was A Brief But Intense Fashion Fad Focused On Wearing? Answer: The ionosphere shifts While the phenomenon of better night-time radio reception might be foreign to a generation brought up on podcasts and streaming media, anyone who grew up tuning into far off radio channels late at night (or continuing to do so) can attest to the startling clarity a midnight stroll around the radio dial can provide. Why exactly are distant AM and shortwave radio stations so much clearer at night? While it would be tempting to imagine it has something to do with the cool night air or the silence that typically permeates the evening, the secret lies miles and miles above the surface of the Earth in the ionosphere. During the day, the ionosphere is bombarded by sunlight which ionizes the molecules in it. At night when the sun is blocked by the Earth, the lower levels lose their ionization while the upper and less dense levels remain fairly well ionized and full of energy. During this period of time, radio waves pass into the upper reaches of the ionosphere where they collide with the highly energized electrons of the ionized molecules. When the radio wave frequency and the electrons fall into alignment, the electrons give the signal a boost and shoot it back down to Earth."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "about 27 to over 540 nautical miles above the Earth\u2019s surface (commercial aircraft typically fly under a fifth of the lowest limit - 5-1/2 nautical miles) and is generally divided into layers which differ in their behavior. At the altitude it exists, the density of the air has dropped so much that atmospheric molecules are far apart, and when hit by solar (mostly UV) radiation the gas molecules can lose one or more electrons, turning air into plasma. Most importantly, it refracts radio waves, affecting radio communication around the world. Ionospheric propagation varies day by day and season by season, but the High Frequency radio spectrum, from 3 to 30 MHz, is the only place in the entire electromagnetic spectrum where worldwide communication is routine without man-made infrastructure such as towers or radio relays. I subscribe to the ARRL Propagation Bulletin, which is mailed out at the end of the work week by the American Radio Relay League and available on their website for non-members. This week's bulletin had a link to a really interesting paper about a new discovery out of Sydney, Australia. The research comes from a new Australian radio telescope,the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). The article, by senior research and lecturer Tara Murphy, describes how an undergraduate researcher, Cleo Loi, has confirmed the existence of something previously theorized: there are tubes of plasma drifting above the earth in the ionosphere. The story is worth reading. In these days of rampant junk science and papers that can't be independently verified, it starts with a"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "of Andrew Lloyd Webber musicals might remember a mention of the Heaviside Layer in Cats; the Heaviside Layer is another name for a part of the ionosphere. So while cats may or may not go to heaven, they do make it as far as the ionosphere. Now you know.) Auroral emission, seen here from the International Space Station, is generated within the ionosphere by particles funneled into Earth\u2019s atmosphere by its magnetic field. Credit: NASA Despite their importance to radio communication, ionospheres are rarely referenced directly in SF. One exception that I can think of is Kim Stanley Robinson\u2019s 1992 novel Red Mars, in which Mars\u2019s small radius and tenuous ionosphere (about ten times less dense than Earth\u2019s) are noted to make surface-to-surface radio communications more challenging. In Fritz Leiber\u2019s 1951 short story, \u201cA Pail of Air,\u201d it\u2019s the complete lack of an ionosphere that\u2019s important; after Earth is knocked out of orbit, it ends up far enough from the Sun that its whole atmosphere falls to the ground as snow. As a result, the survivors lose the ability to communicate long-distance via radio. The ionosphere is also indirectly implicated in any SF story where a solar storm impacts radio communications or GPS on Earth; other than the electronics themselves being fried by high-energy particles and radiation, what\u2019s being affected during a solar storm that causes communications to go haywire is the ionosphere. The ionosphere is formed when ultraviolet and X-ray photons from the Sun, as well as high-velocity particles from faraway sources like supernovae, collide"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "TechnologyBasics Ionospheric Propagation By Jairam Sankar The ionosphere is a part of the upper atmosphere, from about 85 km to 600 km altitude, comprising portions of the mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere, thermosphere and exosphere, distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio wave Propagation to distant places on the earth. In a region extending from a height of about 90 km to over thousands of kms, most of the molecules of the atmosphere are ionized by radiation from the Sun. This region is called the ionosphere. At greater heights- intensity of ionizing radiation is very high, few molecules are available for ionization, ionisation density is low As height decreases- more molecules are available due to reduced atmospheric pressure, ionization density is higher (closer to the earth) But as height decreases further, ionization density decreases though more molecules are available since the energy in the ionizing radiation has been used up to create ions. Hence, ionization is different at different heights above the earth and is affected by the time of day and solar activity There are three main regions within the ionosphere: D region: The D region within the ionosphere is the first region above the Earth\u2019s surface where there is an appreciable level of ionisation that is sufficient to affect radio signals. This typically region attenuates the signals as they pass through as a result of the higher"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "ionization takes place at three or four distinct layers. The lowest ionized region is called the D layer. It exists at an altitude of about 30 mi (50 km), and is ordinarily present only on the daylight side of the planet. This layer absorbs radio waves at some frequencies, impeding long-distance ionospheric propagation. The E layer, about 50 mi (80 km) above the surface, also exists mainly during the day, although nighttime ionization is sometimes observed. The E layer can provide medium-range radio communication at certain frequencies. The uppermost layers are called the F1 layer and the F2 layer. The F1 layer, normally present only on the daylight side of the earth, forms at about 125 mi (200 km) altitude; the F2 layer exists at about 180 mi (300 km) over most, or all, of the earth. Sometimes the distinction between the F1 and F2 layers is ignored, and they are spoken of together as the F layer. Communication by means of F-layer propagation can usually be accomplished between any two points on the earth at some frequencies between 5 MHz and 30 MHz. Tropospheric Propagation At frequencies above about 30 MHz, the lower atmosphere bends radio waves toward the surface. Tropospheric banding occurs because the index of refraction of air, with respect to EM waves, decreases with altitude. The effect is similar to the way sound waves sometimes travel long distances over the surface of a calm lake in the early morning or early evening, letting you hear a conversation more than a mile away."}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "affect the extent of ionization in the ionosphere. Describe the frequency selection consideration for HF propagation."}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "plasma. This process is based on solar activity and therefor only takes place when it\u2019s daytime. At night, when the solar source has ceased, the plasma density decreases again. The free electrons and ions attract each other and form neutral atoms and molecules again (recombination). By sunrise the process starts anew. The up and down of the ionization is similar to the daily temperature variations on Earth: At sunrise the air heats up; with fading solar radiation it cools down again. In order to ionize atoms and molecules the energy of the radiation must be sufficiently high (at short waves, extreme ultraviolet). By this energy consuming process, dangerous radiation is completely absorbed above 60 km in altitude (about 35 miles). Our atmosphere is also an important protective shield against the dangerous part of the solar radiation, like X-ray radiation. Short-wave X-ray radiation from solar eruptions and charged particles from the solar wind (SWACI Sun) ionize the lower ionosphere at an altitude of 100 km. This additional ionization modifies this layer in a way that affects the propagation of radio waves. During high-energy radio bursts the propagation conditions for VLF-waves change in such a way that one can immediately see the effect in the received signal strength of the SOFIE receiver. Considering its enormous solar radio bursts and mass ejections, the ionosphere is a very dynamic and fluctuating system, similar to the weather on Earth. Radio waves with frequencies below 30 MHz are mostly reflected by the ionosphere whereas radio waves with frequencies above 30 MHz (e.g."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "the aurora. The ionosphere is traditionally very difficult to measure. Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP approaches the study of the ionosphere by following in the footsteps of an ionospheric heater called EISCAT near Troms\u00f8, Norway. There, scientists pioneered exploration of the ionosphere by perturbing it with radio waves in the 2\u201310 MHz range, and studying how the ionosphere reacts. HAARP performs the same functions but with more power and a more flexible and agile HF beam. Copyright [oceanwp_date] - Schumann.ie"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "thick enough that there are enough molecules present to absorb those rays. Consequently, the ionosphere consists of a rapid increase in density of free electrons, beginning at ~70 km, reaching a peak at ~300 km, and then falling off again as the atmosphere disappears entirely by ~1,000 km. Various aspects of HAARP can study all of the main layers of the ionosphere. The profile of the ionosphere is highly variable, changing constantly on timescales of minutes, hours, days, seasons, and years. This profile becomes even more complex near Earth's magnetic poles, where the nearly vertical alignment and intensity of earth's magnetic field can cause physical effects like the aurora. The ionosphere is traditionally very difficult to measure. Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP approaches the study of the ionosphere by following in the footsteps of an ionospheric heater called EISCAT near Troms\u00f8, Norway. There, scientists pioneered exploration of the ionosphere by perturbing it with radio waves in the 2\u201310 MHz range, and studying how the ionosphere reacts. HAARP performs the same functions but with more power and a more flexible and agile HF beam. Some of the main capabilities of HAARP include: Generating very low frequency (VLF) radio waves by modulated heating of the auroral electrojet, useful because generating VLF waves ordinarily requires gigantic antennas Generating artificial Airglow, which is typically subvisual but routinely detectable. Under certain geophysical"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "ionosphere is turbulent, stratification is destroyed, and radio wave propagation erratic. During the later stages of very severe storms and during the whole of more moderate storms, the upper part of the ionosphere, principally the F2 layer, is expanded and diffused. The critical frequencies are much lower than normal and the virtual heights much greater, and therefore the maximum usable frequencies are much lower than normal. It is often necessary to lower the working frequency in order to maintain communication during one of these storms. There is also increased absorption of radio waves during an iono\u00adsphere storm. Ionosphere storms are most severe in auroral latitudes .and decrease in intensity as the equator is approached. Ionosphere storms occur approximately simultaneously over wide geographical areas. The condition of the ionosphere is much less uniform from point to point than on undisturbed days. Posted October 16, 2020(original 12/9/2015)"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "one of the studies. \"Without ionizing radiation, the ionosphere will relax, going from daytime conditions to nighttime conditions and then back again after the eclipse.\" Stretching from roughly 50 to 400 miles above Earth's surface, the tenuous ionosphere is an electrified layer of the atmosphere that reacts to changes from both Earth below and space above. Such changes in the lower atmosphere or space weather can manifest as disruptions in the ionosphere that can interfere with communication and navigation signals. \"In our lifetime, this is the best eclipse to see,\" said Greg Earle, an electrical and computer engineer at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia, who is leading another of the studies. \"But we've also got a denser network of satellites, GPS and radio traffic than ever before. It's the first time we'll have such a wealth of information to study the effects of this eclipse; we'll be drowning in data.\" The Moon's shadow will dramatically affect insolation -- the amount of sunlight reaching the ground -- during the total solar eclipse. Credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio Pinning down ionospheric dynamics can be tricky. \"Compared to visible light, the Sun's extreme ultraviolet output is highly variable,\" said Phil Erickson, a principal investigator of a third study and space scientist at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Haystack Observatory in Westford, Massachusetts. \"That creates variability in ionospheric weather. Because our planet has a strong magnetic field, charged particles are also affected along magnetic field lines all over the planet\u2014all of this means the ionosphere is complicated.\" But when totality hits"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "one of the studies. \"Without ionizing radiation, the ionosphere will relax, going from daytime conditions to nighttime conditions and then back again after the eclipse.\" Stretching from roughly 50 to 400 miles above Earth's surface, the tenuous ionosphere is an electrified layer of the atmosphere that reacts to changes from both Earth below and space above. Such changes in the lower atmosphere or space weather can manifest as disruptions in the ionosphere that can interfere with communication and navigation signals. \"In our lifetime, this is the best eclipse to see,\" said Greg Earle, an electrical and computer engineer at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia, who is leading another of the studies. \"But we've also got a denser network of satellites, GPS and radio traffic than ever before. It's the first time we'll have such a wealth of information to study the effects of this eclipse; we'll be drowning in data.\" The Moon's shadow will dramatically affect insolation -- the amount of sunlight reaching the ground -- during the total solar eclipse. Credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio Pinning down ionospheric dynamics can be tricky. \"Compared to visible light, the Sun's extreme ultraviolet output is highly variable,\" said Phil Erickson, a principal investigator of a third study and space scientist at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Haystack Observatory in Westford, Massachusetts. \"That creates variability in ionospheric weather. Because our planet has a strong magnetic field, charged particles are also affected along magnetic field lines all over the planet\u2014all of this means the ionosphere is complicated.\" But when totality hits"}, {"title": "math", "text": "ultraviolet (UV) and shorter X-Ray wavelengths is considered to be ionizing since photons of energy at these frequencies are capable of dislodging an electron from a neutral gas atom or molecule during a collision. At the same time, however, an opposing process called recombination begins to take place in which a free electron is \"captured\" by a positive ion if it moves close enough to it. As the gas density increases at lower altitudes, the recombination process accelerates since the gas molecules and ions are closer together. The point of balance between these two processes determines the degree of ionization present at any given time. The ionization depends primarily on the Sun and its activity. The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation received from the sun. Thus there is a diurnal (time of day) effect time and a seasonal effect. The local winter hemisphere is tipped away from the Sun, thus there is less received solar radiation. The activity of the sun is associated with the sunspot cycle, with more radiation occurring with more sunspots. Radiation received also varies with geographical location (polar, auroral zones, mid-latitudes, and equatorial regions). There are also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease the ionization. There are disturbances such as solar flares and the associated release of charged particles into the solar wind which reaches the Earth and interacts with its geomagnetic field. ## The Ionospheric Layers Solar radiation, acting on the different compositions of the atmosphere with height, generates layers of ionization:"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "wave, which varies with the activity of the sun. Since the atmosphere is bombarded by ultraviolet light waves of different frequencies, several ionized layers are formed at different altitudes. Lower frequency ultraviolet waves penetrate the atmosphere the least; therefore, they produce ionized layers at the higher altitudes. Conversely, ultraviolet waves of higher frequencies penetrate deeper and produce layers at the lower altitudes. An important factor in determining the density of ionized layers is the elevation angle of the sun, which changes frequently. For this reason, the height and thickness of the ionized layers vary, depending on the time of day and even the season of the year. Recombination Recall that the process of ionization involves ultraviolet light waves knocking electrons free from their atoms. A reverse process called RECOMBINATION occurs when the free electrons and positive ions collide with each other. Since these collisions are inevitable, the positive ions return to their original neutral atom state. The recombination process also depends on the time of day. Between the hours of early morning and late afternoon, the rate of ionization exceeds the rate of recombination. During this period, the ionized layers reach their greatest density and exert maximum influence on radio waves. During the late afternoon and early evening hours, however, the rate of recombination exceeds the rate of ionization, and the density of the ionized layers begins to decrease. Throughout the night, density continues to decrease, reaching a low point just before sunrise. Four Distinct Layers The ionosphere is composed of three layers designated D, E,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "propagation environment Except for the inter-satellite service, where the propagation path may be entirely in near free-space conditions, propagation for all radio applications may be a\ufb00ected by the earth and its surrounding atmosphere. The upper atmosphere has a temperature pro\ufb01le as sketched in Figure 1.2. Of particular interest are the troposphere and the variations in atmospheric temperature, pressure and humidity, which are largely con\ufb01ned below the temperature minimum at the tropopause, and the ionosphere which is largely above about 80 km in the thermosphere. Propagation within the troposphere, which is of most importance owing to Regions of the earth\u2019s atmosphere, showing the mean temperature pro\ufb01le and approximate heights of the lettered ionospheric regions and of other features the wide variety of uses and the very wide available bandwidths at higher frequencies, is complex due to irregularities in the refractive index pro\ufb01le and to the presence of rain and other hydrometeors. The e\ufb00ects are summarised diagrammatically in Figure 1.3. The pro\ufb01le of electron density in the ionosphere acts as a re\ufb02ecting layer capable of re\ufb02ecting signals at HF and lower frequencies back to earth. There are occasional e\ufb00ects which permit some re\ufb02ection or scatter back to earth at VHF. The ionosphere also has some important e\ufb00ects on earth\u2013space paths up to SHF. In addition, di\ufb00raction, re\ufb02ection and scatter in relation to the ground and both man-made and natural structures on the surface are of great importance. All of these aspects will be addressed in subsequent chapters. 1.5 Spectrum use It is useful to review the way in"}, {"title": "rpj-stackexchange", "text": "the surface to about 10 km (6.2 mi). Above that is the stratosphere, followed by the mesosphere. In the stratosphere incoming solar radiation creates the ozone layer. Now if all the radiation (charged particles) would be deflected, then we would not have an ozone layer, and we would not be protected from UV radiation. Ultraviolet (UV), X-ray and shorter wavelengths of solar radiation are ionizing, since photons at these frequencies contain sufficient energy to dislodge an electron from a neutral gas atom or molecule upon absorption. In this process the light electron obtains a high velocity so that the temperature of the created electronic gas is much higher (of the order of thousand K) than the one of ions and neutrals. The reverse process to ionization is recombination, in which a free electron is \"captured\" by a positive ion. Recombination occurs spontaneously, and causes the emission of a photon carrying away the energy produced upon recombination. As gas density increases at lower altitudes, the recombination process prevails, since the gas molecules and ions are closer together. The balance between these two processes determines the quantity of ionization present. It is very important to understand that the solar wind could strip away the ozone layer. But your question is about the stripping away of the atmosphere, and why the solar wind does not do that. Now the solar wind exerts a pressure. If this pressure reached the atmosphere, it would strip it away. Now the magnetosphere has a pressure too, and it counterbalances the pressure of the"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "The ionosphere is a name for the layer of the earth\u2019s atmosphere that is ionized by solar wind. Even though many believe the space around earth is a vacuum, it is not completely empty. The sun\u2019s upper atmosphere (the corona) is very hot and some of its hydrogen and helium are able to escape the sun\u2019s gravity. Because the gas is hot and is in a constant stream of solar energy it becomes a fully ionized plasma. This streaming plasma is the solar wind, and it flows out past the earth affecting the earth\u2019s magnetic field, the magnetosphere and ionosphere(read here about Anatomy of Sun). The Earth receives a lot of energy from the sun in the form of radiation- about 1370 Watts per square meter.The ionosphere is the uppermost part of the atmosphere, distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth. The lowest part of the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, the troposphere extends from the surface to about 10 km. Above 10 km is the stratosphere, followed by the mesosphere. In the stratosphere incoming solar radiation creates the ozone layer. At heights of above 80 km (50 miles), in the thermosphere, the atmosphere is so thin that free electrons can exist for short periods of time before they are captured by a nearby positive ion. The number of these free electrons is sufficient"}, {"title": "dpr-wiki", "text": "Ionosphere during disturbed conditions. At mid-latitudes, the F layer daytime ion production is higher in the summer, as expected, since the Sun shines more directly on the Earth. However, there are seasonal changes in the molecular-to-atomic ratio of the neutral atmosphere that cause the summer ion loss rate to be even higher. The result is that the increase in the summertime loss overwhelms the increase in summertime production, and total F ionization is actually lower in the local summer months. This effect is known as the winter anomaly. The anomaly is always present in the northern hemisphere, but is usually absent"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "ionosphere collide and generate heat among themselves. A dense layer of molecules and electrically charged particles, called the ionosphere, hangs in the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere starting at about 35 miles (60 kilometers) above the planet\u2019s surface and stretching out beyond 620 miles (1,000 km). Solar radiation coming from above buffets particles suspended in the atmospheric layer. Radio signals from below bounce off the ionosphere back to instruments on the ground. Where the ionosphere overlaps with magnetic fields, the sky erupts in brilliant light displays that are incredible to behold. Where is the ionosphere? Several distinct layers make up Earth\u2019s atmosphere, including the mesosphere, which starts 31 miles (50 km) up, and the thermosphere, which starts at 53 miles (85 km) up. The ionosphere consists of three sections within the mesosphere and thermosphere, labeled the D, E and F layers, according to the UCAR Center for Science Education. Extreme ultraviolet radiation and X-rays from the sun bombard these upper regions of the atmosphere, striking the atoms and molecules held within those layers. The powerful radiation dislodges negatively charged electrons from the particles, altering those particles\u2019 electrical charge. The resulting cloud of free electrons and charged particles, called ions, led to the name \u201cionosphere.\u201d The ionized gas, or plasma, mixes with the denser, neutral atmosphere.Advertisement The concentration of ions in the ionosphere varies with the amount of solar radiation bearing down on the Earth. The ionosphere grows dense with charged particles during the day, but that density subsides at night as charged particles recombine with displaced electrons. Entire"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "\u2014 to reconfigure the ionosphere. Mirage would employ a microwave transmitter on the ground and a small rocket that shoots chaff into the air to produce about a liter of plasma at 60-100 km. (36- 60 mi.) in altitude, changing the number of electrons in a select area of the ionosphere to create a virtual barrier. Ionosphere reconfiguration offers two major applications of interest to the military: bouncing radars off the ionosphere, also known as over-the-horizon radar, and the ability to jam signals from the Global Positioning Satellite system, according to John Kline, the lead investigator for Mirage.\" Tactical weather control for the U.S. military. It makes me a little uneasy. March 6, 2006 at 3:45:00 PM CST Also, weaponized meteorology."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "for sky wave propagation. The following in-depth study of the ionosphere and its effect on sky waves will help you to better understand the nature of sky wave propagation. STRUCTURE OF THE IONOSPHERE As we stated earlier, the ionosphere is the region of the atmosphere that extends from about 30 miles above the surface of the Earth to about 250 miles. It is appropriately named the ionosphere because it consists of several layers of electrically charged gas atoms called ions. The ions are formed by a process called ionization. Ionization occurs when high energy ultraviolet light waves from the sun enter the ionospheric region of the atmosphere, strike a gas atom, and literally knock an electron free from its parent atom. A normal atom is electrically neutral since it contains both a positive proton in its nucleus and a negative orbiting electron. When the negative electron is knocked free from the atom, the atom becomes positively charged (called a positive ion) and remains in space along with the free electron, which is negatively charged. This process of upsetting electrical neutrality is known as IONIZATION. The free negative electrons subsequently absorb part of the ultraviolet energy, which initially freed them from their atoms. As the ultraviolet light wave continues to produce positive ions and negative electrons, its intensity decreases because of the absorption of energy by the free electrons, and an ionized layer is formed. The rate at which ionization occurs depends on the density of atoms in the atmosphere and the intensity of the ultraviolet light"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "The Earth's ionosphere consists of plasma produced by thephotoionization of thin upper atmospheric gases by UV raysand photons of short wavelength from the sun. The upperionosphere is used for radio communication and navigationas it reflects long, medium, as well as short radio waves. Sincesolar radiation is the main cause of the existence of ionosphere,any variation in the radiations can affect the entireradio communication system. This article attempts to brieflyintroduce the readers to the study of ionosphere in the contextof its use as a radio reflector, with particular reference toIndia."}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "tropospheric refraction may have an indirect impact through duct formation (Hitney et al. 1985) which enables long distance radio-frequency interference (RFI) propagation and therefore occasionally causes significant data excision rates. In the following subsections we will present some properties of the ionosphere most relevant to the global EoR experiments. Ionosphere The ionosphere is the part of the Earth's atmosphere where there is sufficient ionization to affect the propagation of radio waves. It consists of several layers: D-layer at height 50 \u2212 90 km; E-layer at 90 \u2212 140 km; and F-layer at heights above 140 km (Davies 1990;Evans & Hagfors 1968). The most relevant to single antenna, high precision measurements of sky brightness temperature at low frequencies are the D-layer and F-layer. (i) F-layer: most of the ionospheric electron column density is accounted for by the F-layer, where electron density is \u223c 10 12 e \u2212 /m 3 during the daytime and typically an order of magnitude less during the nighttime (Davies 1990;Evans & Hagfors 1968). Measurements of the total electron content (TEC) 2 , routinely monitored by measuring the propagation delay of GPS signals, are dominated by electrons in the F-layer. Due to very high electron content the F-layer dominates refractive effects, which may play a non-negligible role for global EoR experiments by shifting radio sources within the antenna beam. Based on equation 6 in Bailey (1948), we estimated the average position offsets of radio sources for typical nighttime electron density 10 11 e \u2212 /m 3 to be \u223c 0.1 arcmin at 100 MHz"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "ultraviolet (EUV) and X-rays. In the thermosphere, the temperature increases rapidly upwards towards the limiting exospheric temperature, which on average is about 1000 K. In the exosphere, above about 600 km, individual atoms move freely in satellitelike orbits controlled by the earth\u2019s gravity. The solar EUV and X-rays dissociate Typical mid-latitude N(h) electron density pro\ufb01les for moderate solar activity, showing the radiations that produce the ionospheric layers (Contemp. Phys., 1973 16, 230 (Taylor & Francis, London) ) and ionise the atmospheric gases in the upper mesosphere and thermosphere to create the ionosphere. 15.1.3 When was the ionosphere discovered? Gauss in 1839 speculated on the existence of electrical phenomena in the upper atmosphere, and Balfour Stewart in 1883 postulated a conducting layer as the site of the currents that cause the small daily variations of the earth\u2019s magnetic \ufb01eld. This conducting layer, now called the ionosphere, can be said to have been discovered by Marconi when he sent radio signals across the Atlantic in 1901. Basic physics of the ionosphere Lodge in 1902 correctly surmised that it contains free electrons and ions produced by solar ionising radiation. Research really began in 1924 when Appleton and Barnett and Breit and Tuve measured the height of the re\ufb02ecting layers. 15.1.4 How do we study the ionosphere? Ground-based techniques sound the ionosphere with radiowaves, which are returned from the ionosphere in three ways: by total re\ufb02ection (ionosondes); by partial re\ufb02ection or coherent scatter from small-scale structures in the ionosphere; or by incoherent scatter from the ion and electrons. These techniques"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "year with some accuracy. The critical frequency is also highest in years with large sunspot numbers, in accordance with the eleven-year sunspot cycle. However, additional \"abnormal\" variations may occur, such as meteor showers, sporadic-E ionization, sudden ionospheric disturbances (s.i.d.) , solar flares, and polar blackouts due to aurora and cosmic rays, all of which reduce the reliability of ionospheric skip communication. While some ionospheric changes may be forecast, the many unpredictable events which may completely block or destroy the signal make skip communication networks far from dependable. It might be thought that high-power ground wave would be more reliable, but it is not the complete answer. This wave is so severely attenuated at the higher frequencies as to be of no use. In the broadcast band, another difficulty presents itself. At night the D layer disappears and with it the absorption so that now some sky wave is returned to earth. At a receiving point, the phase difference between sky and ground wave causes fading. Due to the frequency differences among carrier, upper, and lower sidebands, there is frequency selective fading with resultant audio distortion. This interference at the outer limits of the ground wave may actually reduce the service area. \"Churns\" and \"Blobs\" In general, this was the status of the long range communication art prior to World War- II. Tremendous development and progress in electronics came about because of the war. In particular, radar work resulted in better tubes, high-gain antennas, higher power high-frequency transmitters, and sensitive receivers with low noise factors. These improvements"}, {"title": "math", "text": "the Earth look like a silvery ball from space, like the glass face of an underwater wristwatch viewed obliquely. It goes on saying the atmosphere is not perfectly transparent at any radio frequency. And moreover it adds noise. It explains why the best sites for radio observation at higher frequencies are exceptionally high and dry. \u2022 Those are some great illustrations! Figure 5 is noteworthy, because it shows that for transmitted rays, they return approximately to their original direction once they leave the ionized regions. This is different than for refraction by air, because once the ray enters air, it says in air. But the ionized layers are shells. There will be an effect because the shells are curved and not slabs, but now I realize it will be a much smaller effect than I thought. OK I'll take a closer look at your links. Thanks! \u2013 uhoh Aug 29 '17 at 14:36 \u2022 Refraction by a slab with parallel faces does not change the direction of a ray: i.stack.imgur.com/k0QK4.png and also i.stack.imgur.com/ZMrgu.png \u2013 uhoh Aug 29 '17 at 14:37 \u2022 This is a helpful answer. HF waves experience much stronger effects than VHF or UHF. There is plenty of short-wave radio and amateur radio experience here, but most radio astronomy is done at much higher frequency where the ionospheric deflection is much smaller. This is due in part to the science available at those wavelengths, and in part due to the better angular resolution a given instrument has as the wavelength decreases. I added an"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "effects on radio propagation. By no coincidence, Russia's Sputnik and the U.S.'s Explorer satellites were launched then, directly leading to the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt. How the short-wave bands will be in March and April plus some information on the poor conditions expected During ionospheric storms the normal day-to-day structure of the reflecting layers undergoes immense changes. Particles from the sunspots are caught in the earth's magnetic field and find their way into the ionosphere. The F layer (responsible for most long-distance radio communication) is weakened. Signals either pass through this layer into space or are weakly reflected. The D layer absorbs an abnormal number of radio signals passing through this region, further reducing signal strengths. Sunspots, or explosions on the surface of the sun, are caused by factors unknown to us at this time. These explosions release a shower of particles that have been recorded by satellites launched specifically for this purpose. The particles do not travel with the speed of light and seemingly take 20-30 hours to reach the earth. Scientists refer to the spreading out of particle streams as a \"garden hose\" effect. Severe ionospheric storms will occur in March. The relative number of ionospheric storms varies according to the month, or season of the year. It also varies with sunspot activity - more sunspots mean more ionospheric storms. Ionospheric disturbances are more frequent during the equinox due to the position of the earth in its orbital plane. WWV Propagation Forecasts. To enable users of the ionosphere, SWL's included, to"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "that ionisation is due to the sun\u2019s influence. At sunset, the intensity of the sun\u2019s radiation will be much less at the surface of the earth than it is high up in the atmosphere. This means ionic recombination will progress slowly from lower altitudes to higher ones and therefore the height at which waves are reflected slowly increases as the sun sets. The basic idea behind Appleton\u2019s work is so simple that it is hard to understand at first how he devoted almost all of his scientific career to its study. However, in the last couple of paragraphs some of the complexities of the subject have been introduced. Like many other fields, it is one that grows in intricacy the more it is studied. By the end of his life, ionospheric observatories had been set up all over the world to provide a global map of the reflecting layers. Links were found to the 11 year sunspot cycle and the Aurora Borealis, the magnetic storms that occur in high latitudes. This became particularly relevant during the Second World War when the storms would lead to radio blackouts. Thanks to Appleton\u2019s research, the periods when these would occur could be predicted and communication could be switched to wavelengths that would be least affected. Radar, another crucial wartime innovation, was one that came about thanks to Appleton\u2019s work. On a very general level, his research consisted in determining the distance of reflecting objects from radio signal transmitters. This is exactly the idea of radar and the flashing dots"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "be used by HAARP is not absorbed in either the troposphere or the stratosphere - the two levels of the atmosphere that produce the earth's weather. Electromagnetic interactions only occur in the near-vacuum of the rarefied region above about 70 km known as the ionosphere. The ionosphere is created and continuously replenished as the sun's radiation interacts with the highest levels of the Earth's atmosphere. The downward coupling from the ionosphere to the stratosphere/troposphere is extremely weak, and no association between natural ionospheric variability and surface weather and climate has been found, even at the extraordinarily high levels of ionospheric turbulence that the sun can produce during a geomagnetic storm. If the ionospheric storms caused by the sun itself don't affect the surface weather, there is no chance that HAARP can do so either. How long do the effects of ionospheric heating last? Since the ionosphere is, inherently, a turbulent medium that is being both \"stirred up\" and renewed by the sun, artificially induced effects are quickly obliterated. Depending on the height within the ionosphere where the effect is originally produced, these effects are no longer detectable after times ranging from less than a second to ten minutes. A good analogy to this process is dropping a stone into a fast moving stream. The ripples caused by the stone are very quickly lost in the rapidly moving water and, a little farther down the stream, are completely undetectable. A University of Alaska, Geophysical Institute scientist has compared HAARP to an \"immersion heater in the Yukon River.\""}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "affected due to radiation, or when the HF communication or satellite navigation is impacted, an advisory message is sent out through the standard communication networks defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The advisories have a standard format. Radiation at flight level During solar storms, solar particles like protons can suddenly be accelerated, heading into space at great speed. When they arrive at Earth, these energetic particles can penetrate the atmosphere at the magnetic poles. They bombard atmospheric particles and create a shower of particles possibly reaching the Earth\u2019s surface. When this happens, crew and passengers onboard airplanes are more vulnerable to this harmful radiation. The effect is stronger at high altitudes and latitudes. The ionosphere plays also a crucial role in satellite navigation. The signal sent by the satellite has to pass through the ionosphere to reach the receiver. Solar storms can introduce small scale structures in the ionosphere. When the signal encounters these obstacles, its amplitude and phase can alter very rapidly. Similarly, when the number of electrons in the ionosphere increases dramatically due to a solar storm, positioning errors are introduced in satellite navigation. HF communication The ionosphere is a layer at the top of our atmosphere which is ionised due to sunlight (at ultraviolet and x-ray wavelengths). Because the layer is ionised, it has the ability to reflect HF radio waves allowing long distance radio communication, which is crucial for aviation. HF radio waves have frequencies between 3 and 30 MHz.However, during solar storms, extra energy is deposited into the ionosphere,"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "With more launches than Russia last year, Elon Musk\u2019s rocket company SpaceX made waves in 2017. It also tore a hole in the ionosphere. Scientists have determined that the launch of the company\u2019s Falcon 9 rocket on Aug. 24 punched a temporary hole into a layer of the Earth\u2019s atmosphere nearly 560 miles wide. While the effect is not permanent, here is how the rocket impacted the ionosphere and what it means as humans move forward with space flight. The ionosphere is the layer of our planet\u2019s upper atmosphere between 75 km and 1000 km (or between 46 and 621 miles) where the sun\u2019s energy and cosmic radiation ionize atoms. The solar and cosmic rays strip atoms in the area of one or more of their electrons, giving them a positive charge and leaving the electrons to act as free particles. This is the part of the atmosphere where auroras occur. It overlaps the mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The ionosphere is important because the concentration of ions and free electrons allows it to reflect radio waves. This facilitates radio communications across distant points on Earth as well as between satellites and Earth. During the day, X-rays and UV light from the sun provide energy that continuously knocks electrons from atoms, creating ions and free electrons. These separate particles are constantly colliding, recombining, and becoming electrically neutral atoms again. So at night, without the energy from the sun, more particles combine than are ionized and the ionosphere shrinks. While the cosmic radiation still affects this part of"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "under the influence of the Sun and the lower atmosphere. The ionospheric plasma density and structure affect the reflection and absorption of radio waves in the mid-and short-wave bands, communication and positioning using satellites, and delays and fluctuations of radio waves in the UHF band. Therefore, space weather phenomena in the ionosphere can affect short-wave HF communication/broadcasting used for aviation (Sect. \"Aviation operation\"), VHF communication/broadcasting used for disaster prevention and firefighting radio, and UHF communications used in satellite communications. As mentioned above, effects depend on the system details and usages. Although the role of HF communication/broadcasting is limited owing to its existing use by communication satellites and submarine cables, it is continuously used for aviation radio, ship radio, disaster radio, and long-distance communication such as international radio broadcasting. The ionospheric phenomena that affect HF communication are ionospheric negative storms, the Dellinger phenomenon, PCA, and plasma bubbles. Ionospheric negative storms are an unusual decrease in plasma density. As they are mostly associated with geomagnetic storms, their occurrence is anticipated in periods of medium and high solar activity. During the former, foF2 is typically about 2-8 MHz. If a moderate event (once per year) with ~ 30% plasma decrease occurs during nighttime (daytime), the corresponding MUF for a great-circle distance of 2000 km will typically decrease from about 12-48 to 8.4-34 MHz. If a severe event (once per 10 years) with 50% plasma decrease occurs, the MUF will decrease from 12-48 to 6-24 MHz. Part (most) of the HF communication frequency range, up to 30 MHz, is affected"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "lie about other things, it lends to their character. The HAARP experiments interact with the ionosphere. The ionosphere begins 30 miles above the surface of the earth and extends up to around 250 miles. The highest passenger jets fly at about 10 miles (with the vast majority at around 4-6 miles). That\u2019s why the proposal talks about using satellites. That is why they would NOT use planes, they can\u2019t fly high enough. Yes it does. It\u2019s a research facility, and not an operational facility. It has no real ability to DO anything other than excite the ionosphere in a spot for a few minutes. The military\u2019s interest is partly explained in the FAQ: Because the DoD operates numerous communication and navigation systems whose signals either depend on reflection from the ionosphere or must pass through the ionosphere to satellites, there is obvious DoD interest in understanding the ionosphere\u2019s effect on these systems to improve their reliability and performance. You didn\u2019t respond to the patent that states a proposal for releasing barium clouds\u2026\u2026. I wonder if the \u201cexcitement\u201d in the sky they conduct is visible? We had a sky full of clouds with squared off edges that fit perfectly into eachother\u2026horizon to horizon. I\u2019d never seen anything quite like it. The spaces between the jagged clouds were the same width as the clouds. As the clouds left the area, there was a definite \u201cpattern\u201d at the edge of the cloud line as well. I felt like I\u2019d stepped onto an X-Files set. I sent copies to two"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "lie about other things, it lends to their character. The HAARP experiments interact with the ionosphere. The ionosphere begins 30 miles above the surface of the earth and extends up to around 250 miles. The highest passenger jets fly at about 10 miles (with the vast majority at around 4-6 miles). That\u2019s why the proposal talks about using satellites. That is why they would NOT use planes, they can\u2019t fly high enough. Yes it does. It\u2019s a research facility, and not an operational facility. It has no real ability to DO anything other than excite the ionosphere in a spot for a few minutes. The military\u2019s interest is partly explained in the FAQ: Because the DoD operates numerous communication and navigation systems whose signals either depend on reflection from the ionosphere or must pass through the ionosphere to satellites, there is obvious DoD interest in understanding the ionosphere\u2019s effect on these systems to improve their reliability and performance. You didn\u2019t respond to the patent that states a proposal for releasing barium clouds\u2026\u2026. I wonder if the \u201cexcitement\u201d in the sky they conduct is visible? We had a sky full of clouds with squared off edges that fit perfectly into eachother\u2026horizon to horizon. I\u2019d never seen anything quite like it. The spaces between the jagged clouds were the same width as the clouds. As the clouds left the area, there was a definite \u201cpattern\u201d at the edge of the cloud line as well. I felt like I\u2019d stepped onto an X-Files set. I sent copies to two"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electromagnetic energy from the sun\u2019s ultraviolet radiation, but are too energetic to remain in an electrically neutral molecule, creating a plasma. The plasma in these ionized portions of the atmosphere is the ionosphere, which extends from a height of about 30 miles above the earth\u2019s surface to more than 360 miles. This is where auroras are made. Northern Lights over Yellowknife, Northwest Territories The ionosphere has mirror-like effects, making it an excellent reflector of radio waves. Countless military and civilian operations rely on it for their communications systems, groups as diverse as the U.S. Navy and the BBC. Much of the ionospheric research mentioned here is done, in large part, because of concerns that such communications will be disrupted or even shut down entirely by solar activity or \u201cenemy\u201d technology, but scientists are deeply interested in the chemical composition and behaviour of the ionosphere. Studying the ionosphere is problematic. Its lower levels are below the orbital altitudes needed for satellites, yet far too high up for balloons or aircraft. Nonetheless, ground-based tests utilizing sounding equipment (ionosondes) and satellites began in the early \u201960s. Then, in the mid-\u201960s, scientists hit upon the idea of using rockets to shoot barium into the ionosphere, creating \u201cclouds\u201d of barium particles that would be ionized by the sun\u2019s ultraviolet light, then become trapped by Earth\u2019s magnetic field, making magnetic field lines briefly visible to ground- or air-based observers. These \u201cclouds\u201d are essentially artificial auroras. In later experiments, barium clouds were"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "ionosphere (the upper part of Earth\u2019s air that takes its name from the ion particles that occupy it) and consequently they can propagate past the Earth air and go into space. AM is the older kind of modulation used \u2013 the groups can travel above the ground following the Earth curvature and because they are refracted by the ionosphere they can propagate farther than FM ones which ultimately leave Earth for the space. An AM signal is unfortunately more inclined to interferences because of its smaller bandwidth and consequently has worst sound quality than the higher-bandwidth FM signal. It is also more prone to noise which affects amplitude, not frequency. However modulation and demodulation of AM signal is less complicate than in FM systems, and consequently AM is nevertheless widely used. Once the information is applied on the carrier wave, an antenna transforms the electrical signal to an electromagnetic wave which is then propagated. The electromagnetic wave is then inclined to alterations due to reflection (which can happen due to obstacles), refraction (due to hitting the ionosphere or because of weather conditions) or diffraction (when radio groups hit and bend around an object with sharp ends) before it reaches the receiver aerial. It is thanks to the receiver that this signal is intercepted, picked up, demodulated (re-converted), and the communicated information can be processed, shared, relayed or broadcasted to an audience. Once the receiving antenna has detected the radio signal, it\u2019s the receiver that filters out unwanted signals and retains only the desired frequencies \u2013 it"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "heavily ionised, such as during the day, in summer and especially at times of high solar activity. At night, especially in winter months and at times of low solar activity, the ionospheric D layer can virtually disappear. When this happens, MF radio waves can easily be received hundreds or even thousands of miles away as the signal will be refracted by the remaining F layer. This can be very useful for long-distance communication, but can also interfere with local stations. Due to the limited number of available channels in the MW broadcast band, the same frequencies are re-allocated to different broadcasting stations several hundred miles apart. On nights of good skywave propagation, the signals of distant stations may reflect off the ionosphere and interfere with the signals of local stations on the same frequency. The North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) sets aside certain channels for nighttime use over extended service areas via skywave by a few specially licensed AM broadcasting stations. These channels are called clear channels, and the stations, called clear-channel stations, are required to broadcast at higher powers of 10 to 50 kW. Uses and applications A major use of these frequencies is AM broadcasting; AM radio stations are allocated frequencies in the medium wave broadcast band from 526.5 kHz to 1606.5 kHz in Europe; in North America this extends from 525 kHz to 1705 kHz Some countries also allow broadcasting in the 120-meter band from 2300 to 2495 kHz; these frequencies are mostly used in tropical areas. Although these are medium frequencies,"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [-0.029538428410887718, -0.0567939393222332, -0.14201244711875916, -0.22955431044101715, -0.08647610992193222, -0.07519819587469101, -0.07519819587469101, -0.15140850841999054, -0.11645185947418213, -0.13863912224769592, -0.08156190067529678, -0.1026093065738678, -0.14127413928508759, -0.13584165275096893, -0.18122097849845886, -0.18122097849845886, -0.14670328795909882, -0.07031511515378952, -0.12810592353343964, -0.16295477747917175, -0.11791548132896423, -0.12217574566602707, -0.22505824267864227, -0.19385980069637299, -0.15497630834579468, -0.14277224242687225, -0.0941622257232666, -0.15647242963314056, -0.10882504284381866, -0.14699065685272217, -0.17424574494361877, -0.24126991629600525, -0.24127018451690674, -0.2099044919013977, -0.22741737961769104, -0.26451408863067627, -0.14691324532032013, -0.18961940705776215, -0.11094982177019119, -0.19827473163604736, -0.25225964188575745, -0.22645927965641022, -0.23615214228630066, -0.09827829152345657, -0.15989363193511963, -0.14122195541858673, -0.03817151114344597], "y": [-0.01990434341132641, -0.007837649434804916, -0.021526560187339783, 0.059027671813964844, -0.04902583733201027, -0.11023429781198502, -0.11023429781198502, -0.053077127784490585, 0.036244627088308334, -0.02969338186085224, 0.02170749567449093, -0.05454229190945625, -0.06487239897251129, -0.03605310246348381, -0.00034997620969079435, -0.00034997620969079435, 0.003134693019092083, -0.035822544246912, -0.09307702630758286, -0.05783948674798012, -0.004762467462569475, 0.021068938076496124, 0.02132216840982437, -0.0040548620745539665, -0.012150800786912441, -0.027271630242466927, -0.17009314894676208, -0.06282559782266617, -0.015081088989973068, -0.06851011514663696, -0.1256857067346573, -0.09334997832775116, -0.09335025399923325, -0.11228898912668228, -0.01622161455452442, -0.04345843940973282, -0.11595166474580765, -0.14393213391304016, -0.10232909023761749, -0.04606181010603905, -0.057366013526916504, -0.04778551310300827, -0.02299853228032589, -0.10491902381181717, -0.07886847108602524, -0.013559258542954922, -0.14234809577465057], "mode": "markers", "name": "Cluster 5", "marker": {"size": 8, "color": "rgb(253,180,98)"}, "text": ["Document 219", "Document 399", "Document 419", "Document 439", "Document 497", "Document 521", "Document 522", "Document 527", "Document 569", "Document 608", "Document 664", "Document 673", "Document 688", "Document 747", "Document 791", "Document 792", "Document 845", "Document 872", "Document 889", "Document 893", "Document 951", "Document 977", "Document 993", "Document 1117", "Document 1121", "Document 1131", "Document 1173", "Document 1212", "Document 1226", "Document 1236", "Document 1242", "Document 1265", "Document 1267", "Document 1299", "Document 1306", "Document 1311", "Document 1338", "Document 1351", "Document 1397", "Document 1402", "Document 1411", "Document 1413", "Document 1414", "Document 1464", "Document 1476", "Document 1477", "Document 1490"], "customdata": [{"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "without a crew & then re-boarded for the Earth-return, would have strong significance for future orbiter-with-specialized-lander expeditions to other planets. Such a spacecraft, the technological descendant of the old Apollo Command & Service Module (CSM), would play a major role in the new Moon program. Plus, it\u2019d be the model for such an analogous craft, used in the future Mars-reaching program. It is true, I have disdain toward the idea of a Lagrange point station, because the rationale behind it, and the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u201creach space\u201d just for that to be the final & only \u201cdestination\u201d. \u201cThe Earthian Ionosphere is roughly between 53 miles & 370 miles up.\u201d Formally, yes, I figured you\u2019d say that. But the F-layer, which is the highest layer, doesn\u2019t really reach to the ISS, except by extrapolation. The effects of the atmosphere at that altitude are really very small, and aren\u2019t relevant to test-bedding for deeper space. \u201c\u2026the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u2018reach space\u2019 just for that to be the final & only \u2018destination\u2019. As to \u201creaching space\u201d, that\u2019s exactly what we\u2019re trying to do. You, on the other hand, seem to need to reach rocks (that happen to be in space) I\u2019ll try to read your motivation into that. I have to guess what you\u2019re after is resources that can be derived from those rocks, or maybe a place to hammer in fenceposts. Such resources might be handy"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "rendezvous flight plan, the astronauts will need their main trans-lunar vehicle put into a parking orbit, say, 70 miles above the surface, either left attended by a crew person or not attended\u2014-with nobody left on board\u2014-for the duration of the surface landing. The designing of such a vehicle, particularly being capable of orbiting the Moon without a crew & then re-boarded for the Earth-return, would have strong significance for future orbiter-with-specialized-lander expeditions to other planets. Such a spacecraft, the technological descendant of the old Apollo Command & Service Module (CSM), would play a major role in the new Moon program. Plus, it\u2019d be the model for such an analogous craft, used in the future Mars-reaching program. It is true, I have disdain toward the idea of a Lagrange point station, because the rationale behind it, and the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u201creach space\u201d just for that to be the final & only \u201cdestination\u201d. \u201cThe Earthian Ionosphere is roughly between 53 miles & 370 miles up.\u201d Formally, yes, I figured you\u2019d say that. But the F-layer, which is the highest layer, doesn\u2019t really reach to the ISS, except by extrapolation. The effects of the atmosphere at that altitude are really very small, and aren\u2019t relevant to test-bedding for deeper space. \u201c\u2026the basic result, is identical to the ISS project: our astronauts do nothing more than \u2018reach space\u2019 just for that to be the final & only \u2018destination\u2019. As to \u201creaching space\u201d, that\u2019s exactly what we\u2019re trying to"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "radiation doses inside the cabin \u2013 critical data for mission planners considering the best way to safely send astronauts into deep space in the future. Orion\u2019s cameras will be turned off during its passes through the belts to protect them. Three hours, 23 minutes into flight, the Orion crew module will fly on its own following separation from its service module and the Delta IV Heavy second stage. The spacecraft will be aimed at Earth\u2019s atmosphere and it will be up to Orion\u2019s onboard computers to set the spacecraft in the right position so its base heat shield can bear the brunt of the intense reentry heat. NASA Orion Flight Test EFT1 Logo Hitting the atmosphere at 20,000 mph four hours and 13 minutes after launch, Orion will encounter about 80 percent of the heat it would endure during a return from lunar orbit with astronauts aboard. Ground controllers will lose contact with Orion for 2 1/2 minutes during re-entry when the spacecraft is surrounded by plasma. They should regain communications with the craft just before the forward bay cover is jettisoned in a process that will begin the parachute deployment. After about four hours, 23 minutes, Orion will be bobbing in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Baja California as recovery forces move in. Teams from NASA\u2019s Ground Systems Development and Operations Program based at Kennedy will work with U.S. Navy and Lockheed Martin personnel to bring the spacecraft into the well deck of the USS Anchorage, an amphibious ship with a protective enclosure"}, {"title": "math", "text": "Tag Info 37 TL;DR: The low technology readiness, the very, very low thrust, and the need for a catalyst bed means this was and still is the wrong technology for the intended purpose of a launch abort system and maneuvering in low Earth orbit. Low technology readiness SpaceX began working on Dragon V2 over five years ago. At that point, AF-M315E had a rather low ... 22 As @OrganicMarble alluded to, the Buran Soviet shuttle was designed with turbojet engines (see here; and here, under \"The engines\") to extend the range of possible landing locations given the re-entry circumstances. Test versions had those engines (the same engines used in the Su-27 fighter) installed, but those were never launched into space. The version ... 21 Heat doesn't. The intense heat does, however, strip off electrons from molecules in the upper atmosphere, leaving an electrically charged plasma. This plasma interferes with radio communications to such an extent there is a complete radio blackout until the capsule has decelerated to such an extent plasma is no longer formed - this can take 30 seconds or ... 18 I don't believe any vehicles equipped with air-breathing engines have flown to space and returned. Some test vehicles for Buran had jet engines installed, but they did not fly to space. In this picture of a Buran test vehicle, you can see that the jet engine mounts interfere with the reaction control jet nozzles, showing that this configuration could not be ... 16 Capsules like Apollo and Orion are mainly open space"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "by Curious Droid; Apollo Rocketed Through the Van Allen Belts, by Amy Shira Teitel, Popular Science, 19 September 2014; Why Aren\u2019t the Van Allen Belts a Barrier to Spaceflight?, Jillian Scudder, assistant professor of physics and astronomy, Forbes.com, 16 June 2017. NEXT: 8.2 If the Van Allen belts weren\u2019t a problem for Apollo, why does NASA need to test the new Orion spacecraft? Etichette: C08 (Physical Anomalies)"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "key component of Artemis I, an uncrewed test flight around the Moon that paves the way for the Artemis III mission which will land the first woman and next man on the lunar surface by 2024. ESA is designing and supplying the European Service Module for Orion \u2013 the bottom part of the spacecraft in the picture \u2013 that provides electricity, water, oxygen and nitrogen as well as keeping the spacecraft at the right temperature and on course (image credit: NASA\u2013Marvin Smith) \u2022 March 3, 2020: Radio frequency testing has begun on the first Orion spacecraft that will fly around the Moon for the Artemis I mission, just two weeks after thermal and environmental tests were completed at NASA\u2019s Plum Brook Station in Ohio, USA. 28) - EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) testing is routine for spacecraft. All electronics emit some form of electromagnetic waves that can cause interference with other devices. Think of the buzz that speakers give out right before an incoming call on a mobile phone. - Spacecraft electronics can cause similar interference, but out in space such interference can have disastrous consequences, so all systems must be checked before launch. - EMC tests often take place in a special shielded room constructed of metal walls and doors and foamy spikes (aka Absorbers) that block out unwanted external electromagnetic radiation, like ESA\u2019s Maxwell chamber at its technical site in the Netherlands. - Though not an EMC chamber, Plum Brook\u2019s thermal vacuum chamber is made of aluminum that does provide electromagnetic shielding, making it a suitable"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "key component of Artemis I, an uncrewed test flight around the Moon that paves the way for the Artemis III mission which will land the first woman and next man on the lunar surface by 2024. ESA is designing and supplying the European Service Module for Orion \u2013 the bottom part of the spacecraft in the picture \u2013 that provides electricity, water, oxygen and nitrogen as well as keeping the spacecraft at the right temperature and on course (image credit: NASA\u2013Marvin Smith) \u2022 March 3, 2020: Radio frequency testing has begun on the first Orion spacecraft that will fly around the Moon for the Artemis I mission, just two weeks after thermal and environmental tests were completed at NASA\u2019s Plum Brook Station in Ohio, USA. 28) - EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) testing is routine for spacecraft. All electronics emit some form of electromagnetic waves that can cause interference with other devices. Think of the buzz that speakers give out right before an incoming call on a mobile phone. - Spacecraft electronics can cause similar interference, but out in space such interference can have disastrous consequences, so all systems must be checked before launch. - EMC tests often take place in a special shielded room constructed of metal walls and doors and foamy spikes (aka Absorbers) that block out unwanted external electromagnetic radiation, like ESA\u2019s Maxwell chamber at its technical site in the Netherlands. - Though not an EMC chamber, Plum Brook\u2019s thermal vacuum chamber is made of aluminum that does provide electromagnetic shielding, making it a suitable"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "Falcon 9 rocket, dust particles landed on the dark shields protecting the cameras from direct sunlight, and reflected sunlight, thus \"blinding\" the cameras. Bold and creative solutions. The mission\u2019s control room during Beresheet landing | Photo: Eliran Avital, SpaceIL Initial attempts to work around this problem with new software commands failed, prompting the engineers to seek creative solutions, such as rolling the spacecraft during maneuvers, and using the accelerometers instead of the star trackers in maneuvers where sunlight could not be avoided. However, these changes made it difficult to pinpoint the spacecraft\u2019s location and also spelled much extra work for the team, since each small tilt can also shift its trajectory. Another complication emerged a few days after launch, when the computer unexpectedly rebooted itself and canceled a planned orbital maneuver. This problem continued to plague the lander on its journey to the moon, probably due to a malfunction in the electronics box connecting the computer to the other spacecraft systems. The box may have been damaged as a result of its exposure to radiation in space. This is part of the price paid for a small, light spacecraft with minimal radiation protection and relatively inexpensive components, some of which, like this electronics box, were designed exclusively for Beresheet and never tested in space. The minimal budget meant that the spacecraft only had one computer. Therefore, any software patches designed to address problems that emerged during the mission were not coded into the computer\u2019s hard-drive but only into its working memory (RAM). As a result, the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "turbojets, can rise high into an atmosphere, above the worst air resistance, without having to expend the reaction mass of a rocket. Likewise it can land more easily and safely in the first place. The aircraft which we carry, dismantled, are intended to leave their orbiting mother ship with a short rocket burst, slip into the atmosphere of a new planet, and descend. The return is more difficult, of course, but they get into the stratosphere before applying the non-ionic rocket drive. This in turn takes them into space proper, where their ion accelerators will work. Naturally, the cabins being sealed, any kind of atmosphere will serve them. \u201cNow, this is for exploration purposes. But these auxiliary craft are also capable of landing on rockets alone. When the time has come to establish a beam-relay station, some airless lifeless satellite is chosen, to avoid the necessity of quarantine. The craft shuttle back and forth, carrying the ship\u2019s dismantled transceiver. This is reassembled on the surface. Thereby the satellite\u2019s own mass becomes available to the matterbank, and any amount of material can be reconstructed according to the signals from the home station. The first things sent through are usually the parts for a much larger transceiver station, which can handle many tons of mass at a time.\u201d \u201cWell, good,\u201d said Maclaren. \u201cThat was more or less what I thought. Let\u2019s land and \u2014 oh, oh.\u201d Ryerson felt a smile tugging his lips, though it was not a happy one. \u201cYou see?\u201d he murmured. Maclaren regarded him closely."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "getting hit with a stray particle of radiation wouldn\u2019t have had enough energy to damage big wires and vacuum tubes,\u201d he says. \u201cAs things get smaller, it\u2019s easier to flip a bit from a zero to a one or to damage the electrical circuitry. That\u2019s one reason that spacecraft might not use the latest and greatest computer chips like your iPad might use.\u201d So shielding and redundancy have been added. Going long, the astronauts will depend on the Deep Space Network for communication and must be more self-reliant; there are fewer chances for help. \u201cOn [the space station] or shuttle,\u201d says Hopkins, \u201cif something goes wrong [like a sick astronaut], you have the option to come home pretty quickly.\u201d So the Orion design includes many levels of redundancies and \u201cdown modes,\u201d says Lockheed\u2019s Lacefield. \u201cWe could lose [Orion\u2019s main engine] on the other side of the moon,\u201d he says, holding a model of the Orion and its Space Launch System rocket, \u201chave a problem with our primary avionics, and have a hole in the cabin and still get the crew back.\u201d Things learned with Apollo are reflected here: For example, because of the fire hazard of an all-oxygen cabin, the astronauts will breathe a mixture of gases, even in flight. The carbon dioxide \u201cscrubbers,\u201d whose pending failure was famously depicted in the film Apollo 13, have been replaced, Hopkins says, with a new system that can absorb carbon dioxide and release it later. When the reusable absorber becomes saturated, the astronauts will open a vent and"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "that's a thunderstorm. Granted, high winds can also be problematic. And it should go without saying that you don't want to launch during a hurricane or tornado. Rockets are perfectly capable of launching directly into a thunderstorm, just as a civil airliner might do, but there's a wee bit of a problem with doing so. Rockets are made of metal, and their exhaust is partially ionized, so during liftoff the entire rocket+exhaust trail is like a giant conductive wire tying the rocket to the ground. If the rocket flies into a thunderstorm then it will attract lightning strikes. Rockets can be made to withstand such strikes, and most of the current flows over the skin of the vehicle (just as with an airliner) but that adds a lot of difficulty. This actually happened during the Apollo 12 launch, and the lightning strike caused a huge number of problems with the onboard computers and with the telemetry link until folks were able to fix the telemetry and then slowly get everything else in order (fortunately the flight computers continued running normally). As with all inherently dangerous activities the basic principle is generally to \"stack the odds in your favor\", so if you can avoid launching a hypersonic rocket packed with literally kilotons of explosive fuel into a scenario where it is almost certain to draw a lightning strike then you do so. So why does weather cause so many launch delays? Well, that's mostly just an issue for the US. For orbital dynamics reasons it is most"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "with the MET was caused by a mistimed polling of the time from the Atlas rocket by the spacecraft. When the time was polled, the MET was incorrectly set eleven hours off. As such, once Starliner had reached space, it continued following its preprogrammed commands from the time it had on board. In this instance, it believed it was eleven hours ahead in the mission and in a different orbit. In trying to maintain this precise orbit, Starliner began to use propellant to correct itself. This issue was confounded by the communication error. Once controllers recognized that the craft was rapidly firing thrusters to maintain the orbit it was not in, there was a delay in communications with the craft, resulting in a missed opportunity to react to the issue and reconfigure the craft to attain the needed orbit to dock. The communications error is an interesting case, as part of the blame is being place on Earth-generated background noise. Specifically, they believe the issue was caused by signals from cell phone towers being radiated into space. This is a known issue in spaceflight and is typically mitigated for by using a larger band of frequencies for communications. It is not apparent what the underlying cause of the frequency interruption was, or what the fix will be. While, before Thursday, both the MET error and the communications issue were known publicly, the coding issue with the SM was not In essence, two lines of code for the sequence to fire thrusters to deorbit the SM after"}, {"title": "math", "text": "the scheduled touchdown, a series of technical glitches caused the engine to shut down, sending Beresheet on a hard landing on the surface. Later that night, SpaceIL and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) representatives explained that the cause of the malfunction was one of the accelerometers and pledged to conduct a detailed investigation and make their findings public. Although the investigation has concluded, its details were never published officially; we bring them here, for the first time, with substantial new information about the mission. A crater was left on the moon: Pictures of Beresheet\u2019s crash-landing site before and after the crash | LRO satellite photos, courtesy of NASA As with most space accidents, Beresheet\u2019s crash-landing was caused by a series of malfunctions, rather than a single problem. Some of the issues stemmed from the original design of the spacecraft, which was very small and built on a relatively low budget for comparable space missions ($100 million, including launch and operation costs). Others originated in human error. Almost immediately after launch, Beresheet\u2019s engineers reported a problem with its star trackers \u2013 a pair of cameras designed to take pictures of the sky, identify specific stars, and thus determine the orientation of the spacecraft in space \u2013 i.e., whether it was flying \u201cforwards,\u201d \u201cbackwards,\u201d or \u201csideways.\u201d This information is crucial for engine operation, because a wrong angle can significantly alter spacecraft\u2019s trajectory. It is probable that during the separation from the Falcon 9 rocket, dust particles landed on the dark shields protecting the cameras from direct sunlight, and reflected"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "SLS. Figure 12: Illustration of the various stages of the EFT-1 mission (image credit: NASA) While not producing entry velocities as high as those experienced in returning from a lunar orbit, the trajectory was chosen to provide higher stresses on the thermal protection and guided entry systems, as compared against a lower energy LEO entry. However the required entry geometry with constraints on inclination and landing site result in a trajectory that lingers for many hours in the Van Allen radiation belts. This exposes the vehicle and avionics to much higher levels of high energy proton radiation than a typical LEO or lunar trajectory would encounter. As a result, Van Allen radiation poses a significant risk to the Orion avionics system, and particularly the FCM (Flight Control Module) computers that house the GN&C flight software (Ref. 39). The promise of crucial flight test data: Orion only has two flight test opportunities before astronauts climb aboard for the first crewed mission in 2021 - so gleaning the maximum information possible from EFT-1 (Exploration Flight Test-1) in December 2014 (and later, Exploration Mission-1 in 2017) is of the highest priority. The following five items are of special importance for the flight engineers: 40) 1) Launch Abort System Separation - The LAS (Launch Abort System) is a key reason that Orion is intended to become the safest spacecraft ever built. In an emergency, it could activate to pull the crew module and the astronauts it will carry away from the launch pad and the rocket in milliseconds. Hopefully it's"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "still doesn\u2019t realize, after it\u2019s been pointed out to him several times, that the HLV that Inspiration Mars wants is not the same HLV that NASA is pursuing under the SLS project. I\u2019m not requiring you to know basic physics and the rocket equation. Any pre-K kid who can compare two numbers could understand that SLS as NASA is pursuing it doesn\u2019t have the necessary throw weight, and that Tito is asking for a different HLV. And as you have repeatedly demonstrated, an idiot of your caliber can\u2019t even compare two numbers. \u201cI\u00e2\u20ac\u2122ll leave you with this quote from Taber McCallum\u201d Verbal quotes (probably taken out of context or misquoted by the reporter) in a popular science rag don\u2019t trump what Taber wrote in black and white in his own report. To repeat, for the third time, that is: \u201cUnfortunately, the Primary team\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s evaluation of the SLS-Orion option uncovered many technical challenges. First, while the Orion spacecraft is being designed to perform a wide variety of mission scenarios, many aspects of the IM mission fall outside of that design envelope. One of these critical areas was the reentry speed. Orion\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s missions only require reentry into the Earth\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s atmosphere at speeds up to 11.2 km/sec, whereas the special IM trajectory would have the spacecraft reentering at speeds near 14.2 km/sec. While this is only a 27% increase in reentry speed, the physics of atmospheric heating produce heat loads that are several times greater. To survive the Orion spacecraft would need a new, thicker, heavier heat shield along"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "still doesn\u2019t realize, after it\u2019s been pointed out to him several times, that the HLV that Inspiration Mars wants is not the same HLV that NASA is pursuing under the SLS project. I\u2019m not requiring you to know basic physics and the rocket equation. Any pre-K kid who can compare two numbers could understand that SLS as NASA is pursuing it doesn\u2019t have the necessary throw weight, and that Tito is asking for a different HLV. And as you have repeatedly demonstrated, an idiot of your caliber can\u2019t even compare two numbers. \u201cI\u00e2\u20ac\u2122ll leave you with this quote from Taber McCallum\u201d Verbal quotes (probably taken out of context or misquoted by the reporter) in a popular science rag don\u2019t trump what Taber wrote in black and white in his own report. To repeat, for the third time, that is: \u201cUnfortunately, the Primary team\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s evaluation of the SLS-Orion option uncovered many technical challenges. First, while the Orion spacecraft is being designed to perform a wide variety of mission scenarios, many aspects of the IM mission fall outside of that design envelope. One of these critical areas was the reentry speed. Orion\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s missions only require reentry into the Earth\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s atmosphere at speeds up to 11.2 km/sec, whereas the special IM trajectory would have the spacecraft reentering at speeds near 14.2 km/sec. While this is only a 27% increase in reentry speed, the physics of atmospheric heating produce heat loads that are several times greater. To survive the Orion spacecraft would need a new, thicker, heavier heat shield along"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "vomiting, and anorexia and fatigue. Without pressure, human blood heats up. Despite the training, behavioural issues may crop up due to isolation leading to depression, fatigue, sleep disorders and psychiatric disorders. Critical Technologies for Human Space Flight (HSF): According to ISRO, most of the indigenously developed technologies required for the mission have already been tested. These include crew module re-entry, crew escape mechanism in case of a glitch during launch, a deep space network and the astronaut\u2019s space suit. Orbital Module: Divided into a crew module to house the astronauts and a service module that maintains the speed and orientation of the spacecraft using rocket motors apart from the power supply generated from solar sails. Crew Escape System: In case of a malfunction at launch, crew capsule will be ejected to a safe distance Integration facility: for integrating orbit module with launcher and modifying Launchpad for human interface Crew Module: Has to be tested for maintaining temperature and pressure comfortable for humans Deep Space Network: Need to track the module 24*7 as it orbits the earth Re-entry and Recovery system: System to withstand high temperatures (due to friction with the air) when the spacecraft re-enters earth\u2019s atmosphere. Mission Control: Monitors and communicates with the orbiter and astronauts throughout the mission Rocket Launcher: The GSLV Mark III has been modified to improve reliability and accommodate orbital module Recovery logistics: ISRO will interface with the Navy to pick up the astronauts when the crew module splashes down. Astronaut Training: Crew has to be trained to operate in zero"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "back safely requires technologies that can help a spacecraft endure speeds 30 times the speed of sound and heat twice as hot as molten lava or half as hot as the sun. Its advanced heat shield, made with a material called AVCOAT, is designed to wear away as it heats up and withstand temperatures around 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Protection from Radiation As a spacecraft travels on missions beyond the protection of Earth\u2019s magnetic field, it will be exposed to a harsher radiation environment than in low-Earth orbit with greater amounts of radiation from charged particles and solar storms that can cause disruptions to critical computers, avionics and other equipment. The crew, if exposed to radiation, will face extreme risks of cancer in long\u2013term. To avoid this, Orion comes with a storm shelter below the main deck of the crew module. Communication and Navigation Spacecraft venturing far from home go beyond the Global Positioning System (GPS) in space and above communication satellites in Earth orbit. Orion\u2019s communication and navigation systems will switch from NASA\u2019s Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS) system used by the International Space Station, and communicate through the Deep Space Network. International Space StationNASAOrionSatellitesSpace travelSpacecraft Home Remedies to Get Rid of Dandruff Naturally China Successfully Tests First Experimental Superfast Hypersonic Aircraft Nuclear-Powered \u2018Tunnelbot\u2019 to Search For Life on Jupiter\u2019s Moon Europa WhatsApp For Android Gets Picture-in-Picture Feature For All Users Hubble Space Telescope Discovers Planet Vanishing at Record Speed Trade War: Apple May Move iPhone Production Out of China if Tariffs Hit 25%"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "roughly the size of a refrigerator and has room for an experimental payload \u2014 this time around it\u2019s going to be driven by the new green propulsion subsystem. This spacecraft will have five thrusters on board that will help test this propellant through various maneuvers to be performed. The combined capabilities of the propellant can also return the craft to Earth\u2019s atmosphere at the end of its mission. \u201cWe\u2019re not leaving any orbital debris up there, which is part of the \u2018green\u2019 of this experiment, in my opinion,\u201d noted McClean. Debate has renewed of late about the responsibilities of launch and spacecraft companies regarding orbital debris, sparked in part by SpaceX\u2019s recent launch of part of its Starlink satellite constellation. This new fuel is not only better-performing, but is actually easier to work with because of its non-toxic nature, and it can be transported in spacecraft, so that opens up the possibility of shipping fueled craft and also using it safely in research and academic environments, which is huge for unlocking work and study potential. Space Environment Testbed The Space Environment Testbed (SET \u2014 NASA loves acronyms) project that will fly through medium Earth orbit to help determine whether this region of space (called the \u201cslot\u201d because it slots between two radiation belts) has less radiation than lower-orbit space, which could make it a prime locale for navigation and communication satellites that are negatively affected by the radiation present in low Earth orbit. NASA Heliophysics Division Director Nicky Fox explained how the SET payloads will be"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "horizontally inside the Launch Abort System Facility at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, prior to installation atop the crew module. Credit: Ken Kremer/kenkremer.com The video below shows the simulation of an ascent abort scenario, where the LAS has detached from the SLS and is traveling at close to the speed of sound. The abort process initiates with the ignition of the LAS motor and then slows down as the pressure and airflow conditions become particularly harsh. The colored plumes indicate high pressure (red) and low pressure (blue), with pixels changing from blue to red (and vice versa) in relation to pressure waves that cause vibrations on the vehicle (white). The regions where the color changes abruptly, but remains generally blue or red over time, indicates the presence of shock waves. In the end, these simulations are directly impacting the spacecraft\u2019s design and will help ensure astronaut safety and spacecraft performance. \u201cWe\u2019re still asking lots of questions,\u201d said Cadieux. \u201cLike, how do the loads on the LAV surface change at higher angles of attack? How do we best use data from wind tunnel tests to predict loads for actual flight conditions where the vehicle is accelerating?\u201d The answers to these questions will will be used to design the next series of ground tests, crew mockup tests, and critical flight tests, which will will prepare the Orion spacecraft for its first crewed mission \u2013 Exploration Mission 2 (EM-2). This mission, which is scheduled for launch by 2023, will consist of four crew members conducting a lunar flyby and"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "launch pad of this reusable prototype rocket that is most impressive. This test flight marks the first time the rocket used its navigation sensors to return to its launch pad. Unlike other rockets, Grasshopper is designed to be able to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere whereas other rockets burn up upon re-entry. I guess you could say Grasshopper is a smoother operator... smooth operator. What's not smooth? The surface of an asteroid. Researchers recently found that rubble and dust covering asteroids and comets could feel changes between particles over much larger distances than Earth making them less stable...meaning AVALANCHE! Scientists likened it to pulling out an orange from a pile in the supermarket. Some come out easily, and some send the whole bunch crashing down. The findings come from an experiment in microgravity. This could have an effect on NASA's asteroid mission, as well as private companies looking to mine asteroids. A spacecraft landing on one side of an asteroid could cause an avalanche on the other side, by long-range transmission of forces through chains, but there are a lot of variables involved. Well, isn't that just the story of life? Cause and effect. And then there's always positive and negative in life, which is a whole other web. And that's precisely what one researcher at UC Berkeley is looking at. He found that spider webs don't attract the prey; rather the prey attracts the web. As insects fly through the air they generate a positive charge. This charge can be helpful, in bees for example, it"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "handle surface-to-orbit ferry ships. One of the major constraints on spaceport design is the danger level of the spacecraft propulsion systems. It isn't so bad if the spacecraft is actually parked in orbit with the cargo being ferried down in winged space shuttles. It becomes more of a concern if the spacecraft are chemically powered tail-landers. And things get very dangerous if the spacecraft are nuclear powered. If the spacecraft is antimatter powered it probably is not going to be allowed anywhere near a planet, much less land on it. The danger level of the spacecraft using the port will also influence how far away from cities and major populated areas the spaceport is located. Nuclear powered spacecraft will mandate that the potential footprint of the fallout plume goes through only barren and uninhabited areas. An Orion-drive ship can lift-off with little or no fallout if the launch pad is armor plate with a coating of graphite dust. If the spaceport is on a planet with an atmosphere, do not land under Orion-drive power. The nuclear pulse units in an atmosphere will generate horrible nuclear fireballs that the landing ship will fly into, instantly voiding its warranty. The energy of the ship's exhaust is: Fp = (F * Ve) / 2 Fp = thrust power (watts) F = thrust (newtons) Ve = exhaust velocity (m/s) TIMOTHY LITTLE LANDING ANALYSIS [1] Exhaust power. Say we have a gas core rocket with an exhaust velocity of 50,000 m/s and 1,000,000 newtons of thrust. We've got 25,000,000,000 watts on"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "architecture being suboptimal for moon/Mars caused us to change focus to parachutes. \u2014 Elon Musk (@elonmusk) August 2, 2020 Secondly, when you consider the fact that most of the planet is covered with water, it\u2019s obviously a lot easier to aim for the water than for the land. There\u2019s certainly less room for error when it comes to aiming a capsule for a water landing. However, water landings aren\u2019t completely without risk. What are the risks of water landings? As we already mentioned, NASA stopped doing splashdown landings after the Apollo-Soyuz mission\u2019s water landing in July of 1975. During this reentry, the crew splashed down safely, but there was one serious problem. During reentry, the crew was accidentally exposed to toxic hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide fumes from unignited rocket propellant. This led to breathing and eye problems for the astronauts aboard, who were hospitalized for two weeks after splashdown. In the case of astronauts Bob and Doug, engineers aboard recovery ship GO Navigator detected high levels of dinitrogen tetroxide around the capsule. After a 30-minute purge of the remaining fuel in the thruster system, they were able to open the hatch and be loaded onto the recovery ship safely. .@AstroBehnken and @Astro_Doug have been lifted out of the water and are aboard the Go Navigator. Welcome home. #LaunchAmerica pic.twitter.com/gjqUcLMy8X \u2014 NASA (@NASA) August 2, 2020 There was one other issue with Bob and Doug\u2019s reentry \u2014 after the capsule landed in the Gulf of Mexico, several privately-owned boats filled with curious onlookers surrounded it. SpaceX officials"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "fraction of the fuel needed compared to launching it vertically from the surface of the Earth. [float=right][smg id=272 width=220 caption=\"SpaceShipOne in flight\"][/float]The SpaceShip One project has already proven that a spacecraft can be launched from a mothership at an altitude of 15,200 m (50,000 ft), and can go supersonic within 8 seconds. After 70 seconds, the rocket motor cuts out and the spacecraft coasts to its peak altitude (suborbital). SpaceShip Two will be the next generation suborbital air-launched spaceplane designed for space tourism. It uses a feathered reentry system, feasible due to the low speed of reentry \u2013 by contrast, the Space Shuttle and other orbital spacecraft re-enter at orbital speeds, closer to 25,000 km/h (16,000 mph), using heat shields. SpaceShipTwo is furthermore designed to re-enter the atmosphere at any angle. [float=left][smg id=271 width=280 caption=\"SpaceShipTwo (central fuselage) carried under its mothership, White Knight Two\"][/float] I see no reason why the same principles used by the SpaceShip One and Two programs cannot be used to launch larger spacecraft into orbit. The Space Shuttle has been retired. NASA experimented with some replacement vehicles, but to date nothing concrete is on the cards to replace the Shuttle. NASA has retired its Space Shuttles to focus on future missions to an asteroid and eventually Mars. Meanwhile, the private sector has been charged with developing spacecraft to reach the International Space Station and other possible destinations in low-Earth orbit. My next suggestion is to assemble inter planetary spacecraft in orbit. Why continue to launch rockets from the Earth? It is extremely"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Intergalactic travel Space agencies Private spaceflight Bigelow Aerospace Orbital ATK Spaceflight portal Animal-powered Human-powered Transport portal Spaceflight (also written space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft with or without humans on board. Examples of human spaceflight include the U.S. Apollo Moon landing and Space Shuttle programs and the Russian Soyuz program, as well as the ongoing International Space Station. Examples of unmanned spaceflight include space probes that leave Earth orbit, as well as satellites in orbit around Earth, such as communications satellites. These operate either by telerobotic control or are fully autonomous. Spaceflight is used in space exploration, and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications. Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories, reconnaissance satellites and other Earth observation satellites. A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft\u2014both when unpropelled and when under propulsion\u2014is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics. Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely, some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry, and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact. 2.1 Launch 2.2 Reaching space 2.2.1 Alternatives 2.3 Leaving orbit 2.4 Astrodynamics 2.5 Transfer energy 2.6 Reentry 2.7 Landing 2.8 Recovery 3.1 Uncrewed 3.1.1 Benefits 3.1.2 Telepresence 3.3 Sub-orbital 3.4 Point-to-point 3.5 Orbital 3.6 Interplanetary 3.7 Interstellar 3.8 Intergalactic 4 Spacecraft 4.1 Propulsion 4.2 Launch systems 4.2.1 Expendable 4.2.2 Reusable"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "fairing panels (SAJ) which provide a partial load path from the CMA to SA but also protect the solar arrays, radiators, and thrusters from launch and ascent loads. The fairings will be jettisoned during the ascent phase or following main engine cut-off of the launch vehicle. The SA (Spacecraft Adapter) provides the interface to the launch vehicle during launch. During launch and ascent, the ESM and SA will be enclosed by the SAJ. The SA attaches to the aft end of the ESM to the Launch Vehicle and includes the structural interface, separation mechanisms, and umbilical connectors for communication between the launch vehicle and the Orion Spacecraft. At launch vehicle burnout, the Orion Spacecraft separates from the SA at the ESM/SA separation plane. Figure 3: Overview of the Orion spacecraft architecture (image credit: NASA, ESA) Figure 4: Orion schematic layout (image credit: NASA) Orion EM-1 CM (Crew Module) The milestones for the Orion EM-1 mirror the path taken by the Orion EFT-1 (Exploration Flight Test-1) spacecraft. However, the Orion EM-1 will sport a number of improvements based on the experiences of the December 2014 test flight. NASA is beefing up the critical TPS (Thermal Protection System) that will protect astronauts from the searing heats experienced during reentry as the human rated vehicle plunges through the Earth's atmosphere after returning from ambitious expeditions to the Moon and beyond. Based in part on lessons learned from EFT-1, engineers are refining Orion's heat shield to enhance the design, ease manufacturing procedures and significantly strengthen is heat resistant capabilities for"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "cargo spacecraft Aug. 14 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The next Falcon 9 launch, of the U.S. Air Force\u2019s X-37B spaceplane, is planned for early September from Florida. SpaceX launched its fortieth Falcon 9 Thursday, carrying the Formosat-5 spacecraft for the Taiwan\u2019s National Space Organisation and the Republic of China\u2019s National Space Organisation. The launch, which included a successful landing of the first stage aboard the Autonomous Spaceport Drone Ship, occurred at the start of a 44-minute window that opened at 11:50 local time (18:50 UTC) from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. Formosat-5 is an Earth remote sensing satellite which was built and operated by the National Space Organisation of the Republic of China (Taiwan). It is the first spacecraft larger than a CubeSat to be developed and constructed by the Republic of China, although Taiwanese officials proudly insist this is an ingenious spacecraft. Equipped with the Remote Sensing Imager (RSI) payload, providing multispectral and panchromatic imaging capabilities, Formosat-5 will replace the Formosat-2 satellite which was retired last August. Formosat-5 also carries the Advanced Ionospheric Probe, or AIP, package, which will study the behavior of plasma within Earth\u2019s ionosphere. The spacecraft has a mass of 475 kilograms (1050 lb) and is expected to operate for at least five years. It will be placed into a near-polar sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of about 720 kilometers (447 miles, 389 nautical miles). The Remote Sensing Imager is the primary instrument aboard Formosat-5. Built by a partnership of the National Space Organisation and industrial partners within"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Moon: \u2022 EM-1 (Exploration Mission-One), scheduled for 2017, will send an uncrewed Orion MPCV on a high-angle lunar trajectory to test the spacecraft's systems\u2014especially the heat shield and reentry parachutes\u2014as well as the SLS rocket. \u2022 EM-2 (Exploration Mission-Two), scheduled to fly in 2021, will send a crew into orbit around the Moon and back for the first time since 1972. The Orion spacecraft will provide emergency abort during the launch ascent phase, sustain the crew during space travel, and provide safe reentry from deep space return velocities. Figure 3: Orion schematic layout (image credit: NASA) Orion's service module is designed to be the powerhouse that fuels and propels the Orion spacecraft in space. Located directly below the crew module, it will contain the in-space propulsion capability for orbital transfer, attitude control, and high-altitude ascent aborts. It will also generate power using solar arrays and provide thermal control, water, and air for the astronauts until just before their return to Earth, when it will separate from the crew module. The SM provides in-space power, propulsion capability, attitude control, thermal control, water and air for the astronauts. For the EFT-1 flight, the SM is not fully outfitted. It is a structural representation simulating the exact size and mass. In a significant difference from Apollo, Orion is equipped with a trio of massive fairings that encase the SM and support half the mass of the crew module and the launch abort system during launch and ascent. The purpose is to improve performance by saving weight from the service"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "It also contained three racks dedicated to science, FIR (Fluids Integrated Rack) and the first Materials Science Research Rack (MSRR-1) to be placed in Destiny and MELFI-2 (Minus Eighty Laboratory Freezer for ISS) to be placed in Kibo. The FIR enabled detailed study of how liquids behave in microgravity, a crucial detail for many chemical reactions. One experiment, for instance, examined how mixtures known as colloids behave without being stirred by sedimentation and convection. Another using the Light Microscopy Module (LMM) will examine how an ideal heat pipe works without the distortions of gravity. Mission experiments The STS-128 mission (as did STS-125 and STS-127) took part in crew seat vibration tests that will help engineers on the ground understand how astronauts experience launch. They will then use the information to help design the crew seats that will be used in future NASA spacecraft. STS-128 repeated the Boundary Layer Transition (BLT) Detailed Test Objective (DTO) experiment that was done by the same shuttle during STS-119. In this experiment, one of the thermal protection systems was raised to create a boundary layer transition in which the air flow becomes turbulent beyond a certain speed. During STS-119 the tile was raised above the others, tripping the flow at Mach 15 during reentry. In the modification being done, the tile has been raised to trip at Mach 18 producing more heat. Discovery undertook the testing of a catalytic coating which was meant to be used by the Orion (spacecraft). Two TPS tiles located in the protuberance downstream from the BLT"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "return capsule, and the orbiter will depart lunar orbit on 10 December for another 112 hour transfer to Earth. The return capsule will separate from the orbiter for reentry and landing on 15 December. The capsule will land under parachute in Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia, People\u2019s Republic of China. The sealed samples will then be collected and transported for study and analysis. European scientists are expected to access these samples and collaborate with Chinese teams on the subsequent research, but United States scientists will likely be excluded as American law forbids the use of federal funding to collaborate with Chinese scientists. The European Space Agency is an active partner in the Chang\u2019e 5 mission, assisting in tracking the spacecraft during two crucial phases of flight. Graphic showing the phases of flight during which ESA ground stations will support the Chang\u2019e 5 mission \u2013 via ESA Shortly after launch, an ESA ground station in Kourou, French Guiana \u2014 home to the European launch provider Arianespace \u2014 will establish a communications link and verify the health of the spacecraft. Near the conclusion of the mission, a ground station in Maspalomas, Spain, will track the spacecraft during its return to Earth. Other ESA ground stations will be on standby as backups to Chinese tracking stations throughout the mission. The launch of Chang\u2019e 5 will likely preface the use of the Chang Zheng 5 rocket to construct a new Chinese space station in low Earth orbit beginning in 2021. With regards to the Chinese National Space Administration\u2019s lunar exploration program,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Liftoff is expected at 17:52 UTC Sept. 22, 2018. It was set to launch a week earlier on Sept. 14, however, an issue with a liquid oxygen vent valve was found during a post-fueling inspection, forcing a scrub of that launch attempt so engineers could investigate. When it does launch, liftoff will be from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency\u2019s Tanegashima Space Center on the island of Tanegashima located about 40 kilometers south of Kyushu, the southernmost of the four main island of the Japanese archipelago. It is expected to rendezvous with the ISS and be captured by the 17.6-meter Canadarm2 robotic arm several days after launch and subsequently berthed to the Earth-facing port of the Harmony module. NASA TV live coverage should begin about a half hour before launch. Inside the Pressurized Logistics Module, Kounotori 7 is carrying 4,300 kilograms. In addition to food and other crew supplies, this includes two U.S. experiment racks (EXPRESS Racks 9B and 10B), a U.S. Life Sciences Glovebox (which will be the second to be delivered to the ISS) and the European Space Agency-developed Life Support Rack. Additionally, a device called HTV Small Re-entry Capsule, abbreviated HSRC, will also be aboard. According to JAXA, it is designed to demonstrate reentry technology and cargo recovery functions from the ISS. Currently, the only vehicles that can return any cargo from the space station are the crewed Russian Soyuz spacecraft (which offers minimal down-mass capability) and SpaceX\u2019s cargo Dragon spacecraft (which offers a large amount of down-mass capability). HSRC is inside Kounotori 7"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "suit. Elon Musk tweeted late March 1 that there was also a \u201csuper high tech zero-g indicator\u201d onboard: a plush toy resembling the Earth, sitting on one of the seats inside the capsule. Super high tech zero-g indicator added just before launch! pic.twitter.com/CRO26plaXq \u2014 Elon Musk (@elonmusk) March 2, 2019 Demo-1 is the first of two test flights of Crew Dragon as part of SpaceX\u2019s commercial crew contract with NASA. The flight is intended to test key subsystems on the spacecraft and identify problems that will need to be corrected before NASA approves flying its astronauts on the spacecraft. Those milestones include testing Crew Dragon as it approaches and docks with the station and, later, its reentry and splashdown. This mission will mark the first time a Dragon spacecraft has docked with the station, as previous cargo Dragon spacecraft were berthed by the station\u2019s robotic arm. Musk said the biggest risk may be reentry, given the asymmetric shape of the capsule\u2019s backshell, unlike the cargo Dragon. \u201cThat could potentially cause a roll instability on reentry,\u201d Musk said, but added it felt it was unlikely given the simulations. \u201cI would say hypersonic reentry is probably the biggest concern.\u201d Planning for Demo-2 The second test flight, Demo-2, will carry NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley. That mission is scheduled for no earlier than July, although agency leaders emphasized before the Demo-1 launch that they will not rush the launch of Demo-2 to meet a certain schedule. The Falcon 9 Demo-1 launch seen from the Kennedy Space Center"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "suit. Elon Musk tweeted late March 1 that there was also a \u201csuper high tech zero-g indicator\u201d onboard: a plush toy resembling the Earth, sitting on one of the seats inside the capsule. Super high tech zero-g indicator added just before launch! pic.twitter.com/CRO26plaXq \u2014 Elon Musk (@elonmusk) March 2, 2019 Demo-1 is the first of two test flights of Crew Dragon as part of SpaceX\u2019s commercial crew contract with NASA. The flight is intended to test key subsystems on the spacecraft and identify problems that will need to be corrected before NASA approves flying its astronauts on the spacecraft. Those milestones include testing Crew Dragon as it approaches and docks with the station and, later, its reentry and splashdown. This mission will mark the first time a Dragon spacecraft has docked with the station, as previous cargo Dragon spacecraft were berthed by the station\u2019s robotic arm. Musk said the biggest risk may be reentry, given the asymmetric shape of the capsule\u2019s backshell, unlike the cargo Dragon. \u201cThat could potentially cause a roll instability on reentry,\u201d Musk said, but added it felt it was unlikely given the simulations. \u201cI would say hypersonic reentry is probably the biggest concern.\u201d Planning for Demo-2 The second test flight, Demo-2, will carry NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley. That mission is scheduled for no earlier than July, although agency leaders emphasized before the Demo-1 launch that they will not rush the launch of Demo-2 to meet a certain schedule. The Falcon 9 Demo-1 launch seen from the Kennedy Space Center"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "of Alabama is also a NASA stronghold, further decried the launch as a display merely replicating what \u201cNASA accomplished in 1964.\u201d Ball park date but he\u2019s not as far off the mark as, perhaps, the orbital parameters of Tumblin\u2019 Dice 1, aka Deadweight Dragon. Elon Musk had this response to Sen. Hutchison\u2019s statement in a post-launch teleconference with reporters. \u201cI don\u2019t understand why she\u2019s trying to hurt a Texas company. We do all of our engine development and testing in Texas. We\u2019re one of the fastest growing employers in Texas. Why is she trying to hurt a Texas company? That\u2019s wrong, and the people of Texas ought to be aware of that.\u201d <\u2014 Uh, SpaceX is headquartered in the Hawthorne/El Segundo area of Los Angeles, CA (near by is LAX.) Know the area well. It most definitely is not Texas. Don\u2019t make stupid statements out of ignorance. <\u2013 Speak for yourself. Again, please share the date/time/coordinates for controlled reentry, splashdown and recovery of boilerplate Dragon, by the private recovery fleet owned and operated by SpaceX. Otherwise, again, nations above the groundtrack take note\u2013 if this new piece of \u2019space junk\u2019 reenters a la Skylab and does any damage, send the bill to SpaceX, not the USA. @MajotTom- And please note your own \u2018boilerplate\u2019 reference is to manned spacecraft testing used for instrumentation and data collection. Was this a test of the Dragon spacecraft? Uh, no. Please share the instrumentation and data being collected aboard the deadweight \u2018Tumblin\u2019 Dice 1,\u2019 aka your unmanned, non-operational Dragon spacecraft. This"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "encounter during a normal ascent. - For this test, SpaceX will configure Crew Dragon to intentionally trigger a launch escape prior to 1 min, 30 seconds into flight to demonstrate Crew Dragon\u2019s capability to safely separate from the Falcon 9 rocket in the unlikely event of an in-flight emergency. Once the launch escape sequence begins, Falcon 9\u2019s first stage Merlin engines will shut down and Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDraco thrusters will begin their firing sequence. The launch vehicle and spacecraft will separate, and Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDracos will burn to completion. - After Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDracos shutdown, the spacecraft will passively coast to apogee, the highest point in its arc. Near apogee, Crew Dragon\u2019s trunk will separate and the smaller Draco thrusters will re-orient the spacecraft for reentry and parachute deploy. At the appropriate conditions, Dragon\u2019s drogue and main parachutes will sequence to provide for a soft landing in the Atlantic Ocean near SpaceX Dragon recovery teams. - Following Crew Dragon\u2019s separation, Falcon 9 is expected to aerodynamically break up offshore over the Atlantic Ocean. Expected breakup time will vary based upon a number of factors, including day of launch winds and expected minor variations in vehicle attitudes and positions, but could occur shortly after separation or later upon reentry from the upper atmosphere. In either scenario, a dedicated team of SpaceX Falcon 9 recovery personnel will be staged and ready to begin recovering debris immediately after breakup. - As part of the Dragon recovery operation, Air Force Detachment-3 personnel will work with the SpaceX recovery team to"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "made yesterday\u2019s launch and today\u2019s docking a success. These amazing feats show not how easy our mission is, but how capable we are of doing hard things. Welcome to the new era in spaceflight.\u201d The Falcon 9, with Crew Dragon on top, on the pad at Launch Complex 39A during final launch preparations March 1. (credit: J. Foust) Schedules and safety There\u2019s still a lot of hard things to go on the Demo-1 mission. Crew Dragon will remain docked until Friday, when it will depart the station and reenter, splashing down off the Florida coast at around 8:45 am Eastern that morning. That may be the toughest test yet for the spacecraft. Speaking at a post-launch press conference, Musk said the asymmetric shape of the Crew Dragon backshell, with protuberances to accommodate the Super Drago thrusters for the capsule\u2019s launch abort system, could create a \u201croll instability\u201d in the capsule as it reentered, while emphasizing that was a low-probability event based on simulations. \u201cI would say hypersonic reentry is probably the biggest concern,\u201d he said. Even if Crew Dragon aces the rest of the Demo-1 mission\u2014undocking, reentry, parachute deployment, splashdown, and recovery\u2014there\u2019s still work to be done on the spacecraft before it will be ready to carry people. In addition to any issues identified during the mission itself, there are other aspects of the vehicle that need to be taken care of before NASA considers it ready to carry its astronauts. One set of tasks involves those systems that weren\u2019t needed to meet the objectives of"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "UTC Aerospace Systems provides critical control systems for NASA's Orion spacecraft launched today CHARLOTTE, N.C., Dec. 5, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- UTC Aerospace Systems' employees helped build NASA's Orion spacecraft, which completed its Exploration Flight Test (EFT-1) today from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The team provided critical control systems, including active thermal control, pressure control, power control and switching hardware for the Orion spacecraft, as well as key systems for the Delta IV Heavy launch vehicle. UTC Aerospace Systems is a unit of United Technologies Corp. (NYSE: UTX). \"We are honored to partner with Lockheed Martin and United Launch Alliance in this important milestone for NASA,\" said Allen Flynt, General Manager, Human Exploration and Launch Vehicles. \"Orion is the vehicle for the next generation of space exploration, and our employees are helping to make that a reality.\" The active thermal control system provides pumps and thermal expansion control of fluid circuits for cooling of the avionics boxes. The power control and switching hardware provide power connectivity from external power sources, conditioned power to the crew and service modules, and communication to environmental control and life support systems components. The pressure control equipment consists of a negative pressure relief valve, which allows for pressure equalization between the vehicle interior and the outside air during reentry in the event the cabin pressure has leakage. \"These systems are key to crew and craft survivability,\" said Flynt. \"Results of this flight test will help inform the development of the crewed version of the Orion spacecraft, which our employees are already"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "precision and ensure its crew can get home, communication and navigation systems to maintain contact with the ground and orient the spacecraft, systems and features to handle radiation events, as well as a heat shield that can handle a high-speed reentry from the Moon. Both distance and duration demand that spacecraft must have systems that can reliably operate far from home, be capable of keeping astronauts alive in case of emergencies and still be light enough that a rocket can launch it,\u201d says NASA. While @NASA_Orion is in distant retrograde orbit, flight controllers at @NASA_Johnson will monitor key systems and perform checkouts in the environment of deep space. We're testing critical systems on Orion during #Artemis I to prepare for carrying @NASA_Astronauts on Artemis II. pic.twitter.com/r0CWi6Ozks The Artemis 1 mission and Orion capsule have been performing admirably with only a few minor issues since its launch on Nov. 16 Water reflecting view of nature and space as NASA\u2019s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket carrying the Orion spacecraft launches on the Artemis I lunar flight test, Wednesday, Nov. 16, 2022, at 1:47 a.m. ET from Launch Pad 39B at the Kennedy Space Center as bird observes from the Turn Basin. Artemis 1 is first integrated flight test of Orion and SLS rocket around the Moon and back. Credit: Ken Kremer/spaceupclose.com \u201cIn terms of overall systems failures, we haven\u2019t seen a single thing on the rocket or on the spacecraft that would have caused us to question our reliability or our redundancy,\u201d said Mike Sarafin, NASA Artemis 1"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "is unusual in that it allows for an extended 30 minute launch window, allowing time to resolve technical glitches or for foul weather to clear. Launch schematic for OA-4 from launch to interception with the International Space Station. Image credit: Orbital ATK It will take the spacecraft approximately 2.5 days to intercept the space station once it launches. It will stay attached for a month as astronauts unload cargo and refill the spacecraft with garbage. This is a one-way trip for Cygnus: when it undocks, it\u2019ll burn up in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere during destructive reentry. If today\u2019s launch is also scrubbed, two additional windows are open on December 5th and 6th. After that, mission planners will need to be creative about how to create orbital intercepts, possibly including a launch where the spacecraft will loiter in orbit for a few weeks before intercepting the space station. Due to an annual sun-angle blackout, no spacecraft can dock with the space station between Christmas Eve and January 3, 2016. This is the fourth commercial cargo mission for Orbital, OA-4, since 2014. The company is contracted to deliver 28,700 kilograms (63,272 pounds) of cargo to the space station over approximately ten missions. Artist\u2019s concept of the Enhanced Cygnus approaching the International Space Station. Image credit: Orbital ATK Update 6:03pm: Although the weather was better than during yesterday\u2019s attempt, gusts of wind delayed today\u2019s launch three times. Each failure reset the countdown clock to the final 4-minutes, and the rocket and spacecraft experienced no technical issues. With the final attempt"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the meteor shower. That was in the wrong direction,\" Montalbano said. \"We've got some work to do with imagery to better understand if it was a meteorite hit or if it was a hardware issue.\" The damage could have been caused by another meteorite, unrelated to the Geminids, or a piece of orbital space debris, according to Montalbano. The space station as seen from the SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour during its departure on Nov. 8, 2021. (Image: NASA) NASA Astronaut Frank Rubio, Prokopyev and Petelin arrived at the ISS in September onboard the Soyuz, and the Russian spacecraft is also their ride home. WHY A SPACECRAFT CLAW WAS BUILT TO CLEAN UP SPACE JUNK Kirkalev said mission managers are still trying to determine if the Soyuz can undock and re-enter Earth's atmosphere safely with the three crew members or if another Soyuz will need to bring them home. \"Now we are doing formal analysis to see if we can use this vehicle to do a nominal reentry with the crew \u2026 or we need to send a rescue vehicle to the station in the future,\" Kirkalev said. The Soyuz and SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft docked at the ISS are the only way astronauts can get back to Earth. Another Soyuz was scheduled to launch in March. Kirkalev said that the launch could be moved up several weeks if needed. NASA astronaut Josh Cassada rides the CanadaArm2 while holding a new solar array during installation outside the International Space Station on Dec. 3, 2022. (Image: NASA) It's"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "SpaceX tests new engine for Dragon capsule An artistic illustration of Dragon spacecraft's landing. A SpaceX photo HAWTHORNE (BNS): Private US space firm SpaceX has successfully tested a new engine for the Dragon spacecraft which it says will ensure safety of astronauts during space flight missions. The new powerful SuperDraco engine, an advancement of the Draco engines currently used by SpaceX's Dragon spacecraft to maneuver on orbit and during reentry, will enable astronauts to eject to safety in the event of an emergency during launch. As part of SpaceX's state-of-the-art launch escape system, eight SuperDraco engines built into the side walls of the Dragon spacecraft will produce up to 120,000 pounds of axial thrust to carry astronauts to safety should an emergency occur during launch. The eight SuperDracos provide redundancy, so that even if one engine fails an escape can still be carried out successfully. The engines can also be restarted multiple times if necessary and they will have the ability to deep throttle, providing astronauts with precise control and enormous power, SpaceX said. In addition, as a part of a recoverable Dragon spacecraft, the engines can be used repeatedly, helping to advance SpaceX's long-term goal of making spacecraft more like airplanes, which can be flown again and again with minimal maintenance between flights, it said. The company had received a $75 million contract from NASA's Commercial Crew Programme in April, 2011 to develop the escape system in order to prepare the Dragon spacecraft to carry astronauts. Less than nine months later, SpaceX engineers have designed,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "& Smithsonian (CfA), stressed that we cannot assume the spacecraft is a space plane. \"'Reusable' doesn't necessarily mean 'winged,'\" he wrote on Twitter on Sunday. \"Still could be a [SpaceX] Dragon-style capsule, with a parachute, landing in the Taklamakan somewhere. Exact launch and landing times not announced by China.\" China has announced the name of the spacecraft, which is called Chongfu Shiyong Shiyan Hangtian Qi, McDowell said on Twitter on Friday. The name \"translates as Repeat Use Test Space Craft (let's say Reusable Test Spacecraft a bit more loosely),\" McDowell added. Also, analysis of a newly found object in space suggests that the Chinese spacecraft released something while it was in orbit, according to SpaceNews, although what that may be is pure speculation. \"My analysis suggests it was ejected from China's experimental spacecraft near 22:25 UT [6:25 p.m. EDT] on the 5th, about two revolutions before landing,\" Marco Langbroek, a Leiden University space situational awareness consultant, wrote on Twitter on Sunday. He credited McDowell with spotting the object in the first place. SpaceNews said that, whatever the object was, it was released two orbits before the spacecraft began its return to Earth. Neither Chinese nor United States space-tracking organizations have released details, the report added. \"Chinese crew capsules have previously released 'Banxing' small companion satellites for monitoring,\" SpaceNews said. \"An experimental new-generation crew spacecraft released a test inflatable reentry and descent technology module in May. The experiment suffered an anomaly during reentry.\" To be fair, the Chinese aren't alone in keeping the activities of experimental spacecraft"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "profile completely autonomously. That presents its own set of challenges, said Ferguson, adding that the flight software, avionics, docking sensors and propulsion, reentry and landing systems all have to work completely independently without human input. Manual controls are there as a safety valve. \u201cIf we see something we don\u2019t like or if the system is doing something it\u2019s not supposed to, we can take over and get the vehicle back on track. Integrating the autonomy and manual control such that the transitions are seamless has been a unique challenge,\u201d he said. SpaceX, on the other hand, is using its Dragon spacecraft, which has carried cargo to the ISS since 2012. The Dragon is capable of carrying up to seven passengers to and from Earth orbit. The pressurized section of the capsule is designed to carry both people and environmentally sensitive cargo. Toward the base of the capsule and contained within the nose cone are the Draco thrusters, which allow for orbital maneuvering. Dragon\u2019s trunk not only carries unpressurized cargo but also supports the spacecraft during ascent. The trunk remains attached to Dragon until shortly before reentry into Earth\u2019s atmosphere. To support human spaceflight, Crew Dragon features an environmental control and life support system. The spacecraft is equipped with a launch escape system capable of carrying crew to safety at any point during ascent or in the unlikely event of an anomaly on the pad. While the crew can take manual control of the spacecraft if necessary, Crew Dragon missions will autonomously dock and undock with the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "launch, orbit and during reentry. Once completed it will be the largest and most powerful vibration test facility every built. \u2014 The design of a high-speed data acquisition system that will be used to collect and analyze data from the two testing facilities. \u2014 The design and delivery of all control systems for both testing facilities. These two new testing facilities and the other facilities being readied under separate efforts will allow the Orion spacecraft, consisting of the launch abort system and the crew and service modules, to undergo thermal- vacuum, acoustic, mechanical vibration and electromagnetic compatibility evaluations within the confines of the SPF during development and qualification. These new testing facilities also will support NASA\u2019s Constellation Program\u2019s future spacecraft and other systems required for exploration missions to the moon, Mars and other destinations in the solar system. \u201cWe look forward to leading the design-build effort to deliver one of the world\u2019s largest high-intensity acoustic test chamber and the world\u2019s largest and most powerful spacecraft vibration test system for NASA and the Orion Program,\u201d said Bill Steen, Benham project director for the NASA contract. Benham, a wholly owned subsidiary of SAIC, provides integrated architectural design, engineering, procurement and construction services for a broad spectrum of industries and facilities, delivering end-to-end solutions for government and private customers. SAIC is a leading provider of scientific, engineering, systems integration and technical services and solutions to all branches of the U.S. military, agencies of the Department of Defense, the intelligence community, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and other U.S."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Saturday. Meteorologists with the U.S. Air Force 45th Space Wing predict a 90% chance of favorable weather, with the primary concerns for launch day being the flight through precipitation rule during the four-hour launch window. \u201cPrior to launch, SpaceX and NASA teams will practice launch day end-to-end operations with NASA astronauts, including final spacecraft inspections and side hatch closeout. Additionally, SpaceX and NASA flight controllers along with support teams will be staged as they will for future Crew Dragon missions, helping the integrated launch team gain additional experience beyond existing simulations and training events,\u201d said NASA officials. \u201cAfter liftoff, Falcon 9\u2019s ascent will follow a trajectory that will mimic a Crew Dragon mission to the International Space Station matching the physical environments the rocket and spacecraft will encounter during a normal ascent. \u201cFor this test, SpaceX will configure Crew Dragon to intentionally trigger a launch escape prior to 1 min, 30 seconds into flight to demonstrate Crew Dragon\u2019s capability to safely separate from the Falcon 9 rocket in the unlikely event of an in-flight emergency. Once the launch escape sequence begins, Falcon 9\u2019s first stage Merlin engines will shut down and Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDraco thrusters will begin their firing sequence. The launch vehicle and spacecraft will separate, and Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDracos will burn to completion. \u201cAfter Crew Dragon\u2019s SuperDracos shutdown, the spacecraft will passively coast to apogee, the highest point in its arc. Near apogee, Crew Dragon\u2019s trunk will separate and the smaller Draco thrusters will re-orient the spacecraft for reentry and parachute deploy. At the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "impact sub-orbital flights because one might say the launch and reentry of such vehicles is relatively seamless \u2014 with tourists enjoying 5-10 minutes of weightlessness. Indeed, the regulations actually define \u201claunch\u201d of a reusable launch vehicle for sub-orbital flight as only ending when the vehicle touches down \u2013 so the launch license already covers everything, i.e. in essence, at least from a regulatory perspective, there is no in-space activity or reentry in such a case. But for the other activities, the United States obligation to \u201cauthorize and continually supervise\u201d may not be provided for in the current U.S. system. Some have suggested leveraging launch licensing authority, perhaps under the guise of the payload safety review, to at least create non-interference zones. Indeed, the FAA does institute a non-interference zone around the ISS. And, FAA said as much to Bigelow Aerospace in its request in the form of a payload safety review. At the time the FAA response became public earlier this year, I blogged the following: \u201cThe US government (FAA AST in consultation with State Dept., Dept. of Defense, NASA, NOAA and other agencies) is saying that it will use its current launch licensing authority as best it can to protect space facilities, hardware and personnel by ensuring zones of non-interference with commercial operations. The zones of non-interference will only apply vis a vis others being licensed by FAA AST, largely US corporations. The decision is a sign that the US government is fully engaged in this issue and recognizes the importance of protecting and stimulating"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "August 12 \u2013 August 18, 2019 ULA Vulcan Rocket Selected To Launch Sierra Nevada Corp. Dream Chaser SNC Dream Chaser on ULA Vulcan Centaur Rocket. Image Credit: Sierra Nevada Corporation/United Launch Alliance August 15, 2019 \u2013 Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) has selected United Launch Alliance (ULA) as the launch vehicle provider for the Dream Chaser spacecraft\u2019s six NASA missions to the International Space Station. The Dream Chaser will launch aboard ULA\u2019s Vulcan Centaur rockets for its cargo resupply and return services to the space station, starting in 2021. Read More GOLD Reveals Unexpected Changes In Earth\u2019s Nighttime Ionosphere This October 15, 2018, GOLD image of daytime airglow clearly shows the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) as two arcs on either side of the magnetic equator, which extend across the nightside of the disk. The colors represent an increase in oxygen emissions from blue to red, with the left side of the Earth lit by the Sun, which has set over most of South America. Image Credit: GOLD August 14, 2019 \u2013 NASA\u2019s Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission has observed dramatic and unexplained shifts in the location of features in the Earth\u2019s ionosphere surrounding the equator. Unanticipated changes in the nighttime ionosphere can lead to disruptions in communication and navigation that depend on satellites, such as GPS. Read More James Webb Space Telescope Could Begin Learning About TRAPPIST-1 Atmospheres In A Year This artist\u2019s concept appeared on the Feb. 23, 2017 cover of the journal Nature announcing that the nearby star TRAPPIST-1, an ultra-cool"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [-0.13440987467765808, -0.022711854428052902, -0.18204224109649658, -0.09660869836807251, -0.09660869836807251, -0.10879440605640411, -0.01711539551615715, -0.1719384342432022, -0.09245329350233078, -0.10489664226770401, -0.04553230479359627, -0.1403363049030304, -0.10879440605640411, -0.15900325775146484, -0.13440987467765808, -0.07981559634208679], "y": [0.04038099944591522, 0.15462626516819, -0.027509963139891624, 0.07092872262001038, 0.07092872262001038, 0.04353747516870499, 0.029101457446813583, -0.037380415946245193, 0.024919766932725906, 0.03654788061976433, 0.07804430276155472, -0.04201851785182953, 0.04353747516870499, 0.019112056121230125, 0.04038099944591522, -0.039276447147130966], "mode": "markers", "name": "Cluster 6", "marker": {"size": 8, "color": "rgb(179,222,105)"}, "text": ["Document 46", "Document 60", "Document 360", "Document 388", "Document 389", "Document 422", "Document 433", "Document 459", "Document 514", "Document 537", "Document 576", "Document 578", "Document 621", "Document 703", "Document 767", "Document 800"], "customdata": [{"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "inside a very narrow pie-shaped wedge and I think we were continually being pushed off that wedge. The reason was, we found out about 2-3 months after from analysis, was the lander\u2019s venting of cooling vapor. The way we cool the electronic systems in LM was to pass water through a heat exchanger, and that water evaporates into space. That evaporation \u2014 which would be insignificant during a normal lunar landing mission \u2014 was going on for the 4 days we were using the LM as a lifeboat, acting as a small force, forcing us off the initial trajectory.\u201d Coming in on a shallower trajectory would result in a longer period in the upper atmosphere where there was less deceleration of the spacecraft. In turn, the reduced pace of deceleration lengthened the time that the heat of reentry produced the ionized gasses that would block communications. The Apollo 13 spacecraft heads toward a splashdown in the South Pacific Ocean. Note the capsule and its parachutes just visible against a gap in the dark clouds. Credit: NASA. But NASA engineer Jerry Woodfill offers additional insight into the communication delays. He recently spoke with Jerry Bostick, the Flight Dynamics Officer (FIDO) for Apollo 13, who told him, \u201cMany believe the added time resulted from the communication signal skipping, like a stone, over layers of the upper atmosphere because of the shallow entry angle.\u201d \u201cBostick likened the radio signals to a stone skipping on a pond, and finally, the signal found a location to sink Earthward,\u201d Woodfill said. However,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "and ready to land. It is far from reaching the sound barrier! Photo credits unfortunately unknown Let\u2019s (finally?) get back to our subject of atmospheric entry! When an object penetrates the atmosphere at the crazy speeds of orbital mechanics, the air is compressed into a shockwave in front of the object and heats up to very high temperature. After colliding with our object, the air in the zone of the shockwave can achieve local temperature of several thousand to several tens of thousands of degrees. This has the effect of ripping electrons from atoms, ionizing the matter, and causing it to enter into a plasma phase: the fourth, and little known state of matter (gas, liquid, solid, and plasma). The plasma is then a \u201csoup of electrons and ions\u201d that glows red/orange. This is what creates the beautiful light trail in the sky! Photo taken during the atmospheric entry of STS-42 In addition, the plasma interferes with the radio signals the vehicle might send or receive. It blocks all communication with the crew during their atmospheric entry! The phenomenon known as \u201cradio blackout\u201d can last approximately 3 to 5 minutes for a capsule returning to Earth (using the figures from the Apollo missions). In the same way, the Martian probes or the Huygens probe that landed on Titan, endured the same phenomenon. The space shuttles endured a radio blackout for as much as 30 minutes ( ! ) during their returns, up until the deployment of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System that takes advantage"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "does not help either. GSY wrote: NASA engineers had to shed every possible ounce to get the Apollo ships (in full view of the world before launch) to the moon. There certainly was not an additional lunar lander in the stack. In-flight broadcasts showed astronauts in the capsule, the command model, and the lunar lander. In weightlessness. Which cannot be faked within the 45 seconds of weightlessness a Vomit Comet plane can provide. Second launch? No. Remember, this was during the cold war. All the major powers were keeping constant watch for unexpected launches \u2014 they might mean an ICBM attack! And, military and astronomers tracked every item in space even back then. The sudden appearance of a spacecraft in low earth orbit would be front page news! Was everyone in NORAD in on the conspiracy?? And no one has ever said anything?? Re-entry from lunar orbit is much different than re-entry from low earth orbit. Astronomers would not be fooled. And they would have been following the spacecraft since it launched. Why bother with all those Apollo space-rendezvous-practice and around-the-moon missions? They could have simply made Apollo 8 a fake landing mission. Done! Were the Apollo 13 astronauts \u2014 close to death for five days \u2014 really in near earth orbit, but NASA wouldn\u2019t let them land, because they had to pretend to complete their lunar orbit, else it would \u201cruin the plan\u201d? ? ? And everyone at every network and all aeronautical journalists and astronomers and sky trackers AROUND THE WORLD were tricked for"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "Chinese. Nice one there. People will always give excuses why good advances shouldnt be made, while ignorantly using technologies that they would have criticised if they were alive when they were built. I think pessimists (retrogressers and status quo guys) are too many for the good of mankind, and we really need to build a machine with which to tweak and tinker with their mind sets. I need a pessimist to criticise what I just said. Well, you won't get me to disagree. We live in the most amazing world ever. To denigrate it because we are still trying to solve the problems is to negate the historical and anthropological process is sheer ignorance. The Flavored Coffee Guy The problem is simple. Re-entry caused these kinds of problems before and that was the Moon Missions back in the late 60s and early 70s. Plasma coats craft and cuts off communications. If you use the old math and old school methods on a craft travelling allot faster, you wind up loosing your signal anyway. The hotter the plasma, the better a short circuit if makes for radio waves. The more aerodynamic the design of the craft, the more even the sheet of plasma. So, it probably left several bands of radar and couldn't be followed by a list of frequencies, and included in that was the communications channels. There is a way to look signal analysis vs imaging to detect via spectrometer or color analysis about what temperature the skin of the craft was, altitude and pressure"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "Chinese. Nice one there. People will always give excuses why good advances shouldnt be made, while ignorantly using technologies that they would have criticised if they were alive when they were built. I think pessimists (retrogressers and status quo guys) are too many for the good of mankind, and we really need to build a machine with which to tweak and tinker with their mind sets. I need a pessimist to criticise what I just said. Well, you won't get me to disagree. We live in the most amazing world ever. To denigrate it because we are still trying to solve the problems is to negate the historical and anthropological process is sheer ignorance. The Flavored Coffee Guy The problem is simple. Re-entry caused these kinds of problems before and that was the Moon Missions back in the late 60s and early 70s. Plasma coats craft and cuts off communications. If you use the old math and old school methods on a craft travelling allot faster, you wind up loosing your signal anyway. The hotter the plasma, the better a short circuit if makes for radio waves. The more aerodynamic the design of the craft, the more even the sheet of plasma. So, it probably left several bands of radar and couldn't be followed by a list of frequencies, and included in that was the communications channels. There is a way to look signal analysis vs imaging to detect via spectrometer or color analysis about what temperature the skin of the craft was, altitude and pressure"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "of ice? Had the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) gyros failed, having inadequate time to warm-up causing the capsule to skip off the atmosphere, or incinerate with the crew in a fiery death plunge to Earth? Of course, the crew finally did answer, but confirmation that Lovell, Haise and Swigert had survived reentry came nearly a minute and a half later than expected. Some might feel director Ron Howard may have over-sensationalized the re-entry scenes for dramatic effect. But in listening to the actual radio communications between Mission Control and the ARIA 4 aircraft that was searching for a signal from the Apollo 13 crew, the real drama is just as palpable \u2013 if not more \u2014 than in the movie. For virtually every reentry from Mercury through Apollo 12, the time of radio blackout was predictable, almost to the second. So why did Apollo 13\u2019s radio blackout period extend for 87 seconds longer than expected, longer than any other flight? The view in Mission Control after Apollo 13 landed safely. Credit: NASA. During the Apollo era, the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry. It was caused by ionized air surrounding the command module during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. The radio blackout period for the space shuttle program ended in 1988 when NASA launched the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS), which allowed nearly constant communication between the spacecraft and Mission Control. It is difficult to find official NASA documentation about the extended radio blackout time for"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "a spacecraft experiences during re-entry into Earth\u2019s atmosphere. The blackout is a result of the craft being surrounded by a plume of incandescent plasma generated by the heat of re-entry. Such a plasma is impenetrable by radio waves, but can be pierced by x-rays. Using their prototype, Mr Hang and his colleagues are able to encode messages into x-rays, transmit them through a vacuum, and then decode them at the other end. A practical version of this system would not broadcast signals directly to Earth from the re-entering craft. Rather it would transmit them to a satellite that then relayed the message Earthward by more conventional means. The reason for the detour is that, though x-rays penetrate dust, they are absorbed by the sorts of gases that make up Earth\u2019s atmosphere. The re-entry transceiver works because the period of re-entry blackout happens high in the atmosphere, where the air is thin. A signal beamed through the thick air of the lower atmosphere would, by contrast, be absorbed. xcom, as Mr Hang dubs his putative x-ray Aldis lamp, would be a more powerful version of such a spacecraft transmitter. To avoid atmospheric absorption it would have to be put into space to operate. Ideally, it would sit on the far side of the Moon, shielded from interference from Earth. By a lucky coincidence, the China National Space Administration, the country\u2019s space agency, has just demonstrated, with the landing of its lunar probe Chang\u2019e-4, that it can position equipment on that part of Earth\u2019s natural satellite. Whether the"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "And they actually wage their own war on science which does not help either. Sigmetnow GSY wrote: NASA engineers had to shed every possible ounce to get the Apollo ships (in full view of the world before launch) to the moon. There certainly was not an additional lunar lander in the stack. In-flight broadcasts showed astronauts in the capsule, the command model, and the lunar lander. In weightlessness. Which cannot be faked within the 45 seconds of weightlessness a Vomit Comet plane can provide. Second launch? No. Remember, this was during the cold war. All the major powers were keeping constant watch for unexpected launches \u2014 they might mean an ICBM attack! And, military and astronomers tracked every item in space even back then. The sudden appearance of a spacecraft in low earth orbit would be front page news! Was everyone in NORAD in on the conspiracy?? And no one has ever said anything?? Re-entry from lunar orbit is much different than re-entry from low earth orbit. Astronomers would not be fooled. And they would have been following the spacecraft since it launched. Why bother with all those Apollo space-rendezvous-practice and around-the-moon missions? They could have simply made Apollo 8 a fake landing mission. Done! Were the Apollo 13 astronauts \u2014 close to death for five days \u2014 really in near earth orbit, but NASA wouldn\u2019t let them land, because they had to pretend to complete their lunar orbit, else it would \u201cruin the plan\u201d? ? ? And everyone at every network and all aeronautical journalists"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry. It was caused by ionized air surrounding the command module during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. The radio blackout period for the space shuttle program ended in 1988 when NASA launched the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS), which allowed nearly constant communication between the spacecraft and Mission Control. It is difficult to find official NASA documentation about the extended radio blackout time for Apollo 13. In the mission\u2019s Accident Review Board Report, there\u2019s no mention of this anomaly. The only discussion of any communication problem comes in a section about reentry preparations, after the Service Module was jettisoned. There was a half-hour period of very poor communications with the Command Module due to the spacecraft being in a poor attitude with the Lunar Module still attached. Some of the reentry preparations were unnecessarily prolonged by the poor communications, but was more of a nuisance than an additional hazard to the crew, the report said. In numerous interviews that I\u2019ve done and listened to in preparation for this series of articles, when those involved with the Apollo 13 mission are asked about why the blackout period was longer than normal, the answer normally comes as a hedged response, with the crew or a flight director indicating they don\u2019t know exactly why it happened. It seems analysis of this has defied a reasonable and irrefutable scientific explanation. Overall view showing some of the activity in the Mission Operations Control Room during"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "going on for the 4 days we were using the LM as a lifeboat, acting as a small force, forcing us off the initial trajectory.\u201d Coming in on a shallower trajectory would result in a longer period in the upper atmosphere where there was less deceleration of the spacecraft. In turn, the reduced pace of deceleration lengthened the time that the heat of reentry produced the ionized gasses that would block communications. The Apollo 13 spacecraft heads toward a splashdown in the South Pacific Ocean. Note the capsule and its parachutes just visible against a gap in the dark clouds. Credit: NASA. But NASA engineer Jerry Woodfill offers additional insight into the communication delays. He recently spoke with Jerry Bostick, the Flight Dynamics Officer (FIDO) for Apollo 13, who told him, \u201cMany believe the added time resulted from the communication signal skipping, like a stone, over layers of the upper atmosphere because of the shallow entry angle.\u201d \u201cBostick likened the radio signals to a stone skipping on a pond, and finally, the signal found a location to sink Earthward,\u201d Woodfill said. However, this explanation too, leaves questions. Woodfill said he has studied the \u201csignal skipping\u201d phenomenon, and has found information to both support and refute the concept by virtue of when such an occurrence could be expected. \u201cThe consensus was it is a night time phenomena,\u201d Woodfill said. \u201cApollo 13 entered in daylight in the Pacific and in Houston. Nevertheless, the question to this day demonstrates just how near Apollo 13 came to disaster. If the"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "An artist's illustration of the superhot plasma around a spacecraft like NASA's Apollo command module that can block communications and cause a radio blackout during the critical re-entry of a spacecraft. When future spacecraft re-enter the atmosphere, a new kind of antenna might help them keep in contact with ground control, despite the fiery sheaths of superhot plasma around them, researchers say. The technology might also help keep communication lines open to other hypersonic vehicles, such as military planes and ballistic missiles. As NASA's Apollo 13 crisis revealed in 1970, this radio silence can be fraught with extraordinary tension. As the crippled spacecraft plummeted back toward Earth, the communications blackout lasted more than a minute longer than expected, leaving ground control in tortured suspense over whether the three astronauts aboard had survived. \"When a re-entry vehicle is unable to be connected, the only thing you can do is pray for it,\" study lead author Xiaotian Gao, a physicist at the Harbin Institute of Technology in China, said in a statement. Prior studies have tried to solve this communication blackout problem, but they all had their shortcomings. For instance, scientists have suggested changing the shape of hypersonic vehicles, because sharp-nosed vehicles have thinner plasma sheaths than blunt-nosed ones. But sometimes, blunt-nosed bodies are preferable because they can withstand heat better and slow down more quickly. Other approaches involve using magnetic fields to control the plasma sheath, or injecting water or other liquids into the plasma sheath to make it more permeable to radio signals, but these methods"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "\u2013 just vanished. They hadn\u2019t even reached the moon. All their training and simulations had always relied on backup systems to keep the mission going, nobody had been game enough to introduce a complete failure of all the power systems into the simulations. As one of the Flight Controllers said later, \u201cThis was so far down the line, if anyone had asked us to simulate it ahead of time we would all have said he was being unrealistic.\u201d Liebergot: \u201cI had all the feelings that went with not having the answers to the problem and not seeing any way out of it. It happened too quickly \u2013 it was a cascading failure which means the original failure got masked by the subsequent failures it created. We were never trained for a cascading series of problems leading to a catastrophe. That\u2019s not training. It was like saying the structure of the spacecraft was going to fail.\u201d A minute or so after the explosion Alan Glines, the communications engineer (INCO), reported to Kranz that the signal from the spacecraft had switched to the smaller omni antennas, which was probably due to the side panel hitting the big antenna on its way past. The weaker signal combined with the erratic behaviour of the spacecraft caused the receiver operators at Goldstone and Honeysuckle Creek and the other stations difficulty in holding onto the weak, fluctuating signal for the rest of the mission. Then Lovell announced the voltage on the A Bus was beginning to drop. An uneasy silence fell on"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "of ice? Had the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) gyros failed, having inadequate time to warm-up causing the capsule to skip off the atmosphere, or incinerate with the crew in a fiery death plunge to Earth? Of course, the crew finally did answer, but confirmation that Lovell, Haise and Swigert had survived reentry came nearly a minute and a half later than expected. Some might feel director Ron Howard may have over-sensationalized the re-entry scenes for dramatic effect. But in listening to the actual radio communications between Mission Control and the ARIA 4 aircraft that was searching for a signal from the Apollo 13 crew, the real drama is just as palpable \u2013 if not more \u2014 than in the movie. For virtually every reentry from Mercury through Apollo 12, the time of radio blackout was predictable, almost to the second. So why did Apollo 13\u2019s radio blackout period extend for 87 seconds longer than expected, longer than any other flight? The view in Mission Control after Apollo 13 landed safely. Credit: NASA. During the Apollo era, the radio blackout was a normal part of reentry. It was caused by ionized air surrounding the command module during its superheated reentry through the atmosphere, which interfered with radio waves. The radio blackout period for the space shuttle program ended in 1988 when NASA launched the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS), which allowed nearly constant communication between the spacecraft and Mission Control. It is difficult to find official NASA documentation about the extended radio blackout time for"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "flame where the rocket exhaust hit the descent stage. The burning of the materials of the descent stage no doubt caused the visible flame. 12. Given that during the Apollo 15 lift-off we are even able to hear the music from the tape recorder in the cabin, why don\u2019t we hear the sound of the engine as well? The reason the music can be heard clearly is that astronaut Al Worden played it into his microphone specifically so that it would be heard in mission control. He said \"I thought I was playing it only for Houston.\" Source (Entry at 171:37:25). The reason the engine was not also heard is that, as mentioned in the answer to question 11, it did not make a loud noise in the cabin. 13. The lift-off from the moon is possibly the most delicate moment of the entire mission. The astronauts must keep their total concentration, and they must be able to communicate with one another instantly, in case something were to go wrong. Why then put their safety at risk by playing loud music inside the cabin, which could have distracted them from the operations and could have kept them from communicating clearly in a moment of distress? (Audio/Video 1:30:00) Arguably, landing on the moon is a lot more delicate than lifting off, because during landing it might be necessary for the LEM pilot to take manual control to avoid an unsuitable landing site, as Neil Armstrong was forced to during Apollo 11. During liftoff it was less likely"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "inside a very narrow pie-shaped wedge and I think we were continually being pushed off that wedge. The reason was, we found out about 2-3 months after from analysis, was the lander\u2019s venting of cooling vapor. The way we cool the electronic systems in LM was to pass water through a heat exchanger, and that water evaporates into space. That evaporation \u2014 which would be insignificant during a normal lunar landing mission \u2014 was going on for the 4 days we were using the LM as a lifeboat, acting as a small force, forcing us off the initial trajectory.\u201d Coming in on a shallower trajectory would result in a longer period in the upper atmosphere where there was less deceleration of the spacecraft. In turn, the reduced pace of deceleration lengthened the time that the heat of reentry produced the ionized gasses that would block communications. The Apollo 13 spacecraft heads toward a splashdown in the South Pacific Ocean. Note the capsule and its parachutes just visible against a gap in the dark clouds. Credit: NASA. But NASA engineer Jerry Woodfill offers additional insight into the communication delays. He recently spoke with Jerry Bostick, the Flight Dynamics Officer (FIDO) for Apollo 13, who told him, \u201cMany believe the added time resulted from the communication signal skipping, like a stone, over layers of the upper atmosphere because of the shallow entry angle.\u201d \u201cBostick likened the radio signals to a stone skipping on a pond, and finally, the signal found a location to sink Earthward,\u201d Woodfill said. However,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "station. Can be linked to ocean spotting sats too. They have cameras. Computer aided image recognition and AI is such that this is truly a fire and forget system. All it needs is the shape of a US carrier, a very general location and it will actively seek it out and then relay, the other 5 missiles communicating with it will go for the kill. I believe these can operate in swarms so there's no upper limit to how many can be networked in flight. The only real limit is their expense, so you'd only use any significant number on high value targets. Cool story but you have no clue on even the most basic problem and all what you said is kinda uselese BECAUSE the basic problem was always the plasma bubble that blocks communication and navigation. This phenomenon has been known for god knows how long now especially since most spacecraft experience it on reentry to some degree and that is why we have no real time footage of reentries, only perhaps from outside or after it has landed. We have no real way to communicate with our technology through plasma bubbles in any stable manner. Hypersonic missiles experience the same situation that they are coated by a plasma bubble when they fly making communications to the missile almost impossible along with any navigational and guidance systems on the missile itself unable to function properly. There has not been any easy or ready solution for this since the start of man spaceflights. 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With enough heat, the gases in the air within the shock wave will ionize and, thus, an electron plasma is created. The presence of a plasma layer causes attenuation of the electromagnetic signals propagating through it. These signals are associated with a variety of radio frequency (RF) systems such as voice communications, telemetry, and global positioning system (GPS) data. The attenuation increases as the thickness and density of the plasma surrounding the reentry vehicle increases. An illustration of the plasma sheath surrounding a reentry vehicle is given in Figure 1. Regions of lower and higher plasma density near the vehicle are indicated. The associated effects can become so severe that complete loss of voice communications and even GPS acquisition can occur. This RF blackout can last anywhere from 90 s to 10 min depending on the trajectory and velocity of the reentry vehicle [3]. It has had severe consequences, for example, in the unmanned Genesis mission to collect samples of solar winds. During reentry of the capsule, a sensor failure caused a parachute to not deploy. If mission control had been in contact with it, a backup parachute could have been deployed to avoid the capsule from crashing into the Utah desert [4]. Similarly, hypersonic flight has been pursued with both manned and un-manned vehicles since 1961, e.g., with the X-15 hypersonic airplane which flew at Mach 6.7 using only rockets [5]. As with the space vehicle reentry scenario, sustained hypersonic flight also faces the potential loss of communications, telemetry and GPS signals. Renewed"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "plenty of interesting stuff that we\u2019re missing out on\u2014including phenomena we haven\u2019t thought of yet. What can we do about it? The good news is that we\u2019ve known about this problem for decades, and scientists have already come up with some ideas. In the 1980s, astronomers devised an experiment using the Challenger shuttle to make observations at frequencies below the plasma frequency. In the Plasma Depletion Experimentvi, Challenger astronauts fired the shuttle\u2019s orbital maneuvering subsystem engines as the spacecraft passed over radar and radio observatories, releasing 244 kilograms of carbon dioxide, water, and hydrogen exhaust. The exhaust caused the positive ions and electrons to combine and reform neutral atoms and molecules, creating a depletion in the ionospheric plasma. Decreasing the plasma density means longer-wavelength radio waves can pass through the atmosphere and reach the ground. In this experiment, the exhaust release was timed so that the absolute minimum plasma density could be reached: at night, in the winter, during the least active time of the solar cycle, at a location where the plasma density is unusually low under normal conditions\u2014the \u201cmid-latitude trough\u201d over Australiavii. Through the \u201cionospheric hole\u201d created in the experiment, they were able to observe radio waves from the Milky Way which are normally blocked from view. Just a peek, though\u2014the hole disappeared after a few hours. After the engine burn at about 3:00 AM, the galactic radio emissions at 1.704 MHz increased. The emissions at the other frequencies weren\u2019t affected as much since the lower frequencies still couldn\u2019t make it through the ionosphere"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "failed to reach the desired altitude, and though partially operational, could not fulfill mission objectives. The spacecraft reentered the earth's atmosphere over the Caribbean October 17, 1968. Two cesium-contact ion engines were launched aboard the ATS-4 spacecraft on August 10, 1968. Flight test objectives were to measure thrust and to examine electromagnetic compatibility with other spacecraft subsystems. The 5-cm-diameter thrusters were designed to operate at 0.02 kW and provide about 89 mN thrust at about 6700 s specific impulse. Thrusters had the capability to operate at 5 setpoints from 18 mN to 89 mN. Thrusters were configured so they could be used for East-West stationkeeping. Prior to launch, a 5-cm cesium thruster was life tested for 2245 hours at the 67 mN thrust level. During the launch process the Centaur stage did not achieve a second burn, and the spacecraft remained attached to the Centaur in a 218 km by 760 km orbit. It was estimated that the pressure at these altitudes was between 1.3 \u00d7 10-4 Pa and 1.3 \u00d7 10-7 Pa.35 Each of the two engines was tested on at least two occasions over the throttling range. Combined test time of the two engines was about 10 hours over a 55 day period. The spacecraft re-entered the atmosphere on October 17, 1968. The ATS-4 flight was the first successful orbital test of an ion engine. There was no evidence of IPS electromagnetic interference related to spacecraft subsystems. Measured values of neutralizer emission current were much less than the ion beam current implying inadequate neutralization."}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "spacecraft \u2013 ionospheric plasma system. It was shown that the interaction of a ?0,8 \u2013 1.5 T magnetic field of a space debris object (in particular, a spent spacecraft) with the ionospheric plasma produces an electromagnetic drag force sufficient for removing it to a low orbit followed by its burn-up in the dense atmosphere. Along the third line, procedures were developed for ionospheric plasma probe diagnostics using onboard instrumentation that includes mutually orthogonal cylindrical electrical probes and a two-channel neutral-particle detector. It was shown that this instrumentation with the use of proprietary output signal interpretation algorithms and procedures allows one to locate sources of space-time disturbances in inospheric plasma parameters caused by natural and technogeneous catastrophic phenomena on the subsatellite track."}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "input to ionospheric and thermospheric models."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "the sun is the ultimate driving force for most ionization processes, it's tempting to assume that Venus has more particles in a given area than Mars does because it orbits twice as closely to our star. Instead, the two planets have similar densities, which differ from Earth's measurements by only a factor of ten. At the same time, the layers affected by the meteoroids on Earth are very narrow, maybe only a mile or two wide, while Venus and Mars both have layers stretching six to eight miles. According to Withers, the difference may come from the presence of Earth's strong magnetic field, a feature lacking on the other two planets. But scientists aren't certain how much of a role the field actually plays. Finding the source To study Earth's ionosphere, scientists can launch rockets to take measurements in the region. But the process is more complicated for other planets. As a spacecraft travels through the solar system, a targeted radio signal sent back to Earth can be aimed through the ionosphere of a nearby planet. Plasma in the ionosphere causes small but detectable changes in the signal that allow scientists to learn about the upper atmosphere. This process \u2014 known as radio occultation \u2014 doesn't require any fancy equipment, only the radio the craft already uses to communicate with scientists on Earth. \"It's really one of the workhorse planetary science instruments,\" Withers said. Because it is so simple, the process has been applied to every planet ever visited by spacecraft. Only in recent years has"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "in the ionosphere, but most of the time the sun is relatively quiet, and our space environment still varies quite a bit,\u201d he said. \u201cWe think that variability is coming from weather on our own planet, which can be very powerful.\u201d This can happen, Immel said, when surface storms compress and heat the atmosphere, driving huge waves upward into space and causing charged particles to move across magnetic fields in unpredictable ways. This can also lead to extreme fluctuations of temperature in the ionosphere. \u201cThere are huge waves at an altitude above 100 kilometers (63 miles), with amplitudes as large as 50 degrees Kelvin, where the average temperature is about 300 degrees Kelvin (77 degrees Fahrenheit) \u2013 a 20-30 percent variation,\u201d he said. \u201cThat may sound small, but imagine a wave rolling through your neighborhood with a temperature swing of 100 degrees Kelvin, or 180 degrees Fahrenheit \u2013 from freezing to boiling! These waves can change the composition of the upper atmosphere and how the ionosphere grows during the day.\u201d ICON will explore these and other processes that control the dynamics and chemistry of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. One question, for example, is why \u201cNorth America is, in a way, like tornado alley for space storms,\u201d Immel said, where huge masses of ionized plasma roll over the country and disrupt GPS and other communications. \u201cWe want to understand where this plasma comes from \u2013 Is it generated in situ? Does it grow in outer space? Or are we pulling plasma up from lower latitudes like"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "\"The neutral atmosphere responds very dramatically to quite small energy inputs,\" said Heelis. \"Even though the energy is put in at high latitudes -- closer to the poles -- the reaction at lower latitudes, near the equator, is significant.\" Heelis also described research on a previously-hard-to-view sweet spot in the atmosphere, where the charged particles of the ionosphere and the neutral particles of the atmosphere directly affect each other. The CINDI observations show that the neutral wind creates piles of neutral gas pushed up against ionospheric density variations - similar to how blowing snow piles up in drifts against a building wall. This results in density striations in the atmosphere that were never previously observed. Such density variations are necessary data to include when modeling interference with radio waves or excess drag on a travelling spacecraft. Rob Pfaff, project scientist for CINDI at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and principal investigator for another C/NOFS instrument, the Vector Electric Field Investigation, is studying observations that speak to one of the original goals of the C/NOFS program: Why does the low latitude ionosphere at night become so turbulent that it can wreak havoc on communications and navigation radio signals? Developing the capability to predict such space weather disturbances has been a long-standing goal of the Air Force Research Laboratory. The C/NOFS low altitude observations were critical to form a complete picture of these disturbances, as the satellite ventured to the possible root of the largest ionospheric upheavals -- those that emanate from the bottom ledge"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "the planet\u2019s surface can also change conditions far above. Researchers are increasingly interested in the effects of rockets, too. This is because disturbances in the ionized and neutral particles of the ionosphere have consequences for satellites, such as causing errors in Global Positioning System navigation. In the past, scientists have observed numerous examples of V-shaped shockwaves in the ionosphere, as rockets have flown through the upper atmosphere along nearly horizontal trajectories. These have come from Chinese rockets, North Korean missile launches, and some of SpaceX\u2018s other, more conventional Falcon 9 launches. In the case of Formosat-5 mission, the rocket reached an altitude of 300km after about 5 minutes, and because of its vertical motion, it created not a V-shaped wave but rather giant, circular shock waves, according to a new paper in Space Weather. These circular waves extended over 1.8 million square km, or about four times the area of California, over the western United States and Pacific Ocean region. The scientists say these are the largest circular shockwaves known to have been induced by a rocket launch. A few minutes later, an \u201cionosphere hole,\u201d which appeared 13 minutes after launch, was potentially of more consequence for GPS systems. This occurred when exhaust plumes from the Falcon 9 rocket\u2019s second stage depleted plasma levels across a 900-km wide area, which the scientists say probably caused about a 1-meter error in GPS navigation programs. GPS effects The lead author of the new study, Charles C.H. Lin of the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, said a rocket"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "the planet\u2019s surface can also change conditions far above. Researchers are increasingly interested in the effects of rockets, too. This is because disturbances in the ionized and neutral particles of the ionosphere have consequences for satellites, such as causing errors in Global Positioning System navigation. In the past, scientists have observed numerous examples of V-shaped shockwaves in the ionosphere, as rockets have flown through the upper atmosphere along nearly horizontal trajectories. These have come from Chinese rockets, North Korean missile launches, and some of SpaceX\u2018s other, more conventional Falcon 9 launches. In the case of Formosat-5 mission, the rocket reached an altitude of 300km after about 5 minutes, and because of its vertical motion, it created not a V-shaped wave but rather giant, circular shock waves, according to a new paper in Space Weather. These circular waves extended over 1.8 million square km, or about four times the area of California, over the western United States and Pacific Ocean region. The scientists say these are the largest circular shockwaves known to have been induced by a rocket launch. A few minutes later, an \u201cionosphere hole,\u201d which appeared 13 minutes after launch, was potentially of more consequence for GPS systems. This occurred when exhaust plumes from the Falcon 9 rocket\u2019s second stage depleted plasma levels across a 900-km wide area, which the scientists say probably caused about a 1-meter error in GPS navigation programs. GPS effects The lead author of the new study, Charles C.H. Lin of the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, said a rocket"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "precisely forecast or test for all of the possible interference effects until the spacecraft were in orbit and the experiments were commissioned. During the interference campaign, the scientists investigated \"worst case scenarios\" by looking for any unforeseen effects that could perturb the space plasma (electrified gas) and so adversely affect the rest of the science payload. Once these were found, the challenge was to find out how to operate the instruments in question successfully while limiting their impact on the overall science data. One source of minor interference involving the Electron Drift Instrument (EDI) has been identified. EDI measures electrical fields around the spacecraft by firing beams of electrons into space and measuring the return time for each beam. These electron 'packets' appear to be causing some interference with the wave instruments, especially WHISPER, WBD and STAFF. \"We are continuing to look at the data to see whether EDI is influencing these instruments in all of their operational modes, commented Dr. Escoubet. \"However, we can reduce the interference by reducing the current sent by EDI, which is fine for normal operations.\" Two additional minor interactions between instruments have been uncovered during the campaign. One of these involves EDI's electron beams, which travel along a circle for distances ranging from a few tens of metres up to about 10 km and then come back to the spacecraft. \"The electrons from EDI are detected when they are fired in the direction of the PEACE instrument on the same spacecraft,\" said Dr. Escoubet. \"But this was done on purpose"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "Related Ionospheric Phenomena is re-released as a paperback, 40 years after the original publication. 2008 \u2013 Natural Radio Lab website is officially launched in January."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "capable of producing the blue corkscrew \"beam\" and white spiral whereas a corkscrew or some other type of spiral like formation has never been reported in any ionospheric heater experiment and the weak brightness of optical emissions from the tiny speckles during the one and only experiment so far to produce them is not even close to the brightness of the Norway spiral, nor did the experiment produce blue or white colors, they were green. Something to keep in mind is that ionospheric heaters are not capable of ionizing anything, they just excite the already free electrons in the ionosphere knocked free by UV light from the sun. I studied aerospace technology and have a knack for troubleshooting complex systems. Very true. For instance, you've not once explained how radio waves could possibly create spiral and corkscrew patterns in the sky. How exactly does that happen? Look... if you're not going to do even basic research into the subject, then please tell me and I'll leave this thread. ICBMs typically enter a low earth orbit. So if the third stage failed while in such a low or unstable orbit, then it would make sense to empty the fuel tanks to prevent an accidental explosion that would create even more space junk. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit Intercontinental ballistic missile Flight phases See also: Missile Defense#Classified by trajectory phase and Depressed trajectory The following flight phases can be distinguished: boost phase: 3 to 5 minutes (shorter for a solid rocket than for a liquid-propellant rocket); altitude at the end of"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "expansion due to energy from localised bombing raids would have an analogous, if opposite, effect on the ionosphere and thermosphere. A rise in the background thermospheric temperature would result in an enhanced loss rate, with the equilibrium between production and loss being established at a lower peak electron concentration. Such equilibrium would be reached within minutes of perturbation, well within the resolution of the ionospheric data. Grandin et al. (2015) studied the impact on foF2 of high-speed streams on Earth. They found that a thermospheric temperature increase of 20\u201350 K may result in a decrease in foF2 by 0.5\u20131.0 MHz. If the bombing resulted in the generation of shock waves or atmospheric gravity waves, their horizontal propagation speed would need to be of the order of 300 km h\u22121, while the vertical velocity component would need to be around 100 km h\u22121 in order to affect the atmosphere above Slough. There is evidence that turbulence generated in the lower thermosphere by space shuttle launches can propagate 1000 km horizontally within 8 h (Kelley et al., 2009). While this example was specific to the lower thermosphere at altitudes between 100 and 115 km, it nevertheless has a similar time constant to that observed for the ionospheric response to bombing in the current study. Such a mechanism may therefore contribute to the observed effect. Infrasonic waves generated by explosions are launched preferentially in a vertical direction (e.g. Blanc, 1985). Any impact on the upper atmosphere overhead would then require horizontal transport to move that region over Slough. For"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "in these cases also a general increase of the electron density to apogee. Finally, with rockets capable of reaching 480 km altitude, the F-layer of the ionosphere was probed on three occasions in 1958 (21 February, 27 August and 31 October), and it was demonstrated that, in contrast to then current ideas, the electron density did not decrease rapidly above the F layer maximum. During this period Gringauz and his group were engaged in the preparation of experiments for the first Soviet spacecraft then being developed in Korolev\u2019s Institute. He was very proud to have provided the famous transmitters on Sputnik 1 which made a triumphant announcement to the world following the successful launch of 4 October, 1957, In particular he liked to tell that he was the last to touch the Sputnik: \u201cI had to do the final check to make sure the transmitter was going to work there was a special cover in the nose cone, so I reached inside, checked the \u2018beep..beep..beep\u2019 signal and knew everything was alright... then the cone was sealed for the last time.\u201d There had been some debate as to whether or not the 20 and 40 MHz transmissions would be easily detectable through the ionosphere but Gringauz was confident that this would be the case, and his judgment was confirmed as correct, with the receiving distance being as much as 10,000 km. The transmissions continued for three weeks and were used to monitor conditions within the spacecraft. Sputnik 3, which weighed 1327 kg. was launched on 15 May,"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "by spacecraft launches. 15.7 Conclusions Contemporary ionospheric science has many aspects: as a branch of solarterrestrial physics and the earth\u2019s environment; the science of radiocommunications, e.g. predicting and forecasting; the mathematics of wave propagation in the ionosphere; man-made radio transmissions, and natural electromagnetic emissions, magnetic pulsations and other phenomena. As a natural plasma, often nonlinear and nonthermal, the ionosphere is a site for active experiments with radiowaves, powerful enough to produce observable ionospheric modi\ufb01cations, in the form of increased temperatures and plasma instabilities, and with chemical releases and particle beam experiments. Such ionospheric plasma physics experiments provide new physical insights, although they often raise more questions than they solve. Problems remain at the upper and lower boundaries; i.e. the interactions with the lower atmosphere and the magnetosphere, and how their e\ufb00ects spread worldwide. Large electric \ufb01elds generated in thunderstorms can a\ufb00ect the ionosphere. There are suggestions of topographic in\ufb02uences, e.g. of mountain ranges, on the ionosphere. The reverse question of ionospheric, geomagnetic and solar e\ufb00ects on weather and climate is contentious; possible relations between magnetic and solar disturbance and the weather have been found, but their physical mechanisms are not well established. The basic mechanisms of the ionosphere seem to be known, but surprises are possible in any active area of science, and many questions remain. The everyday monitoring of this important part of the environment is as vital for progress in the future as it has been in the past. 15.8 Bibliography JURSA, A.S. (Ed.): \u2018Handbook of geophysics and the space environment\u2019 (Air Force Geophysics"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "The ionospheric density falls off with the rate 1/r because the background neutral atmosphere is constantly ionised at a slow rate, adding plasma to the ionosphere as it expands into space. This breaks down once most of the atmosphere has been ionised. This is not relevant because it takes 10-100 days before this happens with an ionisation rate of the order of 10 \u22127 to 10 \u22126 s \u22121 (Galand et al. 2016). The 1/r dependence rather breaks down owing to the acceleration of the ions . It is known from observations that most of the ions at energies observable by the RPC-ICA instrument are moving anti-sunward (Nilsson et al. , 2015aBehar et al. 2016;Ber\u010di\u010d et al. 2018). At some point on the front of the comet ionosphere the density must thus drop much faster than 1/r. This may in practice happen because of the polarisation electric field, which has an anti-sunward component such that the initial boundary formation may be self-sustaining. The cloud model predicts a constant electric field inside the cloud. Let us consider the case of a constant uniform electric field E pointing opposite to the neutral gas expansion velocity of a comet. Let us also assume that the neutral gas velocity is negligible compared to the velocity the ions soon acquire through acceleration in the electric field. Newly produced ions start to move along the electric field and get gradually higher energy. For an observer somewhere downstream along this electric field, the energy scale is also a distance scale. The further away"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "pose a threat to space-based technology, so understanding them is important. Cluster has explored this process multiple times during the past decade and a half \u2013 finding it to affect heavier ions such as oxygen more than lighter ones, and also detecting strong, high-speed beams of ions rocketing back to Earth from the magnetotail nearly 100 times over the course of three years. More recently, scientists have explored the process of magnetic reconnection, one of the most efficient physical processes by which the solar wind enters Earth's magnetosphere and accelerates plasma. In this process, plasma interacts and exchanges energy with magnetic field lines; different lines reconfigure themselves, breaking, shifting around, and forging new connections by merging with other lines, releasing huge amounts of energy in the process. The magnetic reconnection region in Earth's magnetosphere. Credit: ESA/ATG Medialab Here, the cold ions are thought to be important. We know that cold ions affect the magnetic reconnection process, for example slowing down the reconnection rate at the boundary where the solar wind meets the magnetosphere (the magnetopause), but we are still unsure of the mechanisms at play. \"In essence, we need to figure out how cold plasma ends up at the magnetopause,\" said Philippe Escoubet, ESA's Project Scientist for the Cluster mission. \"There are a few different aspects to this; we need to know the processes involved in transporting it there, how these processes depend on the dynamic solar wind and the conditions of the magnetosphere, and where plasma is coming from in the first place \u2013 does"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "disturbance of the ionosphere reduced the total electron content by more than 60% over an area 1000 km in radius that lasted several hours, stopping all radio communication. After this experience, the military began to deliberately experiment with burning holes in the ionosphere, using the booster rocket, and later, the orbit maneuvering system. These experiments caused artificial \u2018air glows\u2019 as radioactive particles struck the gases in earth\u2019s lower atmosphere. During the 1980s there were about 500 to 600 rocket launches per year, culminating in 1500 in 1989. Each flight injected about 187 tons of ozone destroying chlorine and 7 tons of nitrogen into the ozone layer \u2013 both known to deplete it. Yet the burden of this destruction was blamed on under arm deodorant and refrigerators! Civilians were forced to cope with higher skin cancer rates, while no concern for flora and fauna effects, farming or stability of climate reached the civilian consciousness! In 1981, NASA began inducing ionospheric holes to investigate the artificial plasma instabilities and the modification of radio propagation paths. A six second Orbit Maneuvering System discharge in August 1985, caused an air glow covering 400,000 square kilometers over Connecticut. Between 1978 and 1990, the ozone layer in the Northern Hemisphere decreased by a further 4 \u2013 8 % [beyond the weapon testing 4%], and the Southern Hemisphere\u2019s ozone layer decreased by 5-10%. It is thought that a 20% decrease would wipe out the food web and make life impossible, yet there was no stopping! In fact the U.S. began launching nuclear powered"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "extending from the upper atmosphere to the space environment. For the Earth, the ionosphere extends from 80 km above the ground, where neutrals outnumber ions by over 8 orders of magnitude, to around 1000 km, where ions and neutrals have similar numbers. This region absorbs the majority of EUV and X-rays from the Sun. Energetic particles from the magnetosphere, the solar wind, and the cosmos slam into it. Billions of meteors deposit tons of materials in it, daily. From below, winds and turbulence in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere push it around. All these interactions make the ionosphere complex and interesting. NASA and the space community need accurate models of the ionosphere since the International Space Station and most of our spacecraft exist within it, and can experience harmful radiation and electric charging. The ionosphere was first discovered because of its impact on radio communication and its interference with Earth to Space communications and GPS remain critical issues. This talk will present the basics of ionospheric plasma physics, present a method of simulating ionospheric plasmas, the Particle-in_Cell (PIC) method. It will then show how we used this method to study a number of turbulent processes in the ionosphere and what we have learned from these studies. Host: Jan Egedal"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "Doppler Radar Probing the Bottomside Ionosphere Disturbed by Rocket Launches and Solar Terminator. Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 8 (2), 143\u2014162 (2003) [in Russian]. Copyright \u00a9 2020, Space Science and Technology"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "LARGE-SCALE REDUCTIONS IN THE ELECTRON DENSITY OF IONOSPHERIC F-REGION, OBSERVABLE ALONG ROCKET TRAJECTORIES AT LAUNCH Purpose. The object of the study are electron density depletions (\u2018holes\u2019) occurring in the ionospheric F-region under the action of rocket exhaust products. The purpose is to present and discuss the results of observations concerning the ionospheric holes that were detected in the course of a number of launches of medium-lift Kosmos vehicles from the Kapustin Yar spaceport. Nei- ther that cosmodrome, nor the rocket type had been subjects of similar analysis before. Design/methodology/approach. The observations at the Kapustin Yar cosmodrome were performed with a portable vertical Doppler sounder. The beats between a reference signal and the one reflected from the ionosphere were subjected to spectral analysis, which allowed identifying the principal mode of the Doppler frequency shift and establishing time dependences of that frequency shift. An ionosonde located nearby was used for monitoring the underlying state of the ionosphere. Findings. The measurements performed with the vertical Doppler sounder near the launch site of the medium-lift Kosmos rocket have allowed obtaining first estimates for the principal parameters of the ionospheric holes arising in the F-region along the vehicle trajectory, as well as for the accompanying quasi-periodic variations in the electron density. The spatial scale sizes of the holes have been found to be in excess of 300 km, while the electron density reductions may attain \u00bb 50 %. These results are in agreement with the data obtained by international researchers for effects from heavy- and super heavy-lift launch vehicles. Also, note"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "yelding estimates of the differential electron energy flux density at the spacecraft location. At altitudes below 200-250 km and for beam energies around 1 keV, it is shown that secondary electrons supply a significant contribution to the return current to the spacecraft and thereby reduce the spacecraft potential. Our numerical results are in good agreement with observations from the Charge 2 sounding rocket experiment. AB - The ionization created in the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere by an electron beam emitted from a low altitude spacecraft is described by two coupled nonlinear differential electron transport equations for the up-going (along a magnetic field line) and down-going differential energy flux. The equations are solved numerically, using the mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data (MSIS) atmospheric model and the international reference ionosphere (IRI) model, yelding estimates of the differential electron energy flux density at the spacecraft location. At altitudes below 200-250 km and for beam energies around 1 keV, it is shown that secondary electrons supply a significant contribution to the return current to the spacecraft and thereby reduce the spacecraft potential. Our numerical results are in good agreement with observations from the Charge 2 sounding rocket experiment. U2 - 10.1029/JA095iA08p12209 DO - 10.1029/JA095iA08p12209 JO - Journal of Geophysical Research JF - Journal of Geophysical Research IS - A8 Neubert T, Banks PM, Gilchrist BE, Fraser-Smith AC, Williamson PR, Raitt WJ et al. The interaction of an artificial electron beam with the earth's upper atmosphere: Effects on spacecraft charging and the near-plasma environment. Journal of Geophysical Research-space Physics. 1990 Aug"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "Analysis of Radio Frequency Blackout for a Blunt-Body Capsule in Atmospheric Reentry Missions A numerical analysis of electromagnetic waves around the atmospheric reentry demonstrator (ARD) of the European Space Agency (ESA) in an atmospheric reentry mission was conducted. During the ARD mission, which involves a 70% scaled-down configuration capsule of the Apollo command module, radio frequency blackout and strong plasma attenuation of radio waves in communications with data relay satellites and air planes were observed. The electromagnetic interference was caused by highly dense plasma derived from a strong shock wave generated in front of the capsule because of orbital speed during reentry. In this study, the physical properties of the plasma flow in the shock layer and wake region of the ESA ARD were obtained using a computational fluid dynamics technique. Then, electromagnetic waves were expressed using a frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain method using the plasma properties. The analysis model was validated based on experimental flight data. A comparison of the measured and predicted results showed good agreement. The distribution of charged particles around the ESA ARD and the complicated behavior of electromagnetic waves, with attenuation and reflection, are clarified in detail. It is suggested that the analysis model could be an effective tool for investigating radio frequency blackout and plasma attenuation in radio wave communication."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "Left: The predicted distribution of plasma around the magnetic equator after sunset. Right: The observed distribution of plasma around the magnetic equator, made by NASA's TIMED Spacecraft. Notice the large, unexplained enhancements over the continents However, recent observations call this overly simplistic picture into question. Other missions, such as NASA's TIMED spacecraft [link] have shown ionospheric plasma distributed in unexpected patterns across the globe, with apparent correlations with landmasses. You might expect this to be explained by variations in the Sun\u2019s activity, which give rise to space weather or geomagnetic storms. Surprisingly, these variations are seen even when the Sun is very quiet, meaning that they are driven by other processes, which may include the more familiar weather we experience at ground level. Understanding what is causing the variations in the atmosphere is very important in the technological era we live in today. As a society, we are very dependent on communication and navigation networks around the globe \u2013 both space based, and ground based. We have also recently developed a strong reliance on broadcast navigation signals such as those provided by GPS satellites. The radio signals used for communication and navigation must propagate through the ionosphere, and non-uniform distributions of plasma in the ionosphere can act like bubbles in a lens or scratches in a mirror, distorting the signal, sometimes to the point of unintelligibility or unusability. Understanding what drives variations in the ionosphere is important so that we can better predict what types of signal distortions we may expect and where, as well as"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "density, composition, and intensity of the magnetic field. The EnVision and ISRO Venus Obiter radar operations are expected to results in the most pronounced acceleration of ions and electrons, an effect can be used to improve the local plasma diagnostics. INTRODUCTION Ionospheric sounding has been a standard tool for probing the ionosphere for many years. Principles of the sounding are based on the reflection of the radio waves from the ionized component of Earth's upper atmosphere (Appleton, 1927). Ionospheric sounders operate by transmitting a short pulse at a fixed frequency, and then detecting any echoes that are reflected. These echoes relate to the altitude where the plasma frequency is equal to the wave frequency. By measuring the time delay between the transmission of the pulse and the time that the echo is received, the range to the reflection point can be computed. By sequentially stepping the transmitter frequency after each transmit-receive cycle, the time delay, and hence the range to the reflection point, can be determined as a function of frequency. However, since radio waves return to the groundbased radar from only the portion of the ionosphere below the level of maximum electron density, no information about the ionosphere above this level can be retrieved. To perform topside sounding, ionosondes were fist mounted on rockets (Knecht et al., 1961) and later on satellites [Alouette (Lockwood, 1963), ISIS 1, 2 (McAfee, 1969)]. The situation with topside sounding (satellite-and rocketborne sounders) turned out to be less analogous to bottomside sounding (ground-based radars) than was expected. Longterm echoes were"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "complicated plasma physics processes that occur elsewhere in the cosmos but that are difficult or impossible to explore in the laboratory. Ionospheric heaters affect the propagation of radio signals; they generate airglow and radio emissions that can be observed from the ground; they create plasma density irregularities that can be studied using small coherent scatter radars; they provide access to chemical rate constants that are otherwise hard to quantify; they accelerate electrons, mimicking auroral processes; and finally, they modify plasma density and electron and ion temperatures and enhance the plasma and ion lines observed by incoherent scatter. The DOD operates and maintains the world\u2019s largest ionospheric modification facility, HAARP, near Gakona, Alaska. HAARP is not collocated with an incoherent scatter radar, and so its full potential has not been realized since the phenomena it creates cannot be fully diagnosed. Figure 8.26 shows an image of an artificial aurora created at the HAARP facility. Another ionospheric modification facility is under construction at the Arecibo Radio Observatory. While this facility will be modest in power compared to HAARP, its collocation with Arecibo, the world\u2019s most sensitive incoherent scatter radar, raises the prospect of discovery science in the areas of artificial and naturally occurring ionospheric phenomena. The Arecibo heater came about through close collaboration between DOD and NSF. The AIMI panel regards this kind of interagency cooperation as a model to be followed for the utilization of existing ionospheric modification facilities as well as the planning and development of new ones. AIMI Priority: Fully realize the potential of ionospheric"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "of the ionosphere at night. The observations revealed the presence of strong shears in the horizontal ionosphere motions at the base of the ionosphere, places where charged particles flow by each other in opposite directions. C/NOFS observed shears and undulations along this boundary. Such shears and undulations -- spotted throughout the nighttime, equatorial ionosphere -- are believed to be the source of large-scale instabilities that ultimately drive the detrimental scintillations. For more information about C/NOFS, visit: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2008-017A Susan Hendrix Susan.m.hendrix@nasa.gov @NASAGoddard http://www.nasa.gov/goddard 2015 AGU Fall Meeting EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE SATELLITE MISSIONS/SHUTTLES The US Air Force Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (IMAGE) Changes In Earth's Ionosphere Cause What's Known As Scintillations (IMAGE) http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/plunging-into-the-ionosphere-satellite-s-last-days-improve-orbital-decay-predictions More in Space & Planetary A 'super-puff' planet like no other University of Montreal Hubble pinpoints supernova blast ESA/Hubble Information Centre Study: X-Rays surrounding 'Magnificent 7' may be traces of sought-after particle DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Astronomers document the rise and fall of a rarely observed stellar dance University of Washington View all in Space & Planetary"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "as well. The interaction altitude for the heating for all the observations is in the range of 160 km up to 200 km. As described previously, proton precipitation due to active geomagnetic conditions is considered as the reason for the presence of H+ ions known to be a minor background constituent in this altitude region. DMSP satellite observations over HAARP during the heating experiments and ground-based magnetometer and riometer data validate active geomagnetic conditions. The theory of parametric decay instability in multi-ion component plasma including H+ ions as a minority species described in previous work is expanded in light of simultaneously observed preexisting SEE features to interpret the newly reported observations. Impact of active geomagnetic conditions on the SEE spectrum as a diagnostic tool for proton precipitation event characterization is discussed. A Comparison of Science and Technology Funding for DoD\u2019s Space and Nonspace Programs Artificial intelligence for HAARP Multispectral signature libraries Environmental conditions that Ionospheric prediction HAARP Weather software for...Hardware and software for solar HAARP Electromagnetic interference for Plasma theory in the space Subproject details were not available Subproject Detection of Ionospheric Alfven Resonator Signatures in the Equatorial Ionosphere Simoes, Fernando; Klenzing, Jeffrey; Ivanov, Stoyan; Pfaff, Robert; Freudenreich, Henry; Bilitza, Dieter; Rowland, Douglas; Bromund, Kenneth; Liebrecht, Maria Carmen; Martin, Steven; The ionosphere response resulting from minimum solar activity during cycle 23/24 was unusual and offered unique opportunities for investigating space weather in the near-Earth environment. We report ultra low frequency electric field signatures related to the ionospheric Alfven resonator detected by the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "the trajectory is obtained. In this case the expected decrease of the asymptotic velocity would be \u22123.68(99) mm/sec, which coincides with the estimation of Anderson and his team. The error comes from the uncertainties in the effective area of the spacecraft during the flyby but the result, certainly, cannot be larger in magnitude that the observed \u22128 mm/sec decrease and we must conclude that a residual anomaly of \u22124.32(99) mm/sec is still unexplained. In the other flybys with perigees at 500 km over the Earth surface and above we obtain only minor corrections of a fraction of mm/sec which do not seriously change the results for the residual anomaly. The paper is organized as follows: In section 2 we discuss the ionosphere's model and the expression for the friction force and we provide the parameters for the Galileo, NEAR and Juno spacecraft. In section 3 we give the equations of motion for the perturbations and the parameters corresponding to the osculating keplerian orbit at perigee. The integration results are obtained in Section 4. Finally, in Section 5 we briefly discuss our results in connection to the flyby anomaly and its possible application to other planetary atmospheres. Atmospheric model for the thermosphere and spacecraft's friction The ionosphere is a part of the Earth's atmosphere that extends from altitudes ranging from 60 km to 1000 km. It includes the upper part of the mesosphere, the termosphere and the exosphere. Its name comes from the fact that it is composed mainly by ionized atoms and molecules; the ionization takes"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "by tuning the background magnetic field and collisional frequency. Our theoretical research can offer a fundamental basis in the real application involving the interaction between EM waves and plasma, such as re-entry blackout, plasma stealth, and deep space communication."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "Such shears and undulations -- spotted throughout the nighttime, equatorial ionosphere -- are believed to be the source of large-scale instabilities that ultimately drive the detrimental scintillations. For more information about C/NOFS, visit: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2008-017A TAGS: re-entry FILED UNDER: NASA Hack Space, Re-entry"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "The closure of the current across field lines in the collisional, electri- cal Iy conducting ionosphere accelerates the low-altitude ions via the J x B force or ponderomotive force. This force is the macroscale manifestation of the Lorentz force, which maintains charged particles in their orbits around magnetic field lines. It can also transfer stress from the ionosphere to the magnetosphere such as to enforce co-rotation of the cold magnetospheric ions. This mechanism is especially important in the jovian magnetosphere. In the terrestrial auroral ionosphere, the chain of momentum transfer is completed when the moving ionospheric ions transfer their momentum to the neutral gas, generating high-altitude winds. The overall coupling from the solar wind down to the ionosphere is a very complex process, and it is fair to say that while we now understand this process much better than even 58 a decade ago, it is not yet understood as well as we need to understand it. IMPACT AND RELEVANCE Planetary magnetospheres are important first and foremost because we live inside one. Earth is currently the only habitable planet, and that habitability may in part be due to the shield provided by Earth's magneto- sphere. That shield also protects our spacecraft and com- munication systems. At times, however, the shield is overwhelmed and it is not as effective. It is becoming more and more important to be able to predict when these ti mes of stress occur. Now the question of habitability extends beyond Earth. Other planets are magnetized and may once have had Earth-like fields"}, {"title": "rpj-arxiv", "text": "the ionosphere and thermosphere models used in this work. The IRI and GITM models provided reasonable estimates for the background TEC in both of the cases examined, as seen by comparison of the TEC maps Fig.~\\ref{fig_GITM_TEC_map_data} and Fig.~\\ref{fig_MAPGPS_TEC_data}. However, these models overestimated the height at which the F-region peak occurred without the depletion, as shown in Fig.~\\ref{fig_PA836_ionograms}. As electron production rates decrease with altitude, this disagreement in turn contributes to the overestimate of the recovery time by the simulation. Furthermore, the boundary conditions of the regional GITM simulation do not incorporate general global circulation patterns. Thus, the accuracy of the simulation is expected to degrade significantly with time, particularly post sunset when day-to-night transport is neglected. The GNSS TEC data were derived based on ionospheric pierce points at $450 \\, \\mathrm{km}$ altitude \\cite{rideout2006}. However, the numerical modelling and ionosonde data shown in Fig.~\\ref{fig_PA836_ionograms} indicate that the ionospheric plasma is predominantly concentrated at lower altitudes, particularly within the region affected by the depletion. Thus the depletion seen in Fig.~\\ref{subfig_MAPGPS_F5_TEC_data} may be somewhat distorted. The oblique angles at which the GNSS measurements were taken together with the vertical distribution of the ionosphere limited resolution in latitude and longitude. This issue could have helped obscure the narrow ionospheric depletion the simulation suggested would occur following the Jason-3 launch. Prior studies have indicated lifetimes of ionospheric depletions due to rocket launches ranging from $0.5$ to $6$ hours \\cite{park2016}. This range is consistent with observational data for the FORMOSAT-5 launch case and the simulation of the Jason-3 launch case, but not"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "HUNTSVILLE, Ala., Aug. 3, 2017 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ \u2014 NASA and a team of Brazilian space researchers have announced a joint CubeSat mission to study phenomena in Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere \u2014 a region of charged particles called the ionosphere \u2014 capable of disrupting communications and navigation systems on the ground and potentially impacting satellites and human explorers in space. Two phenomena in the ionosphere \u2014 equatorial plasma bubbles and scintillation \u2014 have impacted radio communication systems, satellite technologies and global positioning system (GPS) signals for decades, said Jim Spann, chief scientist for the Science and Technology Directorate at NASA\u2019s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Equatorial plasma bubbles are regions of comparatively low density which may elongate into towering plumes during high-intensity periods. Scintillation is a unique type of atmospheric fluctuation that can interrupt radio frequencies, much like the \u201ctwinkling\u201d effect seen in starlight when optical frequencies are disrupted. The Scintillation Prediction Observations Research Task (SPORT) mission, funded by NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate in Washington, will observe these peculiar structures in order to understand what causes them, determine how to predict their behavior and assess ways to mitigate their effects. \u201cDegraded communications and GPS signals are known to be closely linked to these phenomena,\u201d Spann said. It\u2019s his goal to shed new light on these phenomena and inspire new operational solutions to contend with the disturbed conditions. \u201cAs society becomes more dependent every day on space-based technology \u2014 cell phones, self-driving cars, secure military communications \u2014 it\u2019s critically important we first understand the environment in which our"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "by spacecraft launches. 15.7 Conclusions Contemporary ionospheric science has many aspects: as a branch of solarterrestrial physics and the earth\u2019s environment; the science of radiocommunications, e.g. predicting and forecasting; the mathematics of wave propagation in the ionosphere; man-made radio transmissions, and natural electromagnetic emissions, magnetic pulsations and other phenomena. As a natural plasma, often nonlinear and nonthermal, the ionosphere is a site for active experiments with radiowaves, powerful enough to produce observable ionospheric modi\ufb01cations, in the form of increased temperatures and plasma instabilities, and with chemical releases and particle beam experiments. Such ionospheric plasma physics experiments provide new physical insights, although they often raise more questions than they solve. Problems remain at the upper and lower boundaries; i.e. the interactions with the lower atmosphere and the magnetosphere, and how their e\ufb00ects spread worldwide. Large electric \ufb01elds generated in thunderstorms can a\ufb00ect the ionosphere. There are suggestions of topographic in\ufb02uences, e.g. of mountain ranges, on the ionosphere. The reverse question of ionospheric, geomagnetic and solar e\ufb00ects on weather and climate is contentious; possible relations between magnetic and solar disturbance and the weather have been found, but their physical mechanisms are not well established. The basic mechanisms of the ionosphere seem to be known, but surprises are possible in any active area of science, and many questions remain. The everyday monitoring of this important part of the environment is as vital for progress in the future as it has been in the past. 15.8 Bibliography JURSA, A.S. (Ed.): \u2018Handbook of geophysics and the space environment\u2019 (Air Force Geophysics"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2022-05", "text": "used to probe the auroral ionosphere. By bouncing signals off ionospheric irregularities, which move with the field lines, one can trace their motion and infer magnetospheric convection. Spacecraft instruments include: Magnetometers, usually of the flux gate type. Usually these are at the end of booms, to keep them away from magnetic interference by the spacecraft and its electric circuits.[23] Electric sensors at the ends of opposing booms are used to measure potential differences between separated points, to derive electric fields associated with convection. The method works best at high plasma densities in low Earth orbit; far from Earth long booms are needed, to avoid shielding-out of electric forces. Radio sounders from the ground can bounce radio waves of varying frequency off the ionosphere, and by timing their return determine the electron density profile\u2014up to its peak, past which radio waves no longer return. Radio sounders in low Earth orbit aboard the Canadian Alouette 1 (1962) and Alouette 2 (1965), beamed radio waves earthward and observed the electron density profile of the \"topside ionosphere\". Other radio sounding methods were also tried in the ionosphere (e.g. on IMAGE). Particle detectors include a Geiger counter, as was used for the original observations of the Van Allen radiation belt. Scintillator detectors came later, and still later \"channeltron\" electron multipliers found particularly wide use. To derive charge and mass composition, as well as energies, a variety of mass spectrograph designs were used. For energies up to about 50 keV (which constitute most of the magnetospheric plasma) time-of-flight spectrometers (e.g. \"top-hat\" design)"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "Using Green Bank Observatory in West Virginia, PSI Associate Research Scientist Elizabeth A. Jensen\u2019s team observed radio signals from NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft passing through a solar eruption known as a Coronal Mass Ejections (CME) and discovered evidence for electrical currents and accelerated plasmas trailing in its wake. CMEs can cause communication disruptions and electrical grid failures as they hit Earth. MESSENGER, orbiting Mercury, was on the other side of the Sun from the Earth, in the right place at the right time for this measurement to be made. Understanding the structure of these events is necessary to properly prepare for their potential impacts on orbiting satellites and on Earth. This work was supported by NASA and ACS Consulting, LLC. Green Bank Observatory is supported by the National Science Foundation."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "terrestrial-weather-driven thermosphere interacts with the ionosphere\u2019s charged particles. Understanding how the neutral atmosphere affects the ions and vice versa is key to better understanding the complex space weather system surrounding our planet, which affects spacecraft and astronauts flying through it. The launch of AETHER would be no later than 2024. The principal investigator for AETHER is James Clemmons at the University of New Hampshire in Durham. Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer (EZIE) NASA astronaut Tracy Caldwell Dyson pauses for a portrait while donning her spacesuit and going under water in the Neutral Buoyancy Lab, Monday, July 8, 2019 at NASA\u2019s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls) EZIE would focus on an electric current known as the auroral electrojet, which circles through the atmosphere around 60 to 90 miles above Earth, near the poles. Using three SmallSats to measure magnetic fields, EZIE would observe the structure of electrojets and explore what causes them and how they evolve. Electrojets are part of a larger space weather system that can lead to oscillations in Earth\u2019s magnetic fields, creating geomagnetic storms that can interfere with spacecraft and \u2013 at their most intense \u2013 utility grids on the ground. Knowing how electrojets form and grow could contribute to ultimately predicting such storms. EZIE would launch as part of the agency\u2019s CubeSat Launch Initiative. EZIE also would launch no later than 2024. The principal investigator for EZIE is Jeng-Hwa Yee at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "ionization over time of the neutral cloud produced by the firing of a mono-propellant hydrazine thruster as well as the interactions of the resulting ion cloud with the ambient solar wind. Results are presented which show that the plasma in the region near to the spacecraft will be perturbed for an extended period of time with the formation of an interaction region around the spacecraft, a moderate amplitude density bow wave bounding the interaction region and evidence of an instability at the forefront of the interaction region which causes clumps of ions to be ejected from the main ion cloud quasi-periodically. East\u00e2\u20ac\u201cWest GEO Satellite Station-Keeping with Degraded Thruster Response Stoian Borissov Full Text Available The higher harmonic terms of Earth\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s gravitational potential slowly modify the nominal longitude of geostationary Earth orbit (GEO satellites, while the third-body presence (Moon and Sun mainly affects their latitude. For this reason, GEO satellites periodically need to perform station-keeping maneuvers, namely, east\u00e2\u20ac\u201cwest and north\u00e2\u20ac\u201csouth maneuvers to compensate for longitudinal and latitudinal variations, respectively. During the operational lifetime of GEO satellites, the thrusters\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 response when commanded to perform these maneuvers slowly departs from the original nominal impulsive behavior. This paper addresses the practical problem of how to perform reliable east\u00e2\u20ac\u201cwest station-keeping maneuvers when thruster response is degraded. The need for contingency intervention from ground-based satellite operators is reduced by breaking apart the scheduled automatic station-keeping maneuvers into smaller maneuvers. Orbital alignment and attitude are tracked on-board during and in between sub-maneuvers, and any off nominal variations are corrected for with subsequent maneuvers."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "power and dramatically flipped direction, flowing westward for a short period. \u201cIt\u2019s very surprising to see the electrojet be greatly reversed by something that happened on Earth\u2019s surface,\u201d said Joanne Wu, a physicist at University of California, Berkeley, and co-author on the new study. \u201cThis is something we\u2019ve only previously seen with strong geomagnetic storms, which are a form of weather in space caused by particles and radiation from the Sun.\u201d ESA\u2019s constellation of three Swarm satellites is designed to identify and measure precisely different magnetic signals. This will lead to new insight into many natural processes, from those occurring deep inside the planet, to weather in space caused by solar activity. Credit: ESA/ATG Medialab The new research, published today (May 10, 2022) in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, is adding to scientists\u2019 understanding of how the ionosphere is affected by events on the ground as well as from space. A strong equatorial electrojet is associated with redistribution of material in the ionosphere, which can disrupt GPS and radio signals that are transmitted through the region. Understanding how this complex area of our atmosphere reacts in the face of strong forces from below and above is a key part of NASA research. NASA\u2019s upcoming Geospace Dynamics Constellation, or GDC, mission will use a fleet of small satellites, much like weather sensors on the ground, to track the electrical currents and atmospheric winds coursing through the area. By better understanding what affects electrical currents in the ionosphere, scientists can be more prepared to predict severe problems caused"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "power and dramatically flipped direction, flowing westward for a short period. \u201cIt\u2019s very surprising to see the electrojet be greatly reversed by something that happened on Earth\u2019s surface,\u201d said Joanne Wu, a physicist at University of California, Berkeley, and co-author on the new study. \u201cThis is something we\u2019ve only previously seen with strong geomagnetic storms, which are a form of weather in space caused by particles and radiation from the Sun.\u201d ESA\u2019s constellation of three Swarm satellites is designed to identify and measure precisely different magnetic signals. This will lead to new insight into many natural processes, from those occurring deep inside the planet, to weather in space caused by solar activity. Credit: ESA/ATG Medialab The new research, published today (May 10, 2022) in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, is adding to scientists\u2019 understanding of how the ionosphere is affected by events on the ground as well as from space. A strong equatorial electrojet is associated with redistribution of material in the ionosphere, which can disrupt GPS and radio signals that are transmitted through the region. Understanding how this complex area of our atmosphere reacts in the face of strong forces from below and above is a key part of NASA research. NASA\u2019s upcoming Geospace Dynamics Constellation, or GDC, mission will use a fleet of small satellites, much like weather sensors on the ground, to track the electrical currents and atmospheric winds coursing through the area. By better understanding what affects electrical currents in the ionosphere, scientists can be more prepared to predict severe problems caused"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "a station blackout could be severe. Because of the concern about the frequency of loss of offsite power, the number of failures of emergency diesel generators, and the potentially severe consequences of a loss of all ac power, ''Station Blackout'' was designated as Unresolved Safety Issue (USI) A-44. This report presents the regulatory analysis for USI A-44. It includes: (1) a summary of the issue, (2) the proposed technical resolution, (3) alternative resolutions considered by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff, (4) an assessment of the benefits and costs of the recommended resolution, (5) the decision rationale, and (6) the relationship between USI A-44 and other NRC programs and requirements Investigation of plasma\u00e2\u20ac\u201csurface interaction effects on pulsed electrostatic manipulation for reentry blackout alleviation Krishnamoorthy, S; Close, S The reentry blackout phenomenon affects most spacecraft entering a dense planetary atmosphere from space, due to the presence of a plasma layer that surrounds the spacecraft. This plasma layer is created by ionization of ambient air due to shock and frictional heating, and in some cases is further enhanced due to contamination by ablation products. This layer causes a strong attenuation of incoming and outgoing electromagnetic waves including those used for command and control, communication and telemetry over a period referred to as the \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcblackout period\u00e2\u20ac\u2122. The blackout period may last up to several minutes and is a major contributor to the landing error ellipse at best, and a serious safety hazard in the worst case, especially in the context of human spaceflight. In this work, we present a"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "through magnetic reconnection and viscous interaction, drive convective flow throughout the magnetosphere. The ionosphere, with its high conductance, regulates and modulates this convective flow. In addition, the neutral gas of the upper atmosphere, known as the thermosphere, can also influence magnetospheric flow through ion-neutral collisions. 9.2.1.4 Space Weather and the Magnetosphere \u201cSpace weather\u201d is the name given to the time-dependent conditions and changes that occur in near-Earth space to the magnetospheric plasmas and fields. These include changes in the plasma density, temperature, and spatial distributions, from the cold plasmasphere to the very energetic radiation belts. In particular, space weather implies changes that have significant impact on technology and society. For example, the variable ionosphere and plasmasphere alter geolocation signals from GPS and transmissions from communication spacecraft; strong magnetospheric currents create geomagnetically induced currents in power distribution systems; energetic particles cause radiation damage to microelectronics and spacefarers; and substorm-related satellite charging causes malfunctions and surface degradation. 9.2.1.5 Magnetospheric Questions That Flow from the Motivations The motivations underlying the study of solar and space physics3 apply directly to the study of Earth\u2019s magnetosphere and its interaction with the solar wind and upper atmosphere: Earth\u2019s magnetosphere (and those of other planets) is a fascinating, complex system, in which fundamental physical processes that operate throughout the universe combine with unique conditions of plasma sources, sinks, and drivers to create dynamic conditions that can affect humans and the technologies they depend on in space and sometimes on the ground. 3 See the introduction to Part II of this decadal survey report."}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "Abstract: Radio frequency communication between the space launcher and the mission control are unusually disturbed by the exhaust plume present in rocket engines. This paper presents the computation of radio wave propagation through the exhaust plume. Thus, frequencydomain finite element method and time-domain discontinuous Galerkin method are implemented for computations in case of a ground domain experiments. Numerical results compared to those obtained from ground experiment show good approximation of the propagation through the plasma over a wide frequency band. For the launcher in flight, an asymptotic method is proposed and has the advantage to give a fast evaluation of the scattering solution. In this case, the exhaust plume area is considered as a perfectly conducting trapezium whose parameters are extracted from the distribution of the plasma permittivity. Results related to the asymptotic method appear to be in good agreement with results based on the full wave approaches."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "latitudinal position, direction and configuration of the vertical electric currents have been investigated. \u2026 not only the vertical component of the ionospheric plasma drift but also horizontal components play an important role in producing pre-earthquake TEC disturbances. * The ionosphere of the Earth is no doubt an important part of the global electric circuit and is a subject to dramatic perturbations related mainly with geomagnetic and solar activity. It also reacts on going from \u201cbelow\u201d impacts from different processes like thunderstorms, dust storms, radioactive pollutions, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, etc. \u2026There is no common opinion in scientific society on the physical mechanism that could explain the penetration of the seismic preparation processes\u2019 impact into the ionosphere. \u2026 two channels of penetration are proposed: the wave channel (including Acoustic Gravity Waves) and electromagnetic channel. \u2026 We strongly believe that the ionospheric response on the pre-seismic processes is explained in terms of the electromagnetic channel \u2026 \u2026 Convective transportation of charged aerosols and their gravitational sedimentation in the atmosphere as well as radon and other radioactive elements emanation into the lower atmosphere over the faults leads to increase of the atmospheric radioactivity level during earthquake formation. It also causes enlargement of the ionization and electric conductivity of the near-ground atmosphere. \u2026 such electric fields are required to produce the observed TEC disturbances. \u2026vertical electric currents \u2026 between the Earth and ionosphere are required to produce such TEC disturbances. http://file.scirp.org/Html/7-8301717_24595.htm H.A.A.R.P. Very good article Dane. If only we can wake the masses. This US election has exposed a huge chunk"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "latitudinal position, direction and configuration of the vertical electric currents have been investigated. \u2026 not only the vertical component of the ionospheric plasma drift but also horizontal components play an important role in producing pre-earthquake TEC disturbances. * The ionosphere of the Earth is no doubt an important part of the global electric circuit and is a subject to dramatic perturbations related mainly with geomagnetic and solar activity. It also reacts on going from \u201cbelow\u201d impacts from different processes like thunderstorms, dust storms, radioactive pollutions, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, etc. \u2026There is no common opinion in scientific society on the physical mechanism that could explain the penetration of the seismic preparation processes\u2019 impact into the ionosphere. \u2026 two channels of penetration are proposed: the wave channel (including Acoustic Gravity Waves) and electromagnetic channel. \u2026 We strongly believe that the ionospheric response on the pre-seismic processes is explained in terms of the electromagnetic channel \u2026 \u2026 Convective transportation of charged aerosols and their gravitational sedimentation in the atmosphere as well as radon and other radioactive elements emanation into the lower atmosphere over the faults leads to increase of the atmospheric radioactivity level during earthquake formation. It also causes enlargement of the ionization and electric conductivity of the near-ground atmosphere. \u2026 such electric fields are required to produce the observed TEC disturbances. \u2026vertical electric currents \u2026 between the Earth and ionosphere are required to produce such TEC disturbances. http://file.scirp.org/Html/7-8301717_24595.htm H.A.A.R.P. Very good article Dane. If only we can wake the masses. This US election has exposed a huge chunk"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "energy, thus providing a means of triggering ionospheric processes that potentially could be exploited for Department of Defence purposes, -electron acceleration for infrared (IR) and other optical emissions which could be used to control radio wave propagation properties, -generate geomagnetic field aligned ionization to control the reflection\\scattering properties of radio waves, -use oblique heating to produce effects on radio wave propagation, thus broadening the potential military applications of ionospheric enhancement technology. Poker Flat Rocket Launch (1968 to Present) The Pocker Flat Research Range is located about 50 km North of Fairbanks, Alaska, and it was established in 1968. It is operated by the Geophysical Institute with the University of Alaska Fairbanks, under NASA contract. About 250 major rocket launches have taken place from this site, and in 1994, a 16 metre long rocket was launched to help NASA \"understand chemical reactions in the atmosphere associated with global climate change\". Similar experiments, but using Chemical Release Modules (CRM) have been launched from Churchill, Manitoba. In 1980, Brian Whelan's \"Project Waterhole\", disrupted an aurora borealis, bringing it to a temporary halt. In February 1983, the chemical released into the ionosphere caused an aurora borealis over Churchill. In March 1989, two Black Brant X's and two Nike Orions rockets were launched over Canada, releasing barium at high altitudes and creating artificial clouds. These Churchill artificial clouds were observed from as far away as Los Alamos, New Mexico. The US Navy has also been carrying on High Power Auroral Stimulation (HIPAS) research in Alaska. Through a series of wires and"}, {"title": "pes2o", "text": "Spacecraft charging and ion wake formation in the near-Sun environment A three-dimensional (3-D), self-consistent code is employed to solve for the static potential structure surrounding a spacecraft in a high photoelectron environment. The numerical solutions show that, under certain conditions, a spacecraft can take on a negative potential in spite of strong photoelectron currents. The negative potential is due to an electrostatic barrier near the surface of the spacecraft that can reflect a large fraction of the photoelectron flux back to the spacecraft. This electrostatic barrier forms if (1) the photoelectron density at the surface of the spacecraft greatly exceeds the ambient plasma density, (2) the spacecraft size is significantly larger than local Debye length of the photoelectrons, and (3) the thermal electron energy is much larger than the characteristic energy of the escaping photoelectrons. All of these conditions are present near the Sun. The numerical solutions also show that the spacecraft's negative potential can be amplified by an ion wake. The negative potential of the ion wake prevents secondary electrons from escaping the part of spacecraft in contact with the wake. These findings may be important for future spacecraft missions that go nearer to the Sun, such as Solar Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus. I. Introduction Spacecraft charging and wake formation have been a concern since the launch of the first orbiters. This concern arrises for a variety of reasons including the safety of astronauts and the safeguarding of spacecraft electrical systems 1,2 . An understanding of and, in many cases, the control of spacecraft"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Dr. Robert E. Huffman (1931\u20132008) was an American space scientist and author. He specialized in ultraviolet spectroscopy in the earth's upper atmosphere. Working for the United States Air Force, Dr. Huffman managed the Horizon Ultraviolet Program (HUP) experiments on two Space Shuttle flights: Columbia (STS-4, 1982) and Discovery (AFP-675 on STS-39, 1991). Dr. Huffman was also the principal investigator for the Auroral Ionospheric Mapper (AIM) on the HILAT Spacecraft and the Auroral/Ionospheric Remote Sensor (AIRS) on the Polar BEAR Spacecraft. In 1983 the Auroral Ionospheric Mapper produced the first pictures of Aurora Borealis made under full daylight conditions. Although the aurora cannot be seen in the visible spectrum during daylight hours, Dr. Huffman's instrument was able to capture an image in the ultraviolet spectrum. In the early 1970s Dr. Huffman was Program Manager for Project Chaser, a series of launches of Aerobee 170 sounding rockets from Vandenberg AFB Probe Launch Complex C. The purpose of Project Chaser was to measure exhaust plumes from anti-ballistic missile systems launched simultaneously with Project Chaser. His memoir \"Adventures of a Star Warrior: Cold War Rocket Science on the Space Frontier\" was published posthumously. Awards Valedictorian Texas A&M University (1953) The Guenter Loeser Memorial Award by the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (1968) The Marcus O'Day Award by the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (1981) Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Annual Award for Outstanding Paper in an Unclassified Refereed Journal (1984) Outstanding Civilian Career Service Award, Department of the Air Force (1998) Bibliography Huffman, Robert E., (1992), \"Atmospheric Ultraviolet Remote"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "plasma injected from the magnetotail. This increase in the ring current causes a worldwide depression of the horizontal geomagnetic field during a magnetic storm. riometer (Relative Ionospheric Opacity meter) A specially designed ground-level radio receiver for continuous monitoring of cosmic noise. The absorption of cosmic noise in the polar regions is very sensitive to the solar low-energy cosmic ray flux. Absorption events are known as PCAs (polar cap absorption) and are primarily associated with major solar flares. rudimentary A type of sunspot penumbra characterized by granular (rather than filamentary) structure, brighter intensity than the umbra, and narrow extent, and possibly only partially surrounding the umbra. Penumbrae are typically rudimentary during the sunspot formative and decay phases. satellite anomaly The usually undesirable response of spacecraft systems to variations in the space environment. High energy particles cause detector noise and/or physical damage to solar cells, electronics, and memory devices (single event upsets or \u201dbitflips\u201d). Large and varying low-to-medium energy particle fluxes can result in a charge buildup between spacecraft components especially during the eclipse season and during spacecraft maneuvers. Atmospheric drag on spacecraft below approximately 1,000 km can increase during geomagnetic storms, resulting in cross-track and in-track orbit errors and orientation problems. Various communication interference problems result during solar radio bursts from flares when the Sun is within the field of view of the ground tracking dish. Ionospheric irregularities during geomagnetic storms can cause radio telemetry scintillation and fading. S-band Radio frequencies between 1.55 and 5.20 GHz. For satellite communication. The term usually refers to frequencies used for"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "space as the satellite passes through them. This information will be used in building models to understand the various structures in the ionosphere, such as plasma depletions and associated turbulence in the nightside, low-latitude ionosphere. These structures can interfere with radio signals between Earth and spacecraft in orbit, thus causing errors in tracking and loss of communication. ']; comboArray[462-1] = ['current', '', 'instrument', '','ACE Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer', 'The Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) measures the abundances of galactic cosmic ray isotopes. ']; comboArray[463-1] = ['current', '', 'instrument', '','Wind Magnetic Field Investigation', 'Magnetic Field Investigation (MFI) instrument, onboard the WIND spacecraft, was based on the magnetometers previously developed for the Voyager, ISPM, GIOTTO, and Mars Observer missions which represent state-of-the-art instruments with unparalleled performance. ']; comboArray[464-1] = ['current', '', 'instrument', '','C/NOFS Vector Electric Field Instrument', 'VEFI measures direct current (DC) electric fields, which cause the bulk plasma motion that drives the ionospheric plasma to be unstable. Additionally, it measures the quasi-DC electric fields within the plasma density depletions to reveal the motions of the depletions relative to the background ionosphere. VEFI also measures the vector AC electric field, which characterizes the ionospheric disturbances associated with spread-F irregularities. ']; comboArray[465-1] = ['current', '', 'instrument', '','Cluster Plasma Electron And Current Experiment', 'A Plasma Electron And Current Experiment instrument can measure the three dimensional velocity distribution of electrons in a space plasma, for an energy range from a few electronvolts to about 30 kiloelectronvolts. A PEACE instrument is flying on each of the four Cluster II spacecraft, which were"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Events on Friday, May 5th, 2017 Simulating the Ionosphere, one electron at a time Speaker: Meers Oppenheim, Boston University, Astronomy Department Abstract: All planetary atmospheres have a region where solar radiation ionizes the air, creating an ionosphere; a plasma extending from the upper atmosphere to the space environment. For the Earth, the ionosphere extends from 80 km above the ground, where neutrals outnumber ions by over 8 orders of magnitude, to around 1000 km, where ions and neutrals have similar numbers. This region absorbs the majority of EUV and X-rays from the Sun. Energetic particles from the magnetosphere, the solar wind, and the cosmos slam into it. Billions of meteors deposit tons of materials in it, daily. From below, winds and turbulence in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere push it around. All these interactions make the ionosphere complex and interesting. NASA and the space community need accurate models of the ionosphere since the International Space Station and most of our spacecraft exist within it, and can experience harmful radiation and electric charging. The ionosphere was first discovered because of its impact on radio communication and its interference with Earth to Space communications and GPS remain critical issues. This talk will present the basics of ionospheric plasma physics, present a method of simulating ionospheric plasmas, the Particle-in_Cell (PIC) method. It will then show how we used this method to study a number of turbulent processes in the ionosphere and what we have learned from these studies. Host: Jan Egedal"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "interfere with communications and navigation systems, disturb spacecraft orbits because of increased drag, and cause electric utility blackouts over wide areas. Ionospheric effects at equatorial, auroral, and middle latitudes constitute a major category of space weather effects that need to be better characterized and understood. \u201cGeospace\u201d is the term used to refer to the ensemble of regions including Earth\u2019s magnetosphere, ionosphere, and theremosphere. DISTRIBUTED ARRAYS OF SMALL INSTRUMENTS\u2014THE NEXT LOGICAL STEP Space physics proper began in the late 1950s with the launch of the first Earth-orbiting satellites. The field is distinguished from astronomy and astrophysics as well as from earlier attempts to understand our space environment by its capability of measuring in situ the plasmas that surround Earth and pervade the solar system. However, despite the distinctive and defining role played by in situ observations, the importance of ground-based investigations (carried out with radars, magnetometers, riometers, ionosondes, all-sky cameras, coronagraphs, and neutron monitors) to pre-space-age knowledge of the Sun-Earth system has been crucial. Today, nearly half a century after the dawn of the space age, remote sensing from ground-based facilities remains essential to efforts to characterize and understand Earth\u2019 s space environment and to investigate the workings of its ultimate energy source, the Sun. One of the most serious obstacles to progress in understanding and predicting the space physics environment is the inadequate spatial distribution of ground-based measurements. This results, in part, because of the remoteness and lack of supporting infrastructure in some important regions, such as at polar latitudes, and, in part, because measurements in"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Ionospheric response to the shock and acoustic waves excited by the launch of the Shenzhou 10 spacecraft We used a dense GPS network in China to track the ionospheric response to waves excited by the launch of the rocket that carried Shenzhou 10 spacecraft on 11 June 2013. The long\u2010distance propagation of shock and acoustic waves were observed on both sides of the rocket's trajectory. On the southern side, the wave structures (characterized by a horizontal extension of ~1400 km and initial amplitudes of 0.3 total electron content unit (TECU) and 0.1 TECU for the shock and acoustic waves, respectively), traveled southwestward a distance of ~1500 km at mean velocities of 1011 m s\u22121 and 709 m s\u22121, respectively. On the northern side, northward propagating waves were seen to travel a distance of ~600 km with much smaller amplitudes of less than 0.05 TECU. Subsequent waves with amplitudes of less than 0.02 TECU could also be seen. Clear wave structures were found at a distance of ~600\u20132000 km from launch site."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "situ techniques. Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria.. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA.. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth Planetary & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA.. Each spacecraft of the recently launched magnetospheric multiscale MMS mission is equipped with Active Spacecraft Potential Control (ASPOC) instruments, which control the spacecraft potential in order to reduce spacecraft charging effects. ASPOC typically reduces the spacecraft potential to a few volts. On several occasions during the commissioning phase of the mission, the ASPOC instruments were operating only on one spacecraft at a time. Taking advantage of such intervals, we derive photoelectron curves and also perform reconstructions of the uncontrolled spacecraft potential for the spacecraft with active control and estimate the electron plasma density during those periods. We also establish the criteria under which our methods can be applied. Ions with energies less than tens of eV originate from the Terrestrial ionosphere and from several planets and moons in the solar system. The low energy indicates the origin of the plasma but also severely complicates detection of the positive ions onboard sunlit spacecraft at higher altitudes, which often become positively charged to several tens of Volts. We discuss some methods to observe low-energy ions, including a recently developed technique based on the detection of the wake behind a charged spacecraft in a supersonic flow. Recent results from this technique show that low-energy ions typically"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "probe the auroral ionosphere. By bouncing signals off ionospheric irregularities, which move with the field lines, one can trace their motion and infer magnetospheric convection. Spacecraft instruments include: Magnetometers, usually of the flux gate type. Usually these are at the end of booms, to keep them away from magnetic interference by the spacecraft and its electric circuits.[23] Electric sensors at the ends of opposing booms are used to measure potential differences between separated points, to derive electric fields associated with convection. The method works best at high plasma densities in low Earth orbit; far from Earth long booms are needed, to avoid shielding-out of electric forces. Radio sounders from the ground can bounce radio waves of varying frequency off the ionosphere, and by timing their return determine the electron density profile\u2014up to its peak, past which radio waves no longer return. Radio sounders in low Earth orbit aboard the Canadian Alouette 1 (1962) and Alouette 2 (1965), beamed radio waves earthward and observed the electron density profile of the \"topside ionosphere\". Other radio sounding methods were also tried in the ionosphere (e.g. on IMAGE). Particle detectors include a Geiger counter, as was used for the original observations of the Van Allen radiation belt. Scintillator detectors came later, and still later \"channeltron\" electron multipliers found particularly wide use. To derive charge and mass composition, as well as energies, a variety of mass spectrograph designs were used. For energies up to about 50 keV (which constitute most of the magnetospheric plasma) time-of-flight spectrometers (e.g. \"top-hat\" design) are widely"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "technology resides, then learn how to operate through and preserve it from potentially disruptive or damaging interference,\u201d Spann said. Understanding the phenomenaBuilding on decades of previous ground-based studies of plasma bubbles over equatorial regions, especially intensive research in Brazil and Peru, SPORT will help researchers determine what\u2019s happening in the ionosphere to stir up the bubbles, why they form along the equator and what causes them to appear at night. Plasma bubbles and scintillation are global equatorial and mid-latitude phenomena, made worse by the South American Magnetic Anomaly, where Earth\u2019s magnetic equator dips close to Earth. More about SPORTSPORT science mission data will be distributed from and archived at the EMBRACE space-weather forecasting center in Brazil\u2019s National Institute for Space Research (INPE) and mirrored at the Space Physics Data Facility at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The SPORT mission management team is led by Marshall alongside its international partners, the Brazilian Space Agency in Bras\u00edlia, and the National Institute for Space Research and Technical Aeronautics Institute, both in S\u00e3o Jose dos Campos, S\u00e3o Paulo. Spann\u2019s team, which oversees the mission science, flight instruments and the CubeSat launch, includes researchers at Marshall; Goddard; Utah State University in Logan, Utah; The Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California; the University of Texas at Dallas; and the University of Alabama in Huntsville. NASA\u2019s Brazilian partners are overseeing the development of the spacecraft; integration and testing; mission operations; data management and dissemination; and the ground observation network. The science analysis will be conducted by the entire team. Be"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "(image credit: Amptek) SSM (Special Sensor Magnetometer), a triaxial fluxgate magnetometer, PL sensor built by NASA/GSFC. The SSM measures geomagnetic fluctuations associated with solar geophysical phenomena (i.e., ionospheric currents flowing at high latitudes). In combination with the SSI/ES (or SSI/ES-2) and the SSJ/4, the SSM provides heating and electron density profiles in the high-latitude ionosphere. SSM takes and reports 12 readings/s for the Y and Z axes. Only 10 readings of the 12 readings per second are reported for the X axis due to telemetry limitations. The SSM's axes are aligned with the spacecraft's axes where X is downward and aligned to local vertical within 0.01 degree, Y is parallel to the velocity vector for spacecraft with ascending node in the afternoon/evening sector, and Z is away from the solar panel and anti-parallel to the orbit normal vector.) The measurement range is \u00b165535 nT for each axis, with a one-bit resolution of 2 nT. The first SSM flight started with F12 (launch 29.8, 1994). Note: The magnetic field has three sources: 1) the magnetic field from the solid Earth, 2) the magnetic field from electrical currents flowing in the ionosphere and magnetosphere, and 3) the magnetic field from the spacecraft. Measurement of source 2 is the principal objective of the SSM, the measurement of source 1 is a secondary objective, and measurement of source 3 is a nuisance which is eliminated from the data as much as possible during data processing. SSM-Boom (Special Sensor Magnetometer-Boom), an upgrade to SSM. Measures geomagnetic fluctuations associated with solar geophysical"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "phase of the benchmarking activity is to reduce these uncertainties. In this presentation, we will focus on the sources of uncertainty in the ionospheric response to extreme geomagnetic storms. We will then discuss various research efforts required to better understand the underlying processes of ionospheric variability and how the uncertainties in ionospheric response to extreme space weather could be reduced and the estimates improved. Maintaining US Space Weather Capabilities after DMSP: Research to Operations Machuzak, J. S.; Gentile, L. C.; Burke, W. J.; Holeman, E. G.; Ober, D. M.; Wilson, G. R. The first Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft was launched in 1972; the last is scheduled to fly in 2020. Presently, there is no replacement for the space-weather monitoring sensors that now fly on DMSP. The present suite has provided comprehensive, long-term records that constitute a critical component of the US space weather corporate memory. Evolving operational needs and research accomplishments justify continued collection of space environmental data. Examples include measurements to: (1) Monitor the Dst index in real time as a driver of next-generation satellite drag models; (2) Quantify electromagnetic energy fluxes from deep space to the ionosphere/ thermosphere that heat neutrals, drive disturbance-dynamo winds and degrade precise orbit determinations; (3) Determine strengths of stormtime electric fields at high and low latitudes that lead to severe blackouts and spacecraft anomalies; (4) Specify variability of plasma density irregularities, equatorial plasma bubbles, and the Appleton anomaly to improve reliability of communication, navigation and surveillance links; (5) Characterize energetic particle fluxes responsible for auroral clutter and"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "systems. The artificial clouds will be visible to residents of the Republic of the Marshall Islands during two rocket flights to occur between August 29 and September 9, the US space agency said. The Waves and Instabilities from a Neutral Dynamo (WINDY) mission will study a phenomenon that occurs in the ionosphere \u2013 a layer of charged particles in the upper atmosphere. Known as equatorial spread F (ESF) these disturbances occur after sunset at latitudes near the equator in part of the ionosphere known as the F region. The disturbances interfere with radio communication, navigation and imaging systems and pose a hazard to technology and society that depends on it. The WINDY mission consists of two NASA suborbital sounding rockets that will be launched nearly simultaneously in a window between 8 and 11 pm local time from August 29 through September 9 from the island of Roi-Namur . The Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands is near the magnetic equator, where post-sunset ionosphere storms are more intense, making the site an ideal location for these studies, NASA said. One rocket will carry a substance called tri-methyl aluminium (TMA), which will form the white artificial clouds that glow in the night sky. Scientists on the ground photograph the movement of these clouds to measure the winds and energetic particles that are in motion in the upper atmosphere. The clouds are expected to be visible for about 30 minutes. The first rocket launched, a two-stage 47-foot long Black Brant IX rocket, will carry and release both TMA and"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "systems. The artificial clouds will be visible to residents of the Republic of the Marshall Islands during two rocket flights to occur between August 29 and September 9, the US space agency said. The Waves and Instabilities from a Neutral Dynamo (WINDY) mission will study a phenomenon that occurs in the ionosphere \u2013 a layer of charged particles in the upper atmosphere. Known as equatorial spread F (ESF) these disturbances occur after sunset at latitudes near the equator in part of the ionosphere known as the F region. The disturbances interfere with radio communication, navigation and imaging systems and pose a hazard to technology and society that depends on it. The WINDY mission consists of two NASA suborbital sounding rockets that will be launched nearly simultaneously in a window between 8 and 11 pm local time from August 29 through September 9 from the island of Roi-Namur . The Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands is near the magnetic equator, where post-sunset ionosphere storms are more intense, making the site an ideal location for these studies, NASA said. One rocket will carry a substance called tri-methyl aluminium (TMA), which will form the white artificial clouds that glow in the night sky. Scientists on the ground photograph the movement of these clouds to measure the winds and energetic particles that are in motion in the upper atmosphere. The clouds are expected to be visible for about 30 minutes. The first rocket launched, a two-stage 47-foot long Black Brant IX rocket, will carry and release both TMA and"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "No 2-3(34) Supplement No 1(15) About the possibility of determining the speed of jets of radio galaxies and quasars from studies of the fine structure of their nodes at high angular resolution Abstract: The results of observations of 40 extra-galactic radio sources made on a 22-meter radio telescope of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory at a frequency of 22 GHz in 1990\u20131994 are presented. Acoustic diagnostics of heterophase plasma Acoustic oscillations in the atmosphere as a possible channel of cosmic influence on the biosphere Analysis of the possibility of using magnetic-liquid devices in space technology Characteristics of recombination processes in the nighttime F-region of the ionosphere according to incoherent scattering Checking the list of optical twins of IR and radio sources from observations in the Andrushevskaya joint-stock company Comparison of the data of the Kharkov incoherent scatter radar with the international reference ionosphere model IRI-2001 Doppler radio sounding of disturbances in the E and F regions of the ionosphere during launches and flights of spacecraft Doppler radio sounding of the ionosphere as a means of monitoring the state of space weather Effect of nonconservation of the magnetic moment of fast protons on their confinement in the geomagnetic trap Energy and material science problems of launching into space and descent to Earth of the device with low overloads Experimental determination of temperature fields in samples of materials of space technology Frenay \u2013 Serre equations for the trajectory of a charged particle in a magnetic dipole Generation of Langmuir waves in a magnetized plasma with low-frequency turbulence Generation of"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "in these cases also a general increase of the electron density to apogee. Finally, with rockets capable of reaching 480 km altitude, the F-layer of the ionosphere was probed on three occasions in 1958 (21 February, 27 August and 31 October), and it was demonstrated that, in contrast to then current ideas, the electron density did not decrease rapidly above the F layer maximum. During this period Gringauz and his group were engaged in the preparation of experiments for the first Soviet spacecraft then being developed in Korolev\u2019s Institute. He was very proud to have provided the famous transmitters on Sputnik 1 which made a triumphant announcement to the world following the successful launch of 4 October, 1957, In particular he liked to tell that he was the last to touch the Sputnik: \u201cI had to do the final check to make sure the transmitter was going to work there was a special cover in the nose cone, so I reached inside, checked the \u2018beep..beep..beep\u2019 signal and knew everything was alright... then the cone was sealed for the last time.\u201d There had been some debate as to whether or not the 20 and 40 MHz transmissions would be easily detectable through the ionosphere but Gringauz was confident that this would be the case, and his judgment was confirmed as correct, with the receiving distance being as much as 10,000 km. The transmissions continued for three weeks and were used to monitor conditions within the spacecraft. Sputnik 3, which weighed 1327 kg. was launched on 15 May,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Albert Viggiano Albert A. Viggiano Space Vehicles Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE Kirtland AFB 87117-5776 Education Ph.D. in Chemical Physics, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder 1980 B. Sc. in Chem. with highest honors, Univ. of Calif. Berkeley 1976 Work history/accomplishments: I am manager and chief scientist of the plasma chemistry laboratory. My group developed four state of the art instruments to study plasma kinetics over unmatched ranges of conditions. We specialize in measuring difficult to handle species such as atoms, O2(a1Dg), and H2SO4. Our forte is to continually push the envelope so that entirely new regimes of study become possible. Air Force/DoD applications of the research are wide ranging including reentry plasmas, the ionosphere, plasma assisted combustion, electric oxygen iodine laser, HAARP, energetic materials, and chemical weapon sensors. We have doubled the highest temperatures for which both ion and electron molecule kinetics could be studied. The former, along with a technique for studying internal energy dependences of ion molecule reactions, led to the AF Basic Research award. Development of a technique to study reactivity at high pressures has been valuable in understanding scramjet engines and produced the only examples of specific energy transfer parameters for ions. A comprehensive study on electron attachment to SF6 resolved numerous issues involving this well studied reaction and determined why the molecule does not quench plasmas at high temperature. I received the AFRL Science and Technology award for this work, which has been transitioned to the AF ionospheric and reentry programs. Most recently, we have developed a technique that has allowed us"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Direct observations of a surface eigenmode of the dayside magnetopause The abrupt boundary between a magnetosphere and the surrounding plasma, the magnetopause, has long been known to support surface waves. It was proposed that impulses acting on the boundary might lead to a trapping of these waves on the dayside by the ionosphere, resulting in a standing wave or eigenmode of the magnetopause surface. No direct observational evidence of this has been found to date and searches for indirect evidence have proved inconclusive, leading to speculation that this mechanism might not occur. By using fortuitous multipoint spacecraft observations during a rare isolated fast plasma jet impinging on the boundary, here we show that the resulting magnetopause motion and magnetospheric ultra-low frequency waves at well-defined frequencies are in agreement with and can only be explained by the magnetopause surface eigenmode. We therefore show through direct observations that this mechanism, which should impact upon the magnetospheric system globally, does in fact occur. P lanetary magnetic fields act as obstacles to solar/stellar winds with their interaction forming a well-defined region of space known as a magnetosphere. The outer boundary of a magnetosphere, the magnetopause, is arguably the most significant since it controls the flux of mass, energy, and momentum both into and out of the system, with the boundary's motion thus having wide ranging consequences. Magnetopause dynamics, for example, can cause loss-of-relativistic radiation belt electrons 1 ; result in field-aligned currents directing energy to the ionosphere 2 ; and launch numerous modes of magnetospheric ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves 3,4"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "About the possibility of determining the speed of jets of radio galaxies and quasars from studies of the fine structure of their nodes at high angular resolution Abstract: The results of observations of 40 extra-galactic radio sources made on a 22-meter radio telescope of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory at a frequency of 22 GHz in 1990\u20131994 are presented. Acoustic diagnostics of heterophase plasma Acoustic oscillations in the atmosphere as a possible channel of cosmic influence on the biosphere Analysis of the possibility of using magnetic-liquid devices in space technology Characteristics of recombination processes in the nighttime F-region of the ionosphere according to incoherent scattering Checking the list of optical twins of IR and radio sources from observations in the Andrushevskaya joint-stock company Comparison of the data of the Kharkov incoherent scatter radar with the international reference ionosphere model IRI-2001 Doppler radio sounding of disturbances in the E and F regions of the ionosphere during launches and flights of spacecraft Doppler radio sounding of the ionosphere as a means of monitoring the state of space weather Effect of nonconservation of the magnetic moment of fast protons on their confinement in the geomagnetic trap Energy and material science problems of launching into space and descent to Earth of the device with low overloads Experimental determination of temperature fields in samples of materials of space technology Frenay \u2013 Serre equations for the trajectory of a charged particle in a magnetic dipole Generation of Langmuir waves in a magnetized plasma with low-frequency turbulence Generation of kinetic Alfven waves in a"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "location, intensity, and characteristics are greatly influenced by the underlying ionosphere. Strong M-I coupling by means of field-aligned currents creates a high-speed (>1000 m/s) westward plasma flow channel in the ionosphere at pre-midnight/post-noon local times which is readily observable by incoherent scatter and HF radars and in plasma drift observations by low-altitude spacecraft (e.g. DMSP). The fast ionospheric flows generate E-region irregularities providing for addition. . . Authors: Skov Mulligan, Fennell J.F., Roeder J.L., Blake J.B., and Claudepierre S.G. Abstract: The Van Allen Probes mission provides an unprecedented opportunity to make detailed measurements of electrons and protons in the inner magnetosphere during the weak solar maximum period of cycle 24. Data from the MagEIS suite of sensors measures energy spectra, fluxes, and yields electron deposition rates that can cause internal charging. We use omni-directional fluxes of electrons and protons to calculate the dose under varying materials and thicknesses of shielding (similar to Fennell et al., 2010). We show examples of charge deposition rates during times of nominal and high levels of penetrating fluxes in the inner magnetosphere covering the period from late 2012 through 2013. These charge deposition rates are related to charging levels quite possibly encountered. . . Abstract: The Van Allen Probes (formerly known as the Radiation Belt Storm Probes or RBSP) mission launched on 30 August 2012 as part of NASA\u2019s Living With a Star (LWS) Program. The ultimate goal of the mission is to understand how populations of relativistic electrons and penetrating ions in the Earth\u2019s Van Allen Radiation Belts are affected"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Assessment of Plasma Interactions and Flight Status of the HAYABUSA Asteroid Explorer Propelled by Microwave Discharge Ion Engines Microwave discharge ion engines \"mu10\" are dedicated to the main propulsion on the HAYABUSA asteroid explorer. In a development program, various tests and assessments were conducted on the ion engines and the spacecraft. They include endurance tests, an electromagnetic interference susceptibility test, an interference test between the plasma and communication microwave, a beam exhaust test on the spacecraft, assessments on the plasma interference with a solar array, and so on. The spacecraft was launched in deep space by the M-V rocket in May 2003. After vacuum exposure and several runs of baking for reduction of residual gas, the ion engine system established continuous acceleration of the spacecraft toward the asteroid ITOKAWA. The spacecraft passed through a perihelion of 0.86 astronomical unit (AU) in February 2004 and an aphelion of 1.7 AU in February 2005, becoming the first solar electric propulsion system to travel this far toward and away from the Sun. The HAYABUSA succeeded in rendezvousing with the target asteroid in September 2005"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "The fluxgate magnetometer of the Low Orbit Pearl Satellites (LOPS): overview of in-flight performance and initial results Abstract. The Low Orbit Pearl Satellite series consists of six constellations, with each constellation consisting of three identical microsatellites that line up just like a string of pearls. The first constellation of three satellites were launched on 29 September 2017, with an inclination of \u223c 35.5\u2218 and \u223c 600 km altitude. Each satellite is equipped with three identical fluxgate magnetometers that measure the in situ magnetic field and its low-frequency fluctuations in the Earth's low-altitude orbit. The triple sensor configuration enables separation of stray field effects generated by the spacecraft from the ambient magnetic field (e.g., Zhang et al., 2006). This paper gives a general description of the magnetometer including the instrument design, calibration before launch, in-flight calibration, in-flight performance, and initial results. Unprecedented spatial coverage resolution of the magnetic field measurements allow for the investigation of the dynamic processes and electric currents of the ionosphere and magnetosphere, especially for the ring current and equatorial electrojet during both quiet geomagnetic conditions and storms. Magnetic field measurements from LOPS could be important for studying the method to separate their contributions of the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere (M-I) current system."}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.04815344884991646, 0.04815344884991646, 0.04815366491675377, 0.1617080569267273, 0.09728753566741943, 0.02196442149579525, 0.0483202189207077, 0.14733755588531494, 0.10312087088823318, -0.0008947489550337195, 0.11809447407722473, -0.004889437463134527, 0.09045321494340897, 0.05449694022536278, 0.09361736476421356, 0.09184068441390991, 0.1617080569267273, 0.0394887775182724, 0.10312087088823318, 0.08985748887062073, 0.04287169873714447, 0.12910380959510803, -0.026589687913656235, 0.08451585471630096, 0.1473376452922821, 0.04815366491675377, 0.04815366491675377, 0.057185087352991104, 0.04143477976322174], "y": [-0.18093542754650116, -0.18093542754650116, -0.18093550205230713, -0.07480455189943314, -0.12461212277412415, -0.188021719455719, -0.10008439421653748, -0.08009136468172073, -0.16100725531578064, -0.1919262856245041, -0.11661846190690994, -0.16702565550804138, -0.16445276141166687, -0.12666326761245728, -0.12707895040512085, -0.12721550464630127, -0.07480455189943314, -0.17149832844734192, -0.16100725531578064, -0.15949341654777527, -0.12490038573741913, -0.10645496100187302, -0.17925509810447693, -0.18939045071601868, -0.08009114116430283, -0.18093550205230713, -0.18093550205230713, -0.2332688719034195, -0.20539213716983795], "mode": "markers", "name": "Cluster 8", "marker": {"size": 8, "color": "rgb(217,217,217)"}, "text": ["Document 36", "Document 37", "Document 39", "Document 54", "Document 79", "Document 116", "Document 158", "Document 171", "Document 208", "Document 209", "Document 366", "Document 380", "Document 405", "Document 492", "Document 500", "Document 591", "Document 632", "Document 721", "Document 813", "Document 829", "Document 1053", "Document 1099", "Document 1110", "Document 1228", "Document 1297", "Document 1300", "Document 1303", "Document 1321", "Document 1329"], "customdata": [{"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "through its eyes.\u201d As far as space goes, the ionosphere is as close to home as it gets. Its constant changes can affect astronauts, satellites and much of the communications signals modern society relies upon. Scientists want to understand these changes, so they can eventually better predict them and protect our interests in space. Space may look empty, but the ionosphere brims with electrically charged gases, solar radiation, and electric and magnetic fields. Turbulence in this sea of charged particles can manifest as disruptions that interfere with orbiting satellites or communication and navigation signals used, for example, to guide airplanes, ships and self-driving cars. Depending on the energy it absorbs from the Sun, the ionosphere grows and shrinks. For that reason, scientists long thought this part of space was only affected by what happens in the space above it. NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, will orbit in the far reaches of the upper atmosphere, the bottom edge of near-Earth space. From this vantage point, ICON observes both the upper atmosphere and a layer of charged particles called the ionosphere. (Credits: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center/G. Duberstein) But over the past decade, a growing body of evidence has indicated the region is much more variable than we can explain with solar activity alone. The ionosphere\u2019s contents are not evenly distributed: Dense patches of its charged gases, called plasma, are scattered throughout. Eventually, researchers linked these patches to global weather patterns \u2014 large-scale events such as several hurricanes rushing across the ocean at once, or changes in"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "the surface. ICON explores the connections between the neutral atmosphere and the electrically charged ionosphere. In addition to interfering with communications signals, space weather in this important slice of the atmosphere can also prematurely decay spacecraft orbits and expose astronauts to radiation-borne health risks. - \u201cWe\u2019re really excited to see the first data appearing from the ICON mission,\u201d said Scott England, the ICON project scientist at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia. \u201cFor me, the real power of these data isn\u2019t just seeing transformative things like the wind patterns throughout the whole upper atmosphere, but having all these observations available to us at once, so we can see the connections between the neutral and charged environment around Earth.\u201d \u2022 February 20, 2020: Just over six weeks after launch and early calibrations, NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission was presented with a unique opportunity. ICON flew very close to the December 26 solar eclipse track that extended across Asia, and observed the major changes in upper atmospheric airglow that naturally occurred. ICON\u2019s four instruments, primed to look at the ionosphere, the dynamic region where Earth meets space, were in position to observe the effects. What happens when airglow \u2013the natural glow of Earth\u2019s atmosphere caused by solar radiation \u2013 is temporarily \u201cturned off\u201d when the sun is blocked by the moon\u2019s shadow for a few minutes? Preliminary data shows that all four instruments \u2013 MIGHTI, EUV, FUV and IVM \u2013 were able to see changes the eclipse wrought. 26) - The Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2023-06", "text": "narrowed the cause of the communication loss to problems within the avionics or radio-frequency communications subsystems,\u201d NASA wrote in the blog post. \u201cThe team is currently unable to determine the health of the spacecraft, and the lack of a downlink signal could be indicative of a system failure.\u201d Oof, that doesn\u2019t sound good. ICON, launched in October 2019, is tasked with observing the way terrestrial weather interacts with space weather in Earth\u2019s ionosphere. It does so (or at least it did so) from an orbital outpost that\u2019s roughly 360 miles (580 kilometers) above the planet. The spacecraft carries four instruments to measure various characteristics of the ionosphere and capture ultra-violet images of the upper atmosphere. The ICON mission has offered a comprehensive view of this part of Earth\u2019s atmosphere which would otherwise require two or more orbiting spacecraft to gather, according to NASA. The mission was originally supposed to last for two years and has been operating on an extended timeline since December 2021. Hopefully NASA can squeeze more overtime from this important space weather satellite. More: Japan-U.S. Geotail Mission Officially Comes to an End After 30 Glorious Years ScienceSpaceflight"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "in currents in the region. The variations matter because all of our communications and GPS satellites send signals through the ionosphere. A disturbed ionosphere translates to disturbed signals, so scientists want to know just what causes the ionosphere to behave in specific ways.\u201d (NASA) Meanwhile, should the over-medicated start to actually figure out what is being done to them, the government has imposed gag orders on the National Weather Service (NWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) who might easily refute the ridiculous claims of NASA. Notably, every single person who works for NASA, the NWS or NOAA are paid with tax payer dollars.This means that we are paying to be medicated and poisoned. Here, to corroborate information being given by the NASA employee in the video, is the Code 8440 RMMO which states the exact purpose of using Wallops Flight Facility to launch a rocket containing lithium thermite: \u201cPurpose: The primary purpose of this mission was to test the loading methods for lithium canisters to be flown on the upcoming Kudeki (Kwajalein, April 2013) and Pfaff (Wallops, June 2013) missions, and verify their functionality under sounding rocket launch and space flight conditions. Rocket Type: Two-stage Terrier MK70 Improved-Orion Location: Wallops Range Launcher: MRL Date of Launch: January 29, 2013 Time: 17:50 EST Experiment results: Thermistor data looked nominal. Good report from airborne optical platform of recorded video and lithium clouds also visible by ground observation.\u2019 We also learn from this specific call that lithium has been dumped in our skies since 1970. If"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "flux as space weather bombards it from above and Earth weather from below, sometimes disrupting radio communications. \u201cThis protected layer, it\u2019s the top of our atmosphere. It\u2019s our frontier with space,\u201d said NASA\u2019s heliophysics division director, Nicola Fox. The more scientists know, the better spacecraft and astronauts can be protected in orbit through improved forecasting. The refrigerator-size Icon satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the 360-mile-high (580-kilometer-high) spacecraft. \u201cIt\u2019s a remarkable physics laboratory,\u201d said principal scientist Thomas Immel of the University of California, Berkeley, which is overseeing the two-year mission. He added: \u201cIcon goes where the action is.\u201d A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from much higher up. More missions are planned in coming years to study the ionosphere, including from the International Space Station. Ionosphere: The ionosphere is the ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about 60 km to 1,000 km altitude, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. Show Stuff The Dark Horde, LLC \u2013 http://www.thedarkhorde.com Twitter @DarkHorde TeePublic Store - Get your UBR goodies today! http://tee.pub/lic/2GQuXxn79dg UBR Truth Seekers Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/216706068856746 UFO Buster Radio: https://www.facebook.com/UFOBusterRadio YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCggl8-aPBDo7wXJQ43TiluA To contact Manny: manny@ufobusterradio.com, or on Twitter @ufobusterradio Call the show anytime at (972) 290-1329 and leave us a message with your point of view, UFO sighting, and ghostly experiences or join the discussion on www.ufobusterradio.com For Skype Users:"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "NASA scientists hope to better understand far outer atmosphere with ICON mission by: Kristen Currie Posted: Oct 9, 2019 / 04:01 PM CDT / Updated: Oct 9, 2019 / 04:57 PM CDT NASA is set to launch a new satellite, the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), into orbit Wednesday night on the Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket. Their hope is to better understand the ways in which the far outer atmosphere is affected by space weather and Earth-based turbulence. ICON is planned for a two year mission circling 360 miles above the Earth. Purple shading indicates \u2018ionosphere\u2019 \u2013 thick layer of charged particles 50 to 360 miles above the surface of the planet What is the ionosphere? The ionosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere stretching 30 miles to 600 miles above the surface. This part of the atmosphere is important as this is what makes radio communications and GPS navigation possible. ICON\u2019s goal As stated by NASA: \u201cPressure differences created by weather near Earth\u2019s surface can propagate into the very highest reaches of the upper atmosphere and influence the winds in this region. The exact role these winds\u2014and by extension, terrestrial weather\u2014play in shaping the ionosphere remains an outstanding question, and one that scientists hope ICON will answer.\u201d Exploring the Ionosphere, Earth\u2019s Interface to Space | NASA Unpredictable changes in the ionosphere can interfere with communication and navigation here at the surface. Changes in the electric current in the ionosphere can put strain on surface-based technologies and in some cases, causing outages. For more information"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "adding energy, she noted. The more scientists know, the better spacecraft and astronauts can be protected in orbit through improved forecasting. The refrigerator-size Icon satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the 360-mile-high (580-kilometer-high) spacecraft. \u201cIt\u2019s a remarkable physics laboratory,\u201d said principal scientist Thomas Immel of the University of California, Berkeley, which is overseeing the two-year mission. He added: \u201cIcon goes where the action is.\u201d A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from much higher up. More missions are planned in coming years to study the ionosphere, including from the International Space Station. Icon should have soared in 2017, but problems with Northrop Grumman\u2019s air-launched Pegasus rocket interfered. Despite the long delay, NASA said the $252 million mission did not exceed its price cap. Northrop Grumman also built the satellite. During a news conference earlier this week, NASA launch director Omar Baez apologized for the delay. \u201cWe wanted to get things right on this rocket,\u201d Baez said. \u201cWe have no second chances on these type of missions.\u201d He called the launch \u201can awesome and great one; this one\u2019s been a long time in coming.\u201d Baez said in the end, everything went well. \u201cThis is about as good as it gets,\u201d he said."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "the fundamental processes that govern our upper atmosphere and ionosphere is crucial to improve situational awareness that helps protect astronauts, spacecraft and humans on the ground. Two new NASA missions are teaming up to explore this little-understood area that\u2019s close to home but historically hard to observe. The Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, or GOLD, instrument launches aboard a commercial communications satellite in January 2018, and the Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, spacecraft launches later in 2018. Together, they will provide the most comprehensive observations of the ionosphere we\u2019ve ever had. The ionosphere is a region of charged particles in near-Earth space that coexists with the neutral gases in the upper atmosphere, which are sometimes shaped by weather events in the lower atmosphere. Credits: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center/Duberstein The two missions provide distinct but complementary perspectives: ICON, in low-Earth orbit, flies directly through and just above regions of interest, capturing detailed remote and in situ data on the forces that shape this area. GOLD, in geostationary orbit over the Western Hemisphere, will build up a full-disk view of the ionosphere and upper atmosphere every half hour, providing detailed large-scale measurements of related processes \u2014 a cadence which makes it the first mission to be able to monitor the true weather of the upper atmosphere, rather than the longer cycles of its climate. GOLD is also able to focus in on a tighter region and scan more quickly, to complement additional research plans as needed. From its geostationary orbit, GOLD will have a continual"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "a heavily modified Lockheed L1011 (christened Stargazer) before igniting the engines and arching upwards towards space to deploy its payload in a lower orbit. In order for the launch to succeed, Stargazer\u2019s crew must drop the vehicle in a \u201cdrop box\u201d measuring only 10 by 40 km \u2014 a narrow window to hit at cruising speeds. Once it makes it out into the Black, just what does ICON do? The Ionospheric Connection Explorer uses a series of instruments to study the interaction between Earth\u2019s high-altitude weather systems and \u201cspace weather\u201d phenomena in the ionosphere \u2014 which has a profound impact on the performance of satellites and spacecraft, and may well be the difference in just how many bars or \u201cG\u2019s\u201d your smartphone\u2019s network enjoys. After a one-week \u201cshakedown\u201d in orbit, it\u2019ll start powering up sensors built by UT Dallas, UC Berkeley, and the US Naval Research Laboratory, calibrating itself using the light of three full moons. Following that, it\u2019ll commence it\u2019s two-year mission to advance our understanding of space weather. After the briefing, our next stop, if you\u2019ll believe it, was mission control \u2014 not the same one that\u2019s used for crewed missions, mind you, but still the actual command and control stations used by NASA and partners for commercial launches, be it underslung Pegasus launches, or SpaceX Crew Resupply Services (CRS) launches aboard Falcon 9\u2019s. In the lobby of the USAF hangar used for comms and telemetry for the launch and mission. These particular control rooms are within the Cape Canaveral United States Air Force"}, {"title": "rpj-c4", "text": "and its launch. The satellite will end up orbiting Earth about 357 miles up (574 kilometers). The two year, $252 million ICON mission is designed to study Earth's ionosphere \u2014 a level of the atmosphere full of highly charged particles that are created by the sun's radiation. The layer interacts with those both above and below it, influenced by terrestrial weather as well as the sun. And the ionosphere is a crucial region for what scientists call space weather, the set of phenomena that include harmless glowing aurora and extreme bursts of solar radiation that can knock out satellites orbiting Earth and even power grids on the ground. ICON will partner in this quest with a mission called the Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, or GOLD, which launched in January and resides at a much higher altitude, where it will capture larger-scale data about the ionosphere. ICON's launch has been delayed for a year due to concerns about how the rocket would perform."}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2021-04", "text": "GPS satellites send signals through the ionosphere. A disturbed ionosphere translates to disturbed signals, so scientists want to know just what causes the ionosphere to behave in specific ways.\u201d (NASA) Meanwhile, should the over-medicated start to actually figure out what is being done to them, the government has imposed gag orders on the National Weather Service (NWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) who might easily refute the ridiculous claims of NASA. The US Navy admits to conducting electromagnetic warfare drills over the Olympic Peninsula. Reader submitted photo. Notably, every single person who works for NASA, the NWS or NOAA are paid with tax payer dollars.This means that we are paying to be medicated and poisoned. Here, to corroborate information being given by the NASA employee in the video, is the Code 8440 RMMO which states the exact purpose of using Wallops Flight Facility to launch a rocket containing lithium thermite: \u201cPurpose: The primary purpose of this mission was to test the loading methods for lithium canisters to be flown on the upcoming Kudeki (Kwajalein, April 2013) and Pfaff (Wallops, June 2013) missions, and verify their functionality under sounding rocket launch and space flight conditions. Rocket Type: Two-stage Terrier MK70 Improved-Orion Location: Wallops Range Launcher: MRL Date of Launch: January 29, 2013 Time: 17:50 EST Experiment results: Thermistor data looked nominal. Good report from airborne optical platform of recorded video and lithium clouds also visible by ground observation.\u2019 We also learn from this specific call that lithium has been dumped in our skies since"}, {"title": "rpj-wikipedia", "text": "at Dallas, measures the motion of charged particles in the ionosphere; and two ultraviolet imagers built at University of California, Berkeley, observe the airglow layers in the upper atmosphere in order to determine both ionospheric and thermospheric density and composition. Many low-Earth orbiting satellites, including the International Space Station (ISS), fly through the ionosphere and can be affected by its changing electric and magnetic fields. The ionosphere also acts as a conduit for many communications signals, such as radio waves and the signals that make GPS systems work. The ionosphere is where space weather manifests, creating unexpected conditions; electric currents can cause electrical charging of satellites, changing density can affect satellite orbits, and shifting magnetic fields can induce current in power systems, causing strain, disrupting communications and navigation or even triggering blackouts. Improved understanding of this environment can help predict such events and improve satellite safety and design. Launch planning Upon initial completion and delivery of the ICON observatory in 2016, launch plans centered around the launch range at Kwajalein Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. ICON was originally scheduled to launch in June 2017, but was repeatedly delayed because of problems with its Pegasus XL launch vehicle. The launch vehicle was mated to its air-launch aircraft Stargazer for a launch attempt in June 2018. This launch was cancelled days before because the rocket showed issues on the first leg of the ferry flight to Kwajalein. Given the availability of the launch range in Cape Canaveral, and a review of the suitability of this site, it was"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "panels successfully deployed, indicating it has power with all systems operating. After an approximately month-long commissioning period, ICON will begin sending back its first science data in November. ICON will study changes in a region of the upper atmosphere called the ionosphere. In addition to interfering with communications signals, space weather in the ionosphere can also prematurely decay spacecraft orbits and expose astronauts to radiation-borne health risks. Historically, this critical region of near-Earth space has been difficult to observe. Spacecraft can't travel through the low parts of the ionosphere and balloons can't travel high enough. \"ICON has an important job to do \u2013 to help us understand the dynamic space environment near our home,\" said Nicola Fox, director for heliophysics at NASA Headquarters in Washington. \"ICON will be the first mission to simultaneously track what's happening in Earth's upper atmosphere and in space to see how the two interact, causing the kind of changes that can disrupt our communications systems.\" ICON explores the connections between the neutral atmosphere and the electrically charged ionosphere with four instruments. Three of the instruments rely on one of the upper atmosphere's more spectacular phenomena: colorful bands called airglow. Airglow is created by a similar process that creates the aurora \u2013 gas is excited by radiation from the Sun and emits light. Though aurora are typically confined to extreme northern and southern latitudes, airglow happens constantly across the globe, and is much fainter. But it's still bright enough for ICON's instruments to build up a picture of the ionosphere's density, composition"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "through its eyes.\u201d As far as space goes, the ionosphere is as close to home as it gets. Its constant changes can affect astronauts, satellites and much of the communications signals modern society relies upon. Scientists want to understand these changes, so they can eventually better predict them and protect our interests in space. Space may look empty, but the ionosphere brims with electrically charged gases, solar radiation, and electric and magnetic fields. Turbulence in this sea of charged particles can manifest as disruptions that interfere with orbiting satellites or communication and navigation signals used, for example, to guide airplanes, ships and self-driving cars. Depending on the energy it absorbs from the Sun, the ionosphere grows and shrinks. For that reason, scientists long thought this part of space was only affected by what happens in the space above it. NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, will orbit in the far reaches of the upper atmosphere, the bottom edge of near-Earth space. From this vantage point, ICON observes both the upper atmosphere and a layer of charged particles called the ionosphere. (Credits: NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center/G. Duberstein) But over the past decade, a growing body of evidence has indicated the region is much more variable than we can explain with solar activity alone. The ionosphere\u2019s contents are not evenly distributed: Dense patches of its charged gases, called plasma, are scattered throughout. Eventually, researchers linked these patches to global weather patterns \u2014 large-scale events such as several hurricanes rushing across the ocean at once, or changes in"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "Home / Science / Two NASA satellites will investigate the Earth's ionosphere with SpaceX Falcon Heavy Two NASA satellites will investigate the Earth's ionosphere with SpaceX Falcon Heavy June 17, 2019 Science 1 Views NASA will launch two identical miniature satellites next week to understand how the Earth's atmosphere clouds the radio signals we rely on for communication and navigation. The pair will be among the 24 satellites flying into space for the third time with SpaceX's Falcon Heavy rocket. The start date for is set to June 24 after some delays. The two identical spaceships are Cubesat's miniature satellites, originally used only in near-Earth orbits, but today are sometimes used for interplanetary missions. These twin satellites, named E-TBEx, short for Enhanced Tandem Beacon Experiment, remain near the house. When orbiting near the Earth, they provide the scientists with important information on how radio signals can be interrupted as they traverse the upper atmosphere of the planet. Related: In photos: SpaceX's heavy triple rocket landing of Arabsat-6A The Earth's ionosphere, a layer in the upper atmosphere created by solar and cosmic rays is bombarded and therefore full of charged particles, contains \"structured bubbles\". These bubbles can distort radio signals that interfere with military and aviation communication as well as GPS signals, NASA said in a statement in particular, over the equator. If we learn more about these bubbles, NASA says we can avoid the signal problems they cause. However, scientists currently do not know when bubbles will form or how they will change over time. \"It's"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2020-05", "text": "NASA scientists hope to better understand far outer atmosphere with ICON mission by: Kristen Currie Posted: Oct 9, 2019 / 04:01 PM CDT / Updated: Oct 9, 2019 / 04:57 PM CDT NASA is set to launch a new satellite, the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), into orbit Wednesday night on the Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket. Their hope is to better understand the ways in which the far outer atmosphere is affected by space weather and Earth-based turbulence. ICON is planned for a two year mission circling 360 miles above the Earth. Purple shading indicates \u2018ionosphere\u2019 \u2013 thick layer of charged particles 50 to 360 miles above the surface of the planet What is the ionosphere? The ionosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere stretching 30 miles to 600 miles above the surface. This part of the atmosphere is important as this is what makes radio communications and GPS navigation possible. ICON\u2019s goal As stated by NASA: \u201cPressure differences created by weather near Earth\u2019s surface can propagate into the very highest reaches of the upper atmosphere and influence the winds in this region. The exact role these winds\u2014and by extension, terrestrial weather\u2014play in shaping the ionosphere remains an outstanding question, and one that scientists hope ICON will answer.\u201d Exploring the Ionosphere, Earth\u2019s Interface to Space | NASA Unpredictable changes in the ionosphere can interfere with communication and navigation here at the surface. Changes in the electric current in the ionosphere can put strain on surface-based technologies and in some cases, causing outages. For more information"}, {"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "Home \u203a Aerospace \u203a NASA Previews Mission to Study Frontier of Space NASA Previews Mission to Study Frontier of Space By TugaKe \u2022 May 30, 2018 Processes in Earth\u2019s ionosphere create bright swaths of color in the sky, known as airglow, as seen here in an image taken from the International Space Station. NASA\u2019s Ionospheric Connection (ICON) mission will track airglow to observe how interactions between Earth\u2019s weather and the ionosphere create changes in our space environment. Credits: NASA NASA will host a media briefing at 1 p.m. EDT Monday, June 4, on the agency\u2019s mission to explore Earth\u2019s ionosphere and the processes there that impact life on Earth\u2019s surface. The event will air live on NASA Television, the agency\u2019s website and Facebook Live. Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) will study the layer of charged particles extending from about 50 to 360 miles above Earth\u2019s surface, through which radio communications and GPS signals travel, and the processes there that can distort or even disrupt these signals. Knowledge gleaned from this mission will aid in mitigating its effects on satellites and communications technology worldwide. The event will be held at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Participants will include: Willis Jenkins, ICON program executive at NASA Headquarters, Washington Thomas Immel, mission principal investigator at the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory Rebecca Bishop, ionospheric research scientist at Aerospace Corporation Douglas Rowland, mission scientist at Goddard Media who would like to attend the briefing or participate by phone must email their name, media affiliation and phone"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "wind speeds as low as , even though the spacecraft is traveling at over (to stay in orbit). IVM collects in situ data about ions in the local environment around the spacecraft, whereas EUV and FUV are spectrographic imagers. EUV is a 1-dimension limb imager designed to observe height and density of the daytime ionosphere by detecting the glow of oxygen ions and other species at wavelengths between 55 and 85 nm. FUV is a 2-dimension imager that observes the limb and below at 135 and 155 nm, where bright emissions of atomic oxygen and molecular nitrogen are found The solar panel produces 780 watts, but the observatory's power consumption ranges between 209 and 265 watts when in science mode. Mission Operations Once launched, and for the duration of its two-year science mission, the ICON observatory is controlled and operated by the Mission Operations Center (MOC) at the Space Sciences Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley. The UCB MOC currently operates seven NASA satellites. ICON was placed into a 27.00\u00b0 inclination orbit, and communications are through Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS), the orbiting NASA communications network. Ground contacts with ICON are performed mainly from the Berkeley Ground Station, an dish, with backup contacts out of Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), Virginia and Santiago, Chile. Loss of Contact The NASA ICON team lost contact with the ICON spacecraft on 25 November 2022. A fail-safe system designed to reset the spacecraft computer after 8 days with no receipt of commands from the ground failed to restore communications"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "ICON, short for Ionospheric Connection Explorer \u2014 rocketed into orbit following a two-year delay. The refrigerator-size ICON satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the spacecraft which is at a level of 580 kilometers above the Earth\u2019s surface. The ionosphere is the charged part of the upper atmosphere extending several hundred miles (kilometers) up. It\u2019s in constant flux as space weather bombards it from above and Earth weather from below, sometimes disrupting radio communications. Why study Ionosphere? There\u2019s too much going on in this region to be caused by just the sun. Hurricanes, tornadoes and other extreme weather conditions on Earth are also adding energy. The more scientists know the better spacecraft and astronauts can be protected in orbit through improved forecasting. A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from much Higher Up. PRIVACY RIGHTS & WRONGS TRAI had commenced a process of consultations to bring over the top (OTT) services like WhatsApp and Telegram under \u201clawful interception\u201d. The objective of the exercise is public security since criminals and terrorists are known to use end-to-end encryption offered by such services to fly under the radar. Parity has always been an issue since telecom providers complain that they are regulated and must respond to requests for information from governments and agencies. But the OTT sector is untrammelled. Is Interception Technologically Feasible, at all? Technology companies have argued that end-to-end encryption is completely private between the correspondents in the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the L-1011 will put the airplane on an easterly heading before commanding the release of the winged Pegasus XL at an altitude of around 39,000 feet (11,900 meters). The drop time is set for 9:30 p.m. EDT on Oct. 9 (0130 GMT on Oct. 10). There\u2019s a 90-minute launch window available. Three solid-fueled rocket motors on the Pegasus XL launcher will propel the ICON spacecraft into a 357-mile-high (575-kilometer) orbit. ICON carries scientific instruments to investigate plasma waves in the ionosphere, a layer in the upper atmosphere where colorful auroras are generated. Changes in the ionosphere can also affect communications and navigation signals coming from satellites, and ICON will study how weather systems lower in the atmosphere can influence conditions at the edge of space. Like its Pegasus launcher, the ICON spacecraft was built by Northrop Grumman. ICON\u2019s ride into space has been delayed more than two years by concerns related to its Pegasus rocket. The mission was originally supposed to launch over the Pacific Ocean near Kwajalein Atoll, the home of a remote U.S. military test site in the Marshall Islands. NASA\u2019s ICON spacecraft was attached to its Pegasus XL rocket Sept. 10 inside Building 1555 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. Credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin Engineers wanted more time to inspect the Pegasus rocket motors after they were mishandled during shipment to Vandenberg. That pushed the launch back from June to December 2017, the next availability in the military-run range at Kwajalein. Then managers decided to ground the mission to assess the reliability of bolt-cutters"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "NASA launches satellite to explore the region where air meets space by Shiva BolakheOctober 16, 2019 NASA launched a satellite on Thursday night to explore the mysterious, dynamic region where air meets space. The satellite called Icon, short for Ionospheric Connection Explorer rocketed into orbit following a two-year delay. It was dropped from a plane flying over the Atlantic off the Florida coast. Five seconds after the satellite\u2019s release, the attached Pegasus rocket ignited, sending Icon on its way. The ionosphere is the charged part of the upper atmosphere extending several hundred miles (kilometers) up. It\u2019s in constant flux as space weather bombards it from above and Earth weather from below, sometimes disrupting radio communications. \u201cThis protected layer, it\u2019s the top of our atmosphere. It\u2019s our frontier with space,\u201d said NASA\u2019s heliophysics division director, Nicola Fox. Fox said there\u2019s too much going on in this region to be caused by just the sun. Hurricanes, tornadoes and other extreme weather conditions on Earth are also adding energy, she noted. The more scientists know, the better spacecraft and astronauts can be protected in orbit through improved forecasting. The refrigerator-size Icon satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the 360-mile-high (580-kilometer-high) spacecraft. \u201cIt\u2019s a remarkable physics laboratory,\u201d said principal scientist Thomas Immel of the University of California, Berkeley, which is overseeing the two-year mission. He added: \u201cIcon goes where the action is.\u201d A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "flux as space weather bombards it from above and Earth weather from below, sometimes disrupting radio communications. \u201cThis protected layer, it\u2019s the top of our atmosphere. It\u2019s our frontier with space,\u201d said NASA\u2019s heliophysics division director, Nicola Fox. The more scientists know, the better spacecraft and astronauts can be protected in orbit through improved forecasting. The refrigerator-size Icon satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the 360-mile-high (580-kilometer-high) spacecraft. \u201cIt\u2019s a remarkable physics laboratory,\u201d said principal scientist Thomas Immel of the University of California, Berkeley, which is overseeing the two-year mission. He added: \u201cIcon goes where the action is.\u201d A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from much higher up. More missions are planned in coming years to study the ionosphere, including from the International Space Station. Ionosphere: The ionosphere is the ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about 60 km to 1,000 km altitude, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. Show Stuff The Dark Horde, LLC \u2013 http://www.thedarkhorde.com Twitter @DarkHorde TeePublic Store - Get your UBR goodies today! http://tee.pub/lic/2GQuXxn79dg UBR Truth Seekers Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/216706068856746 UFO Buster Radio: https://www.facebook.com/UFOBusterRadio YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCggl8-aPBDo7wXJQ43TiluA To contact Manny: manny@ufobusterradio.com, or on Twitter @ufobusterradio Call the show anytime at (972) 290-1329 and leave us a message with your point of view, UFO sighting, and ghostly experiences or join the discussion on www.ufobusterradio.com For Skype Users:"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "California on Sept. 10, 2019. Photo credit: NASA/Randy Beaudoin \u201cWhen your launch pad is moving at 500/600 miles per hour, things happen,\u201d said Baez. \u201cThe first attempt got us because we lost positive communication with the aircraft and the ground, and our rule is to abort the flight and go back around and try it again. And we were able to execute it flawlessly.\u201d The region of space where ICON will conduct its study \u2013 the ionosphere \u2013 comprises of winds that are influenced by many different factors: Earth\u2019s seasons, the heating and cooling that takes place throughout the day, and bursts of radiation from the Sun. This region also is where radio communications and GPS signals travel, and fluctuations within the ionosphere can cause significant disruptions to these critical technologies. As a response to the recent scientific discovery that the ionosphere is significantly impacted by storms in Earth\u2019s lower atmosphere, Northrop Grumman designed, integrated and tested the ICON satellite under a contract from the University of California Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory. NASA\u2019s Launch Services Program at Kennedy is responsible for launch service acquisition, integration, analysis and launch management. The ICON mission is part of NASA\u2019s Explorer Program managed by the agency\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland for the Science Mission Directorate in Washington, which aims to provide frequent flight opportunities for small- to medium-sized spacecraft that are capable of being built, tested and launched in a shorter period of time. ICON is expected to improve the forecasts of extreme space weather by utilizing in-situ"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "ICON Satellite launched NASA launched a satellite on 10 October 2019 night to explore the mysterious, dynamic region where air meets space. The satellite \u2014 called ICON, short for Ionospheric Connection Explorer \u2014 rocketed into orbit following a two-year delay. It was dropped from a plane flying over the Atlantic off the Florida coast. Five seconds after the satellite\u2019s release, the attached Pegasus rocket ignited, sending Icon on its way. The ionosphere is the charged part of the upper atmosphere extending several hundred miles (kilometers) up. It\u2019s in constant flux as space weather bombards it from above and Earth weather from below, sometimes disrupting radio communications. This protected layer, it\u2019s the top of our atmosphere. It\u2019s our frontier with space, said NASA\u2019s heliophysics division director, Nicola Fox. The refrigerator-size ICON satellite will study the airglow formed from gases in the ionosphere and also measure the charged environment right around the spacecraft which is at a level of 580 kilometers above the Earth\u2019s surface. A NASA satellite launched last year, Gold, is also studying the upper atmosphere, but from much higher up. More missions are planned in coming years to study the ionosphere, including from the International Space Station. ICON should have soared in 2017, but problems with Northrop Grumman\u2019s air-launched Pegasus rocket interfered. Despite the long delay, NASA said the $252 million mission did not exceed its price cap. Share It Now:"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) Satellite Reagan Test Site, Kwajalein Atoll Pegasus XL launch vehicle Launch Mass Mission Life The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite is scheduled to be launched in November 2017. Image: courtesy of Orbital ATK. The satellite will include Far Ultra Violet Imaging Spectrograph. Image: courtesy of Nasa/UC Berkeley/ICON. The Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument for the satellite was built by the Naval Research Laboratory. Image: courtesy of Nasa/UC Berkeley/ICON. The Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite aims to explore Earth\u2019s ionosphere and thermosphere and is expected to be launched in November 2017. The satellite will be placed 575km away from the low-Earth orbit at 27\u00b0 inclination. ICON is being developed by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under the Heliophysics explorer programme in partnership with the University of California/Berkeley\u2019s Space Sciences Laboratory (UCB/SSL). ICON spacecraft design and development The spacecraft will have a launch mass of 272kg and will measure 3ft x 6ft. It will have articulated solar arrays, which can generate 780W of power. It will include three-axis stabilisation, data storage capacity of 16Gbit, and 3.5Mbps data downlink. Designed for a mission life of two years, the satellite will be based on the LEOStar\u2122-2 platform developed by Orbital ATK. The contract for ICON satellite design, development, observatory integration and test, and launch operations was awarded to Orbital ATK in 2013. The satellite\u2019s design and manufacturing was completed at Orbital\u2019s facility located in Dulles, Virginia, US, while its environmental testing was completed at Orbital ATK\u2019s facility located in Gilbert, Arizona,"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [-0.19054202735424042, -0.19505737721920013, -0.18743625283241272, -0.10498557239770889, -0.1229858547449112, -0.14956896007061005, -0.15007996559143066, -0.16705283522605896, -0.121819868683815, -0.1670602709054947, -0.1481357216835022, -0.1429993063211441, -0.1325446218252182, -0.13896353542804718, -0.19091802835464478, -0.15268009901046753, -0.178547203540802, -0.15996019542217255, -0.11781705170869827, -0.17017844319343567, -0.16710707545280457, -0.1771298199892044, -0.170147106051445, -0.12729305028915405, -0.19933997094631195, -0.12925350666046143, -0.17971691489219666, -0.1869228333234787, -0.1792323887348175, -0.14915847778320312, -0.2208840250968933, -0.1991785764694214, -0.1264757513999939, -0.12360486388206482, -0.10953870415687561, -0.22084611654281616, -0.13221362233161926, -0.17319563031196594, -0.11595518887042999, -0.20443673431873322, -0.18012189865112305, -0.15949372947216034, -0.14325545728206635], "y": [0.07278895378112793, -0.06657616794109344, 0.04952239990234375, -0.030774321407079697, -0.07987046986818314, -0.05663111060857773, -0.07417964935302734, -0.06171196699142456, -0.04107755795121193, 0.06440569460391998, -0.0830681174993515, 0.04157756268978119, -0.02399595081806183, -0.12614299356937408, -0.01254540216177702, -0.049558624625205994, 0.015571000054478645, 0.014598751440644264, -0.024360310286283493, 0.0008210961241275072, 0.061823900789022446, -0.025435378775000572, -0.04404247924685478, -0.04739115759730339, -0.0045320321805775166, 0.04048404470086098, -0.05190752074122429, 0.007926939986646175, 0.0024761701934039593, -0.05397110432386398, 0.06053825095295906, -0.009354520589113235, -0.09827401489019394, -0.07615756243467331, -0.02513410523533821, 0.06059341877698898, -0.0098873944953084, -0.03488778695464134, -0.027294369414448738, -0.05708836019039154, -0.011558089405298233, -0.005163703113794327, -0.046570055186748505], "mode": "markers", "name": "Cluster 9", "marker": {"size": 8, "color": "rgb(188,128,189)"}, "text": ["Document 947", "Document 1005", "Document 1007", "Document 1017", "Document 1022", "Document 1037", "Document 1042", "Document 1051", "Document 1071", "Document 1087", "Document 1103", "Document 1112", "Document 1119", "Document 1138", "Document 1142", "Document 1176", "Document 1182", "Document 1183", "Document 1189", "Document 1211", "Document 1232", "Document 1253", "Document 1255", "Document 1270", "Document 1286", "Document 1296", "Document 1309", "Document 1310", "Document 1312", "Document 1346", "Document 1360", "Document 1368", "Document 1369", "Document 1377", "Document 1386", "Document 1394", "Document 1417", "Document 1422", "Document 1431", "Document 1453", "Document 1458", "Document 1475", "Document 1483"], "customdata": [{"title": "rpj-common-crawl-2019-30", "text": "explains: \"Fortunately the engines produced no sparks. A spark would have caused an explosion and we would have been vaporized.\u201d Nearly lost in space... But minutes before the retro-rockets were supposed to fire, kicking off the descent through the atmosphere, the spacecraft\u2019s automatic re-entry system failed. The men would have to fire the rockets manually \u2013 something that had never been done, and required incredible precision. If the burn was too short, the Voskhod 2 would hit the atmosphere at too shallow an angle, bouncing back into space. But if the burn continued for too long, it would come down at too steep an angle. This would cause it to plummet at much too high a speed - and be destroyed. With the right burn duration, at the right time, the capsule would plunge through the atmosphere on a trajectory that would bring it down safely. Then actually lost... The rocket firing went well, but the cosmonauts had little control over where they would land. The best they could hope for was that the craft would touch down somewhere in the Soviet Union\u2019s vast landmass. Then spun like crazy... During the descent to Earth, the spacecraft\u2019s equipment module, which contained engines and propellant, failed to fully detach as planned. The cosmonauts were exposed to high G forces as both the equipment and descent modules of the spacecraft started tumbling. However, the ordeal ended when the cable linking the modules burned through, freeing the cosmonauts\u2019 capsule. Then frozen... As it got dark, the cosmonauts realised they would"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Shenzhou 2 () launched on January 9, 2001, was the second unmanned launch of the Shenzhou spacecraft. Inside the reentry capsule were a monkey, a dog and a rabbit in a test of the spaceship's life support systems. The reentry module separated from the rest of the spacecraft after just over seven days in orbit, with the orbital module staying in orbit for another 220 days. Shenzhou 2 tested the spacecraft much more rigorously than its predecessor Shenzhou 1. After being launched into a 196.5 by 333.8 km orbit, 20.5 hours after launch it circularised its orbit to 327.7 by 332.7 km. Around 1220 UTC on January 12 it once again changed its orbit to 329.3 by 339.4 km. A third orbit change came on January 15 328.7 by 345.4 km. As well as the animal cargo, there were 64 different scientific payloads. 15 were carried in the reentry module, 12 in the orbital module and 37 on the forward external pallet. These included a microgravity crystallography experiment; animal species including six mice, and small aquatic and terrestrial organisms; cosmic ray and particle detectors and a gamma ray burst detectors. To test the radio transmitting systems taped messages were broadcast from the spacecraft. Successful reentry and failed landing The signal for retrofire was sent at about 1015 UTC on January 16 as the spacecraft passed over the South Atlantic Ocean off the coast of South Africa. It landed in Inner Mongolia at 11:22 UTC. No photos were released of the landing capsule leading to some speculation"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "eating and hygiene, and an airlock located above the Reentry module (the capsule), with the docking mechanism at the top. In the event of an emergency, it would be lifted away from the rocket along with the reentry module, and the fairing over the spacecraft was designed to successfully split apart either circumferentially just below the reentry module in such an emergency or longitudinally if the flight should be successful. Kliper was designed with the Orbital Module below its reentry module, and the docking mechanism below that. This was made possible by constructing a reentry module broader than the orbital module, so that a pair of rocket nozzles for orbital maneuvering could have been fitted alongside it, as the later Salyut space stations had. In connection with this new design, Kliper would feature a launch escape system that would enable it to detach from the carrier rocket if an abort of the mission during orbital ascent is required. An abort would be possible during every phase of the launch with the limitation of the first seconds after launch. Lifting body design On return from space, Kliper's lifting body design would not only allow a smoother descent into Earth's atmosphere than the capsule design, such as Soyuz; but also permit control. RKK Energia claimed that the craft would be able to land in a predetermined one-square-kilometre area. Artistic impressions showed that the Kliper would have resembled a cylinder topped by a cone. Originally, landing proposals involved both a landing by parachute and as an alternative, in a"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the station, two days after its launch. This model of resupply spacecraft, Progress 7K-TG, had been used for resupply missions to Soviet space stations since 1978. Progress 39 delivered 1,300 kg of supplies to the EO-4 crew, and remained docked to the station for 42 days. During this time, Progress 39 was used to boost the orbit of the space station. This was necessary due to the greater than normal atmospheric drag. The extra drag was caused by atmospheric expansion, which in turn was caused by the solar maximum occurring at the time, during solar cycle 22. The boost changed the Perigee and Apogee of the station from 325 km and 353 km AMSL to 340 km and 376 km, respectively. After the boost, Krikalev reported that he was unable to visually detect the change in altitude. The EO-4 crew filled Progress 39 with waste and excess equipment used during the Aragatz mission, and then the spacecraft undocked on February 7, and was intentionally destroyed during atmospheric reentry later that day. Progress 40 On February 10, the next resupply spacecraft, Progress 40 was launched, and it docked with Mir two days later. It remained docked to Mir for 18 days. During this time, it was announced that due to delays in the production of the Kristall module, the launch of the next Mir module, Kvant-2, would also be delayed. It was also announced that as a result, Mir would be left unmanned following EO-4. Progress 41 The final Progress resupply spacecraft of the expedition docked with"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Thor was a US space launch vehicle derived from the PGM-17 Thor intermediate-range ballistic missile. The Thor rocket was the first member of the Delta rocket family of space launch vehicles. The last launch of a direct derivative of the Thor missile occurred in 2018 as the first stage of the final Delta II. Thor-Able Thor was first used as a launch vehicle during the testing program of the warhead reentry vehicle for the Atlas missile. For these three tests a Thor core stage was topped by the Able second stage. Able used the Aerojet AJ-10-40 engine from the Vanguard second stage. The first such launch, 116, was lost on 23 April 1958 due to a turbopump failure in the main engine. The recovery of the reentry vehicles on the succeeding two attempts were not successful. Three mice, one on each vehicle, died in these tests. The Able stage from the Atlas reentry vehicle tests was upgraded to become the Able I with a third stage consisting of an unguided Altair X-248 solid-fuel rocket motor. A Thor Able I was used in an attempt to place the 84 lb (38 kg) Pioneer 0 spacecraft into lunar orbit where it would take pictures of the lunar surface with a TV camera. The mission ended prematurely at 73.6 seconds after launch on 17 August 1958 due to a turbopump failure. On 7 August 1959, a Thor-Able was used to successfully launch Explorer 6, the first satellite to transmit pictures of Earth taken from orbit. Ablestar Ablestar was a"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Progress M-12 () was a Russian uncrewed cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1992 to resupply the Mir space station. The thirtieth of sixty four Progress spacecraft to visit Mir, it used the Progress-M 11F615A55 configuration, and had the serial number 213. It carried supplies including food, water and oxygen for the EO-11 crew aboard Mir, as well as equipment for conducting scientific research, and fuel for adjusting the station's orbit and performing manoeuvres. Progress M-12 was launched at 21:29:25 GMT on 19 April 1992, atop a Soyuz-U2 carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Following two days of free flight, it docked with the Forward port of the core module of Mir at 23:21:59 GMT on 21 April. During the 67 days for which Progress M-12 was docked, Mir was in an orbit of around , inclined at 51.6 degrees. Progress M-12 undocked from Mir at 21:34:44 GMT on 27 June, and was deorbited few hours later, to a destructive reentry over the Pacific Ocean at around 00:02:51 the next day. See also 1992 in spaceflight List of Progress flights List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir References Spacecraft launched in 1992 Progress (spacecraft) missions"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Korabl-Sputnik 3 ( meaning Ship-Satellite 3) or Vostok-1K No.3, also known as Sputnik 6 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched in 1960. It was a test flight of the Vostok spacecraft, carrying two dogs; Pcholka and Mushka (\"little bee\" and \"little fly\"; affectionate diminutives of \"pchela\" and \"mukha\", respectively), as well as a television camera and scientific instruments. Korabl-Sputnik 3 was launched at 07:30:04 UTC on 1 December 1960, atop a Vostok-L carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was successfully placed into low Earth orbit. The flight lasted one day, after which the spacecraft was deorbited ahead of its planned recovery. The deorbit burn began at 07:15 UTC on 2 December, however the engine did not cut off as planned at the end of the burn, and instead the spacecraft's fuel burned to depletion. This resulted in it reentering the atmosphere on a trajectory which might have permitted foreign powers to inspect the capsule. To prevent this, an explosive charge was detonated during reentry. Both Pchyolka and Mushka were killed in the resulting disintegration. They were the last dogs to die in a Soviet space mission, after Laika, who was never intended to survive her Sputnik 2 flight, and Chaika and Lisichka, perishing after the rocket carrying their \"Korabl Sputnik\" spacecraft disintegrated 20 seconds into the flight. Three weeks later, a follow-up launch to Korabl-Sputnik 3 also failed. On 22 December, the dogs Damka and Krasavka lifted off from LC-1 using a booster with an enhanced Blok"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Luna E-6 No.5, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1964B, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1964. It was a Luna Ye-6 spacecraft, the fifth of twelve to be launched. It was intended to be the first spacecraft to perform a soft landing on the Moon, a goal which would eventually be accomplished by the final Ye-6 spacecraft, Luna 9. Luna E-6 No.5 was launched at 08:08:28 UTC on 20 April 1964, atop a Molniya-M 8K78M carrier rocket, flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The power system on the upper stage malfunctioned 340 seconds into the flight, causing the engine to cut off before reaching orbit. The upper stage and spacecraft disintegrated upon reentry into the atmosphere shortly afterwards. Prior to the release of information about its mission, NASA correctly identified that it had been an attempt to land a spacecraft on the Moon. References External links Zarya - Luna programme chronology Luna programme Spacecraft launched in 1964 Spacecraft launched by Molniya-M rockets"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "new, manned moon ship. The first successful Zond (\"probe\") launch was on September 15, 1968, when Zond 5 was launched. A biological payload of turtles, wine flies, mealworms, plants, seeds, bacteria, and other living matter was included in the flight. On September 18, 1968, the spacecraft flew around the Moon. On September 21, 1968, the reentry capsule entered the earth's atmosphere, braked aerodynamically, and deployed parachutes at 7 km. The capsule splashed down in the Indian Ocean and was successfully recovered, but a failure of the reentry guidance system subjected the biological specimens to a ballistic 20G reentry. Zond 6 was launched on a lunar flyby mission on November 10, 1968. The spacecraft carried a biological payload similar to Zond 5. Zond 6 flew around the Moon on November 14, 1968. Unfortunately, the spacecraft lost a gasket on the return flight resulting in the loss of cabin atmosphere and destruction of the biological specimens. From 1966 to 1969, the U.S. launched three missions in the Biosatellite series. A total of six flights were planned. The first mission in the Biosatellite series, Biosatellite I, was launched on December 14, 1966, from Cape Kennedy by a Delta rocket. The scientific payload, consisting of 13 select biology and radiation experiments, was exposed to microgravity during 45 hours of Earth-orbital flight. Experimental biology packages on the spacecraft contained a variety of specimens, including insects, frog eggs, microorganisms, and plants. Reentry into the Earth's atmosphere was not achieved because the retrorocket failed to ignite and the biosatellite was never recovered. Although"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the reentry module by a bundle of wires. At around 07:35 UTC, the two parts of the spacecraft began reentry and went through strong gyrations as Vostok 1 neared Egypt. At this point the wires broke, the two modules separated, and the descent module settled into the proper reentry attitude. Gagarin telegraphed \"Everything is OK\" despite continuing gyrations; he later reported that he did not want to \"make noise\" as he had (correctly) reasoned that the gyrations did not endanger the mission (and were apparently caused by the spherical shape of the reentry module). As Gagarin continued his descent, he remained conscious as he experienced about 8 g during reentry. (Gagarin's own report states \"over 10 g\".) At 07:55 UTC, when Vostok 1 was still from the ground, the hatch of the spacecraft was released, and two seconds later Gagarin was ejected. At altitude, the main parachute was deployed from the Vostok spacecraft. Gagarin's parachute opened almost immediately, and about ten minutes later, at 08:05 UTC, Gagarin landed. Both he and the spacecraft landed via parachute south west of Engels, in the Saratov region at . A farmer and her granddaughter, Rita Nurskanova, observed the strange scene of a figure in a bright orange suit with a large white helmet landing near them by parachute. Gagarin later recalled, \"When they saw me in my space suit and the parachute dragging alongside as I walked, they started to back away in fear. I told them, don't be afraid, I am a Soviet citizen like you, who has"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Crews, Neubeck, Truly. Operational MOLs were to be launched on Titan IIIM rockets from Vandenberg AFB SLC-6 and Cape Canaveral AFS LC-40. Test flight OPS 0855 for MOL was launched on 3 November 1966 at 13:50:42 UTC on a Titan IIIC-9 from Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 40. The flight consisted of a MOL mockup built from a Titan II propellant tank, and the refurbished capsule from the Gemini 2 mission as a prototype Gemini B spacecraft. After the Gemini B prototype separated for a sub-orbital reentry, the MOL mockup continued into orbit and released three satellites. A hatch installed in the Gemini's heat shield\u2014intended to provide access to the MOL during manned operations\u2014was tested during the capsule's reentry. The Gemini capsule was recovered near Ascension Island in the South Atlantic by the USS La Salle after a flight of 33 minutes. The Gemini no.2 capsule used in the only flight of the MOL program is on display at the Air Force Space & Missile Museum at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. A test article at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, is the Gemini B spacecraft (sometimes confused with Blue Gemini). It is recognized by its distinctive \"US Air Force\" written on the side, and the circular hatch cut through the heat shield. Starting in 1965 a large optical system was added to the spacecraft for military reconnaissance. This camera system was codenamed Dorian and given the designation KH-10. The project was canceled on 10 June 1969 before any operational"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "allow the crew of the Soyuz to take photographs of the solar corona. Another brief docking was made before the ships went their separate ways. The Soviets remained in space for five days, and the Americans for nine, during which the Apollo crew also conducted Earth observation experiments. Re-entry and aftermath The mission was considered a great success, both technically and as a public-relations exercise for both nations. The only serious problem was during reentry and splashdown of the Apollo craft, during which the crew were accidentally exposed to toxic nitrogen tetroxide fumes, caused by the reaction control system (RCS) oxidizer venting from the spacecraft and reentering a cabin air intake. The RCS was inadvertently left on during descent, and nitrogen tetroxide was sucked into the spacecraft as it drew in outside air. Brand briefly lost consciousness, while Stafford retrieved emergency oxygen masks, put one on Brand, and gave one to Slayton. The three astronauts were hospitalized for two weeks in Honolulu.[17] Brand took responsibility for the mishap; because of high noise levels in the cabin during reentry, he believes he was unable to hear Stafford call off one item of the reentry checklist, the closure of two switches which would have automatically shut off the RCS and initiated drogue parachute deployment. These procedures were manually performed later than usual, allowing the ingestion of the propellant fumes through the ventilation system.[18] The ASTP was the final flight of an Apollo spacecraft. Immediately after the launch of the Apollo spacecraft, preparations began to convert Launch Pad 39B"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Moscow Time. This time was chosen so that when the capsule started to fly over Africa, which was when the retrorockets would need to fire for reentry, the solar illumination would be ideal for the orientation system's sensors. At 18:00, once various physiological readings had been taken, the doctors instructed the cosmonauts not to discuss the upcoming missions. That evening Gagarin and Titov relaxed by listening to music, playing pool, and chatting about their childhoods. At 21:50, both men were offered sleeping pills, to ensure a good night's sleep, but they both declined. Physicians had attached sensors to the cosmonauts, to monitor their condition throughout the night, and they believed that both had slept well. Gagarin's biographers Doran and Bizony say that neither Gagarin nor Titov slept that night. Chief Designer Sergei Korolev did not sleep that night, due to anxiety caused by the imminent spaceflight. Gagarin statement before the mission Before the mission, Gagarin made a statement to the press, addressed to the Soviet Union and to the whole world: Flight At 05:30 Moscow time, on the morning of April 12, 1961, both Gagarin and his backup Titov were woken. They were given breakfast, assisted into their spacesuits, and then were transported to the launch pad. Gagarin entered the Vostok 1 spacecraft, and at 07:10 local time (04:10 UTC), the radio communication system was turned on. Once Gagarin was in the spacecraft, his picture appeared on television screens in the launch control room from an onboard camera. Launch would not occur for another two hours,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "lunar surface. Aug. 1-Jan. 31, 1968: The Lunar Orbiter-5 conducts a mission to map the Moon. Sept. 8-11: The Surveyor-5 lander reaches the lunar surface. Nov. 4: NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight George Mueller releases the planned schedule for Apollo missions to be flown in 1968 and 1969, leading to a lunar landing. Nov. 7 The Surveyor-6 lifts off. Nov. 9: The first Saturn-5 rocket launches an unmanned Apollo-4 spacecraft into the Earth orbit. Nov. 9: The Surveyor-6 lands on the lunar surface. Feb. 2: The 3rd attempt to conduct live test firing of the 3rd stage of the N1 rocket (Block V) at NII-229's EU-16 facility in Zagorsk. (52) Successful. (129) Feb. 7: The E-6LS lunar orbiter fails to reach the Earth's orbit. March 2: The UR-500K rocket launches the L1 spacecraft into a test flight announced as Zond-4. Its reentry capsule self-destructed during the reentry. April 7: The launch of the Luna-14 lunar orbiter to test DRK long-range communications system. April 14: A test flight of the unmanned Soyuz spacecraft, announced as Kosmos-212. April 23: An UR-500K rocket fails to deliver the L1 No. 7L spacecraft into orbit. June 15: The 1st attempt to conduct live test firing of the 2nd stage of the N1 rocket (Block B) at NII-229's EU-15 facility in Zagorsk. (52) Aborted. (129) June 23: The 2nd attempt to conduct live test firing of the 2nd stage of the N1 rocket (Block B) at NII-229's EU-15 facility in Zagorsk with six engines firing. (52) Successful. (129) July 14:"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "radiate signals to and receive signals from the spacecraft, and a voice and data communications network to connect all mission elements.[1] The launch vehicle is used to propel the spacecraft from the Earth's surface, through the atmosphere, and into an orbit, the exact orbit being dependent upon mission configuration. The launch vehicle may be expendable or reusable. Reusable spacecraft The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition. The first reusable spacecraft, the X-15, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. The Enterprise was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 and gliding to deadstick landings at Edwards AFB, California. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was the Columbia, followed by the Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. The Endeavour was built to replace the Challenger when it was lost in January 1986. The Columbia broke up during reentry in February 2003. The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the Buran (Snowstorm), launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight. This spaceplane was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the U.S. Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Miles O'Brien for Spaceflight Now's highly successful shuttle prelaunch webcasts. \"We have purposely been operating for the last few years under the radar because we did not want to be looked upon as some of these companies that later fizzle, but start out with fancy graphics about their credentials in 'New Space',\" Chiao says. The project's primary technical partner in Russia is NPO Mashinostroyenia (pronounced machine-ah-st-roy-a-ya (NPROM). The highly regarded company which builds the reusable Almaz reentry vehicles also built the Almaz space stations that were at the heart of the military reconnaissance system. Somewhat resembling civilian Salyut stations, but with a far different mission, the Almaz stations were renamed Salyut 2, 3 and 5 as a covert cover and launched in the 1970s. Salyut 2 failed before any cosmonauts could be launched to it, but Salyut 3 and 5 were generally successful in demonstrating manned military space capability. Two more civilian Salyuts (6 and 7) were launched, before Mir's launch in 1986. In addition to buying several Almaz reentry vehicles, the company has also bought two complete Almaz space station hulls. It has no plans to outfit and launch the stations, however, until substantial business experience with the reentry vehicle mounted on a service module laboratory. The Soviet Almaz TKS reentry vehicle/service module design planned for commercialization is remarkably similar to the equally secret 1960s U.S. Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) reconnaissance spacecraft. That system would have used a Gemini spacecraft with a hatch in its heat shield to enable American military astronauts to"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Space capsule (8129 views - Astronomy & Space ) A space capsule is an often manned spacecraft which has a simple shape for the main section, without any wings or other features to create lift during atmospheric reentry. Capsules have been used in most of the manned space programs to date, including the world's first manned spacecraft Vostok and Mercury, as well as in later Soviet Voskhod, Soyuz, Zond/L1, L3, TKS, US Gemini, Apollo Command Module, Chinese Shenzhou and US, Russian and Indian manned spacecraft currently being developed. A capsule is the specified form for the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. A manned space capsule must have everything necessary for everyday life, including air, water and food. The space capsule must also protect astronauts from the cold and radiation of space. A capsule must be well insulated and have a system that controls the inside temperature and environment. It also must have a way that the astronauts would not be knocked around during launch or reentry. Additionally, since the inside will be weightless, there must be a way for the astronauts to stay in their seats during the flight. For this each seat has a system of straps and buckles. One of the most important things that a space capsule must have is a way to communicate with people back on Earth, or mission control. Space capsule This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (December 2013) This article's tone or style"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Earth; A cylindrical service module with solar panels attached, which contains the instruments and engines. The orbital and service modules are single-use and are destroyed upon reentry in the atmosphere. Though this might seem wasteful, it reduces the amount of heat shielding required for reentry, saving mass compared to designs containing all of the living space and life support in a single capsule. This allows smaller rockets to launch the spacecraft or can be used to increase the habitable space available to the crew (6.2 m3 (220 cu ft) in Apollo CM vs 7.5 m3 (260 cu ft) in Soyuz) in the mass budget. The orbital and reentry portions are habitable living space, with the service module containing the fuel, main engines and instrumentation. The Soyuz is not reusable; it is expendable. A new Soyuz spacecraft must be made for every mission.[6] Soyuz can carry up to three crew members and provide life support for about 30 person days. The life support system provides a nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere at sea level partial pressures. The atmosphere is regenerated through potassium superoxide (KO2) cylinders, which absorb most of the carbon dioxide (CO2) and water produced by the crew and regenerates the oxygen, and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) cylinders which absorb leftover CO2. The vehicle is protected during launch by a payload fairing, which is jettisoned along with the SAS at 2+1\u20442 minutes into launch. It has an automatic docking system. The ship can be operated automatically, or by a pilot independently of ground control. Launch escape system[edit] The Vostok spacecraft"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "24; Stephanie Westerfeld, 17, ladies' singles competitor; Died: William F. Norrell, 64, U.S. Representative from Arkansas who had been sworn in for his 11th term six weeks earlier, two days after having a stroke while sitting in his office at the U.S. Capitol. February 16, 1961 (Thursday) Cyprus's first nationality law was enacted. The Sunday Lake mine at Wakefield, Michigan, closed. The Congress of Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Africaine de Football delegates took place in Cairo. February 17, 1961 (Friday) The Space Task Group requested that McDonnell design and install a manual bilge pump in Mercury spacecraft No. 7 to allow the removal of any seawater resulting from leakage after spacecraft impact. Information was released by NASA Headquarters that Space Task Group engineers directing Project Mercury had selected the flight trajectory for the Mercury-Atlas 2 (MA-2) mission. This trajectory was designed to provide the most severe reentry heating conditions which could be encountered on an emergency abort during an orbital flight attempt. The reentry heating rate was estimated to be 30 percent higher than a normal Mercury orbital reentry, and temperatures were predicted to be about 25 percent higher at certain locations on the afterbody of the spacecraft. In addition, the deceleration g-load was calculated to be about twice that expected for a normal reentry from orbit. Egress hatch procedures for recovery force operations were discussed at a Mercury coordination meeting. One suggestion involved the installation of a pull-ring for activating the hatch explosive charge. Another proposal was made for a paint outline of an emergency outlet that could"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "X-20, or Dyna-Soar. Under development from 1960 to 1963, it was a design for a small single-seat suborbital or orbital shuttlecraft to be launched by a Titan rocket. The Dyna-Soar program was cancelled in 1963, before the vehicle was ever flown, in favor of model testing via the ASSET program. ASSET (Aerothermodynamic/ elastic Structural Systems Environmental Tests) was the name of six small gliders designed by the McDonnell Aircraft Corp. for the Air Force. The gliders were used primarily to test issues of aerodynamics and thermal protection. The successful project demonstrated between 1963 and 1965 that winged reentry vehicles could safely traverse the upper atmosphere. PRIME (Precision Recovery Including Maneuvering Entry) was the name for three Air Force launches made between 1966 and 1967. The launches explored the problems of maneuvering reentry at near-orbital speeds. After the third PRIME launch, the vehicle was found to be in satisfactory condition to be launched again, further demonstrating the reusability of reentry spacecraft. Other projects conducted during the 1960s, which provided data important to the design of the Space Shuttle orbiter, included the M2 and HL-10, both lifting bodies used to test vehicle handling at transonic speeds. With the announcement of the cancellation of the last three Apollo lunar landing missions in 1970, NASA made development of a reusable Space Shuttle \u0096 which would offer routine, repetitive, affordable flights to and from Earth orbit \u0096 its top-priority program, over the Space Station. Support for the Shuttle from the Department of Defense and the space industrial community provided leverage for"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "towards de Sun by rotating de ship. An incompwete separation between de Service and Reentry Moduwes wed to emergency situations during Soyuz 5, Soyuz TMA-10 and Soyuz TMA-11, which wed to an incorrect reentry orientation (crew ingress hatch first). The faiwure of severaw expwosive bowts did not cut de connection between de Service/Reentry Moduwes on de watter two fwights. The Soyuz uses a medod simiwar to de US Apowwo command and service moduwe to deorbit itsewf. The spacecraft is turned engine-forward and de main engine is fired for deorbiting on de far side of Earf ahead of its pwanned wanding site. This reqwires de weast propewwant for reentry; de spacecraft travews on an ewwipticaw Hohmann transfer orbit to de entry interface point where atmospheric drag swows it enough to faww out of orbit. Earwy Soyuz spacecraft wouwd den have de Service and Orbitaw Moduwes detach simuwtaneouswy from de Descent Moduwe. As dey are connected by tubing and ewectricaw cabwes to de Descent Moduwe, dis wouwd aid in deir separation and avoid having de Descent Moduwe awter its orientation, uh-hah-hah-hah. Later Soyuz spacecraft detached de Orbitaw Moduwe before firing de main engine, which saved propewwant. Since de Soyuz TM-5 wanding issue, de Orbitaw Moduwe is once again detached onwy after de reentry firing, which wed to (but did not cause) emergency situations of Soyuz TMA-10 and TMA-11. The Orbitaw Moduwe cannot remain in orbit as an addition to a space station, as de airwock hatch between de Orbitaw and Reentry Moduwes is a part of de Reentry"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "https://youtu.be/eeMxbFpcsa4 Soyuz MS-10 fails during launch Space Exploration RocketsInternational Space Station Human Spaceflight Above: The mission patch for the Soyuz MS-10. Soyuz spacecrafts are operated by Roscosmos, the Russian Space Agency, so the mission patch and the name of the Russian crew member (Ovchinin) are in the Russian alphabet, Cyrillic. Only Hague, the American astronaut's name, is in the Latin alphabet. Source: Wikimedia Commons Soyuz spacecrafts carry astronauts and cosmonauts to and from the International Space Station. These spacecrafts lift off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. But on Thursday October 11, 2018, the rocket failed during launch. Crew members travel in a capsule attached to the rocket. When rockets fail to launch, the capsule automatically detaches and returns to Earth in ballistic mode. This means that the capsule, which is travelling extremely fast, has to quickly lose speed in order to reach the Earth safely. The capsule has to re-enter the Earth\u2019s atmosphere at an extremely steep angle. This angle increases atmospheric drag, a force that acts on an object opposite to the way in which it is moving. Atmospheric drag slows down the capsule. Ballistic reentry can be physically very tough on crew members. That\u2019s because in ballistic reentry, the G-force (the force of gravity on a body) on human bodies can be very high. Under normal circumstances, humans typically experience 1 G. When you ride a roller coaster, you feel an increase in G-force for a few fractions of a second. That\u2019s what makes those rides so thrilling. You even experience an increase"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "After the launch of the first American satellite in 1958, manned space flight became the next goal. The spacecraft was produced by McDonnell Aircraft; it was cone shaped with room for one person together with supplies of water, food and oxygen for about one day in a pressurized cabin. It was launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida by a modified Atlas D or Redstone missile, and had an escape tower for protection from a failing rocket. The whole flight could be controlled from the ground through the Manned Space Flight Network, a system of tracking stations which also allowed communication with the astronaut. If necessary, the astronaut could take manual control. For reentry into Earth's atmosphere, small rockets were used to bring the spacecraft out of its orbit. A heat shield would protect the spacecraft from the heat of reentry, and a parachute would slow the craft for a water landing. Here both astronaut and spacecraft were picked up by helicopter and brought to a ship. From a slow start with humiliating mistakes, the Mercury Project became popular worldwide and the manned flights were followed by millions on radio and TV not only in United States, but around the world. Apart from the manned missions, Mercury had a total of 20 unmanned launches as a part of the development of the project. This also involved test animals, most famously the chimpanzees Ham and Enos. Mercury laid the groundwork for Project Gemini and the follow-on Apollo moon-landing program, which was announced a few weeks after the first"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "transmissions from the Apollo 8 spacecraft - 6 in all. Apollo 8's television camera was a 4.5 pound RCA black-and-white camera. There was no monitor or viewfinder on the camera - so framing the picture [...] Footage on every Saturn I launch from SA-1 through SA-10, and the Saturn IB launches from AS-201 through AS-210, most with multiple angles. Audio from Saturn launch audio in surround with intense low frequency effects. Demontrates GT-1 launch vehicle performance, launch vehicle and spacecraft structural integrity, and work in tracking and guidance network. Demontrates GT-II reentry heat protection during maximum heating reentry. Launch and onboard film which i[...] Contains the television transmissions, an onboard film with views taken of the ascent from the surface, the approach of Eagle after lunar liftoff, views from orbit and life aboard Columbia, and some bonus material of EVA and landing training. This disc contains the complete 16 mm motion picture film exposed onboard the Apollo 8 spacecraft. In addition to footage of life aboard the spacraft, incredible views of the moon from lunar orbit were captured. The onboard film on this disc is [...] This disc contains 35 separate views of the launch of AS-205, Apollo 7. Launched on October 11, 1968, Apollo 7 was the first manned launch of a Saturn vehicle. Wally Schirra, Don Eisele and Walt Cunningham spent just over 10 days in Earth orbit [...] The Saturn family of launch vehicles remains one of the most remarkable achievements in the history of mankind. From the clustered Saturn I using Reddstone"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "3.6 Fourth generation 3.6.1 Soyuz-TM (1986\u20132002) 3.6.2 Soyuz-TMA (2003\u20132012) 3.6.3 Soyuz TMA-M (2010\u20132016) 3.6.4 Soyuz MS (since 2016) 4 Related craft The first Soyuz flight was uncrewed and started on 28 November 1966. The first Soyuz mission with a crew, Soyuz 1, launched on 23 April 1967 but ended with a crash due to a parachute failure, killing cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. The following flight was uncrewed. Soyuz 3, launched on 26 October 1968, became the program's first successful crewed mission. The only other flight to suffer a fatal accident, Soyuz 11, killed its crew of three when the cabin depressurized just before reentry. These are the only humans to date who are known to have died above the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line.[1] Despite these early incidents, Soyuz is widely considered the world's safest, most cost-effective human spaceflight vehicle,[2] established by its unparalleled length of operational history.[3][4] Soyuz spacecraft were used to carry cosmonauts to and from Salyut and later Mir Soviet space stations, and are now used for transport to and from the International Space Station (ISS). At least one Soyuz spacecraft is docked to ISS at all times for use as an escape craft in the event of an emergency. The spacecraft is intended to be replaced by the six-person Orel spacecraft.[5] Design[edit] Diagram showing the three elements of the Soyuz TMA spacecraft. A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back): A spheroid orbital module, which provides accommodation for the crew during their mission; A small aerodynamic reentry module, which returns the crew to"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the most hardy reader. However, there are odd and fascinating details to be found. For instance, during reentry in February 1974 the crew noticed that the pinkish plasma that formed around their spacecraft was not uniform but seemed concentrated in streaks, which concerned them because it indicated that the heat shield was not ablating equally. Although the Apollo program was mostly over, there was one more flight of an Apollo spacecraft planned. But perhaps the most interesting aspect of the crew debriefing is how their comments indicated that NASA\u2019s astronaut corps was changing. Skylab 4 was the first all rookie crew; the earlier crews were headed by Apollo moonwalkers. But the Skylab 4 crew of astronauts Carr, Gibson, and Pogue recognized that the astronaut job description was evolving. They were in space to do experiments, not to fly the spacecraft. Like many other books published by Apogee, these three each come with a DVD. The first DVD includes low-quality video of press interviews and the launch of both the workshop and Skylab 2. The second DVD includes a NASA \u201cSkylab 3\u201d documentary and launch footage. But this DVD includes perhaps the most interesting feature: a digital reconstruction of the workshop interior and a fly-through showing all the key equipment and experiments and other components. I kept wishing that the image was interactive and that I could stop and examine the equipment in greater detail. The final DVD includes launch footage, a status report, a couple of Skylab documentaries, NASA audio reports on the workshop\u2019s 1979 reentry,"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Donate to Megadodo Publications Apollo command and service module (Redirected from Apollo service module) Apollo 15 command and service module Endeavour in lunar orbit North American Rockwell Maxime Faget Crewed cislunar flight and lunar orbit Skylab crew shuttle Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Spacecraft type Design life 32,390 lb (14,690 kg) Earth orbit 63,500 lb (28,800 kg) Lunar Dry mass 26,300 lb (11,900 kg) 2,320 lb (1,050 kg) Crew capacity 218 cu ft (6.2 m3) Low Earth orbit Cislunar space Lunar orbit 36.2 ft (11.0 m) 12.8 ft (3.9 m) Maiden launch February 26, 1966 (AS-201) Last launch July 15, 1975 (Apollo-Soyuz) Last retirement Related spacecraft Flown with Apollo Block II CSM diagram \u2190 Gemini spacecraft Orion (spacecraft) \u2192 The Apollo command and service module (CSM) was one of two principal components of the United States Apollo spacecraft, used for the Apollo program, which landed astronauts on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. The CSM functioned as a mother ship, which carried a crew of three astronauts and the second Apollo spacecraft, the Apollo Lunar Module, to lunar orbit, and brought the astronauts back to Earth. It consisted of two parts: the conical command module, a cabin that housed the crew and carried equipment needed for atmospheric reentry and splashdown; and the cylindrical service module which provided propulsion, electrical power and storage for various consumables required during a mission. An umbilical connection transferred power and consumables between the two modules. Just before reentry of the command module on the return home, the umbilical connection was severed and the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the earlier Mercury space capsule. The spacecraft consisted of a series of cone-shaped segments forming a reentry module and an adapter section. It had an overall length of 18 feet, 9.84 inches (5.736 meters) and a maximum diameter of 10 feet, 0.00 inches (3.048 meters) at the base of the equipment section. The reentry module was 11 feet (3.353 meters) long with a maximum diameter of 7 feet, 6.00 inches (2.347 meters). The Gemini re-entry heat shield was a spherical section with a radius of 12 feet, 0.00 inches (3.658 meters). The weight of the Gemini spacecraft varied from ship to ship. Gemini VII had a gross weight of 8,076.10 pounds (3,663.26 kilograms) at launch. It was shipped from St. Louis to Cape Kennedy in early October 1965. Gemini VII, photographed in Earth orbit from Gemini VI-A, 15\u201316 December 1965. (NASA) The Titan II GLV was a \u201cman-rated\u201d variant of the Martin SM-68B intercontinental ballistic missile. It was assembled at Martin Marietta\u2019s Middle River, Maryland, plant so as not to interfere with the production of the ICBM at Denver, Colorado. Twelve GLVs were ordered by the Air Force for the Gemini Program. The GLV-7 first and second stages were shipped from Middle River to Cape Kennedy on 9 October 1965. The Titan II GLV was a two-stage, liquid-fueled rocket. The first stage was 70 feet, 2.31 inches (21.395 meters) long with a diameter of 10 feet (3.048 meters). It was powered by an Aerojet Engineering Corporation LR87-7 engine which combined two combustion chambers and exhaust nozzles"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "lift off from the lunar surface for the return trip, after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module. The final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed the CSM's role to the translunar ferry used to transport the crew, along with a new spacecraft, the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM, later shortened to LM (Lunar Module) but still pronounced ) which would take two individuals to the lunar surface and return them to the CSM. Command and service module The command module (CM) was the conical crew cabin, designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean landing. It was the only component of the Apollo spacecraft to survive without major configuration changes as the program evolved from the early Apollo study designs. Its exterior was covered with an ablative heat shield, and had its own reaction control system (RCS) engines to control its attitude and steer its atmospheric entry path. Parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown. The module was tall, in diameter, and weighed approximately . A cylindrical service module (SM) supported the command module, with a service propulsion engine and an RCS with propellants, and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants. A high-gain S-band antenna was used for long-distance communications on the lunar flights. On the extended lunar missions, an orbital scientific instrument package was carried. The service module was discarded just before reentry. The module was long and in diameter. The initial lunar flight version weighed approximately"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the transfer of experiments and experiment racks to the complex, and the transfer of items for return to Earth from the station to the shuttle were among the objectives. Endeavour also boosted the station's altitude and performed a flyaround survey of the complex, including recording views of the station with an IMAX cargo bay camera. All objectives were completed without incident, and reentry and landing happened uneventfully on 1 May 2001. During this mission, astronaut Chris Hadfield made the first spacewalk by a Canadian. Spacewalks Wake-up calls NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities. See also List of human spaceflights List of International Space Station spacewalks List of Space Shuttle missions List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965\u20131999 Outline of space science References Sources External links NASA mission summary STS-100 Video Highlights STS-100 Edwards Air Force Base Spacecraft launched in 2001"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "concern raised during the Ames conference was that ballistic reentry would be associated with high G-forces. In response, Faget invented a form-fitting \u201csurvival couch\u201d to help pilots withstand the crushing deceleration. When volunteers rode the contour couch in a Navy centrifuge, they endured more than 20 Gs. Faget knew the problem had been solved. Ultimately, one characteristic of the ballistic vehicle clinched its selection: It was lightweight enough to be launched by the Atlas missile, whose payload capacity was 2,000 pounds. (The orbital version of the X-15 would have required a launcher more powerful than anything in existence.) By the end of 1958, NACA had become NASA, and Faget\u2019s capsule had been chosen for the agency\u2019s new effort, now christened Project Mercury. The Mercury spacecraft went on to put the first Americans in orbit\u2014but not before Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, riding in a craft called Vostok, got there first. Taking advantage of the greater payload capacity of their R7 booster, the Soviets gave Vostok a spherical shape, like Harvey Allen\u2019s cannonball, so there was even less worry about controlling its orientation during reentry. But Faget\u2019s gently curved heat shield showed up in the next-generation Soviet spacecraft, called Soyuz\u2014just as it did in Gemini and Apollo. Even the space shuttle, the first winged spacecraft, reentered in the nose-high attitude of the X-15, using a modified blunt-body approach along with advanced insulating tiles to save its skin from the heat of reentry. And today, as the shuttle era draws to a close, NASA\u2019s newest manned vehicle, Orion, is"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "His team was responsible for completion of the complex pad close-out procedures just prior to spacecraft launch, and he was the last person the astronauts would see prior to closing the hatch. The astronauts appreciated his taking absolute authority over, and responsibility for, the condition of the spacecraft and developed a good-humored rapport with him.[8] A cutaway illustration of the Gemini spacecraft NASA selected McDonnell Aircraft, which had been the prime contractor for the Project Mercury capsule, in 1961 to build the Gemini capsule, the first of which was delivered in 1963. The spacecraft was 18 feet 5 inches (5.61 m) long and 10 feet (3.0 m) wide, with a launch weight varying from 7,100 to 8,350 pounds (3,220 to 3,790 kg).[9] The Gemini crew capsule (referred to as the Reentry Module) was essentially an enlarged version of the Mercury capsule. Unlike Mercury, the retrorockets, electrical power, propulsion systems, oxygen, and water were located in a detachable Adapter Module behind the Reentry Module. A major design improvement in Gemini was to locate all internal spacecraft systems in modular components, which could be independently tested and replaced when necessary, without removing or disturbing other already tested components. Reentry module Many components in the capsule itself were reachable through their own small access doors. Unlike Mercury, Gemini used completely solid-state electronics, and its modular design made it very easy to repair.[10] Gemini's emergency launch escape system did not use an escape tower powered by a solid-fuel rocket, but instead used aircraft-style ejection seats. The tower was heavy and"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "rocket launches the first prototype of the L1 circumlunar spacecraft announced as Kosmos-146. April 6: NASA launches its second Applications Technology Satellites, ATS-2, but the second stage failure of the launch vehicle leaves the spacecraft slowly tumbling in the wrong orbit, though some useful data was returned. April 24: Vladimir Komarov dies on landing during a test flight of the Soyuz-1 spacecraft. June 12: Venera-4, the first probe to enter the atmosphere of Venus, blasts off from Baikonur. July 2: Vela satellites make first detection of a gamma-ray burst from deep space. Oct. 10: The Outer Space Treaty is signed to represent the basic legal framework of international space law. Oct. 12: USSR launches the VKZ probe 4,400 kilometers up to study ionosphere. Oct. 30: The 7K-OK No. 6 (Kosmos-186) and the 7K-OK No. 5 (Kosmos-188) spacecraft conduct the world's first automated docking in space. Nov. 9: The first Saturn-5 rocket blasts off, carrying the unmanned Apollo-4 spacecraft. Zond-5 Soyuz-2, -3 Earthrise over the Moon Feb. 20: The USSR launches its first Sfera geodesic satellite. March 2: Proton launches a prototype of the L1 circumlunar spacecraft announced as Zond-4. March 27: Yuri Gagarin dies in a plane crash. April 4: The second Saturn-5 rocket launches an unmanned Apollo-6 spacecraft. April 9: The first sounding rocket (Veronique) is launched from Kourou, French Guiana, on a suborbital trajectory. April 15: A pair of unmanned Soyuz spacecraft completes a successful automated docking. April 23: The Proton rocket fails to deliver a prototype of the L1 circumlunar spacecraft. May 6:"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the Soviet space program, NASA and ESA. India became the first country to successfully get a spacecraft into Mars orbit on its maiden attempt. The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter arrived at Mars in 2016 and deployed the Schiaparelli EDM lander, a test lander that had partial success. Crash-landed on surface, but transmitted data during descent. The following entails a brief overview of Mars exploration, oriented towards orbiters and flybys; see also Mars landing and Mars rover. Mars 1M spacecraft. Between 1960 and 1969, the Soviet Union launched nine probes intended to reach Mars. They all failed: three at launch; three failed to reach near-Earth orbit; one during the burn to put the spacecraft into trans-Mars trajectory; and two during the interplanetary orbit. The Mars 1M programs (sometimes dubbed Marsnik in Western media) was the first Soviet unmanned spacecraft interplanetary exploration program, which consisted of two flyby probes launched towards Mars in October 1960, Mars 1960A and Mars 1960B (also known as Korabl 4 and Korabl 5 respectively). After launch, the third stage pumps on both launchers were unable to develop enough pressure to commence ignition, so Earth parking orbit was not achieved. The spacecraft reached an altitude of 120 km before reentry. Mars 1962A was a Mars fly-by mission, launched on October 24, 1962 and Mars 1962B an intended first Mars lander mission, launched in late December of the same year (1962). Both failed from either breaking up as they were going into Earth orbit or having the upper stage explode in orbit during the burn"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "For satellites large enough to generate reentry debris that can reach the surface of the Earth, there are four choices: Manitowoc, WI, the Spacecraft Cemetery, a Graveyard Orbit, or the Space Garbage Truck. Let\u2019s look at these alternatives. Korabi-Sputnik 1 (aka Sputnik 4) was launched by the Soviet Union on 15 May 1960 and was reported to be a test of an orbital spacecraft with a recoverable, pressurized capsule capable of carrying a cosmonaut. At the time of its launch, Sputnik 4 was the largest satellite placed in orbit, with a weight of at least 5 tons. Sputnik 4 appears to have been a prototype of the Soviet Vostok spacecraft that carried the first human, Yuri Gagarin, into orbit on 12 April 1961. Due to a failure in the control or reentry system, the Sputnik 4 capsule did not return to Earth as planned, but instead, remained in orbit until 5 September 1962. On that day, Sputnik 4 reentered the Earth\u2019s atmosphere and broke up, with fragments landing in Lake Michigan and in downtown Manitowoc, WI. The following diagram from the 3 December 1962 issue of Aviation Week magazine shows the paths for Sputnik 4 fragments that landed on the main street of Manitowoc, Wisconsin. On a recent trip, I visited the site in Manitowoc where a large, hot fragment landed and embedded itself into the asphalt pavement of a main street. That site is commemorated by a brass ring in the street and a granite plaque on the sidewalk. The Sputnik 4 debris was analyzed"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "burning for 5.5 seconds in sequence, with a slight overlap. These were mounted in the retrograde section of the adapter module, located just behind the capsule's heat shield.[3][4] Apollo program[edit] For lunar flights, the Apollo command and service module did not require retrorockets to return the command module to Earth, as the flight path took the module through the atmosphere, using atmospheric drag to reduce velocity. The test flights in Earth orbit required retrograde propulsion, which was provided by the large Service Propulsion Engine on the service module. The same engine was used as a retrorocket to slow the spacecraft for lunar orbit insertion. The Apollo Lunar Module used its descent stage engine to drop from orbit and land on the Moon. Retrorockets were used to back the S-IC and S-II stages off from the rest of the vehicle after their respective shutdowns during the Saturn V's launch to Earth parking orbit. Space Shuttle program[edit] The Space Shuttle Orbital maneuvering system provided the vehicle with a pair of powerful liquid-fueled rockets for both reentry and orbital maneuvering. One was sufficient for a successful reentry, and if both systems were to fail, the reaction control system could slow the vehicle enough for reentry. Landers[edit] Retrorockets are also used in landing spacecraft on other astronomical bodies, such as the Moon and Mars, as well as enabling a spacecraft to enter an orbit around such a body, when otherwise it would scoot past and off into space again. As pointed out above (in connection with Project Apollo) the main"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Source: NASA/Jerome Bascom-Pipp Apollo 11's FRT began on June 6 with a simulation of propellant loading. The range safety officer sent a launch holdfire command prior to the start of the terminal countdown sequence, as a test of range safety communications. The countdown resumed, with simulated umbilical ejection, holddown arm release, retraction of the tail service masts and swing arms, and liftoff at 2:17 p.m. on June 6. Electrical power to the vehicle came from ground support equipment rather than the batteries and fuel cells aboard the vehicle. An abbreviated simulated mission followed the liftoff, covering CSM propulsion tests and major operations through command module splashdown. Next, the team performed a backup guidance simulated mission. In this scenario, the guidance systems on the launch vehicle and CSM switched over to backup systems. This was to identify any potential sources of interference between the launch vehicle and spacecraft systems. The launch vehicle portion of a simulated flight included tests of the propellant dispersion (vehicle destruct) command systems. After the flight readiness test, rescue teams conducted emergency egress walkthroughs with the prime and backup astronaut crews. These tests familiarized the astronauts with the escape systems at the launch pad (Fig. 7.14). 7.14 The crew of Apollo 10 inspects the gondola for the slide wire system during emergency egress training. Source: NASA/Jerome Bascom-Pipp ## Post-FRT work Data from the FRT was analyzed over the weekend. The spacecraft radar system was checked. The fuel jackets and LOX domes in the S-IC's main engines were flushed and purged with nitrogen. Thrust"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "November 18, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Staff prepare to check the reentry module of the Shenzhou-11 spacecraft after its safe landing. Chinese astronauts Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong returned to Earth safely on November 18, completing the overwhelmingly successful Tiangong-2 and Shenzhou-11 manned space mission, which lasted over a month, making it the country\u2019s longest-ever manned space mission. At 1:11 p.m. Beijing Time that afternoon, Shenzhou-11\u2019s reentry module separated from the spacecraft\u2019s orbiting capsule before separating from the propelling capsule, ending the 33-day mission with a return to the planet. The reentry module landed safely at the expected site in central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region at 1:59 p.m. This mission is a key step forward for China\u2019s plan to build a permanent manned space station. The core module of China\u2019s space station is expected to be launched around 2018, and the space station will enter full service around 2022, with capacity to continually operate for more than 10 years straight."}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Exploration of Mars The spacecraft reached an altitude of 120 km before reentry. Mars 1962A was a Mars fly-by mission, launched on October 24, 1962 and Mars 1962B an intended first Mars lander mission, launched in late December of the same year (1962). Both failed from either breaking up as they were going into Earth orbit or having the upper stage explode in orbit during the burn to put the spacecraft into trans-Mars trajectory. Mars 1 (1962 Beta Nu 1), an automatic interplanetary spacecraft launched to Mars on November 1, 1962, was the first probe of the Soviet Mars probe program to achieve"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "Soyuz (spacecraft) For the launch vehicle of the same name, see Soyuz (rocket family). Soyuz (Russian: \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0301\u0437, IPA: [s\u0250\u02c8jus], lit. 'Union') is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now RKK Energia) in the 1960s that remains in service today, having made more than 140 flights. The Soyuz succeeded the Voskhod spacecraft and was originally built as part of the Soviet crewed lunar programs. The Soyuz spacecraft is launched on a Soyuz rocket, the most reliable launch vehicle in the world to date.[1][2] The Soyuz rocket design is based on the Vostok launcher, which in turn was based on the 8K74 or R-7A Semyorka, a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile. All Soyuz spacecraft are launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Soyuz has served as the only means for Americans to make crewed space flights in the world since the retirement of the US Space Shuttle in 2011[3] and is heavily used in the International Space Station program. Soyuz spacecraft (TMA version) RKK Energia Soviet Union, Russian Federation Soviet space program (1967\u201391) Roscosmos (1991 onwards) Carry cosmonauts to orbit and back; originally intended for Soviet Moonshot and Salyut space station transportation. Design life Up to six months docked to station Low Earth orbit (circumlunar spaceflight during early program) Maiden launch (Uncrewed) November 28, 1966 (Crewed) Soyuz 1 April 23, 1967 Related spacecraft Shenzhou, Progress 2.1 Launch escape system 2.2 Orbital module 2.3 Descent module 2.4 Service module 2.5 Reentry procedure 2.6 Spacecraft systems 3.2 Soyuz 7K (part of the"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "he spacecraft until it could be determined that the fuel cells could provide sufficient electrical power to continue the mission. Power was restored slowly over ten orbits. During the third day, the crew practiced orbital maneuvers for upcoming Agena rendezvous and docking missions. 16 of 17 planned experiments were carried out over the course of the mission. Reentery deceleration was 7.1 g. The actual landing point was 89 nautical miles short of predicted, at N. 29\u00b0 47\u2032, W. 69\u00b0 45\u2032. Total duration of the Gemini V mission was 190:55:17. The spacecraft and crew were recovered by the Essex-class aircraft carrier USS Lake Champlain (CVS -39). Gemini Spacecraft. (NASA Gemini IV Mission Report, Figure 3\u20132 at Page 3\u201325) The two-man Gemini spacecraft was built by the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation of St. Louis, the same company that built the earlier Mercury space capsule. The spacecraft consisted of a reentry module and an adapter section. It had an overall length of 19 feet (5.791 meters) and a diameter of 10 feet (3.048 meters) at the base of the adapter section. The reentry module was 11 feet (3.353 meters) long with a diameter of 7.5 feet (2.347 meters). The weight of the Gemini varied from ship to ship. At launch. Gemini Spacecraft 5 weighed 7,947.17 pounds (3,604.78 kilograms). At touchdown, after the parachute was jettisoned, it weighed 4,244.75 pounds (1,925.39 kilograms). Titan II GLV, (NASA Gemini IV Mission Report, Figure 3-1, at Page 3\u201323) The Titan II GLV was a \u201cman-rated\u201d variant of the Martin SM-68B intercontinental ballistic missile. It"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "the rest of reentry and recovery were uneventful. The destroyers USS Stormes and USS Compton and a P5M aircraft were waiting for the spacecraft at Station 8, the predicted landing point. Three hours and 13 minutes after launch and nine minutes before splashdown, the aircraft spotted the spacecraft at an altitude of 5,000 feet (1,500 m) descending on its main parachute. The information was relayed to Stormes and Compton, who were 30 miles (48 km) away. The spacecraft recovery aids were all functioning, except for the SARAH beacon. During the descent, the aircraft continued to circle and report landing events. It remained in the area until Stormes arrived, an hour and 15 minutes after the landing. Stormes hauled Enos and his spacecraft aboard. On the deck of Stormes, the MA-5 hatch was blown explosively. It was released from outside the capsule by pulling a lanyard. Blowing the hatch caused the spacecraft \"picture\" window to crack. Mercury spacecraft # 9, used in the Mercury-Atlas 5 mission, on display at the Museum of Life and Science, in Durham, North Carolina. The spacecraft and Enos were both found to have survived the mission in good condition, although the chimp had removed all of the medical electrodes and the urine collection device from his body. On November 4, 1962, Enos died of dysentery caused by shigellosis, which was resistant to antibiotics of the time. He had been under constant observation for two months before his death. Pathologists at Holloman reported that they found no symptom that could be attributed or"}, {"title": "bm25", "text": "today and technology wordpress templates rotary hammer bosch \u201cNo Joy\u201d for Russian Progress Resupply Craft Author: Leonard David Progress M-27M \u2014 was launched April 28 from Area 31 of the Baikonur launch site. Credit: OAO RSC Energia Word is that Russian ground controllers have had \u201cno joy\u201d in attempting to establish control of the tumbling Russian Progress 59 supply ship. The logistics spacecraft \u2014 Progress M-27M \u2014 was launched April 28 from Area 31 of the Baikonur launch site at 10:09:50 Moscow Time. Progress M-27M being readied for launch. The spacecraft was to use a \u201cquick\u201d 4-orbit flight profile of 6 hours duration to rendezvous with the International Space Station (ISS). After launch, however, the Progress suffered a control problem, with this onboard video showing the spin-rate of the spacecraft. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMiNjHjpunU No word as yet on any solid prediction of a possible reentry of the Progress \u2013 if indeed the craft remains out-of-control. There are reports of dozens of pieces of spacecraft debris associated with the Progress now in orbit \u2013 a meaningful suggestion that adds to the view the spacecraft is surely headed for an early, destructive reentry \u2013 negating its intended mission. Onboard supplies According to OAO RSC Energia, onboard the supply craft are propellant components, compressed oxygen, additional equipment needed to maintain the station in good working order, equipment for science experiments, medical supplies, personal belongings and food for the crew. Altogether, more than 5,200 pounds (2,359 kg) of cargo is inside the Progress, including 3,075 pounds (1,395 kg) of dry cargo, 1,089"}], "hoverinfo": "text"}, {"x": [0.1375962495803833, 0.03560176491737366, -0.1356997936964035, -0.012052830308675766, 0.1747233122587204, -0.15159878134727478, -0.08772958070039749, 0.10159213840961456, 0.049668364226818085, -0.16268803179264069], "y": [-0.011811306700110435, 0.0068181175738573074, 0.09422057121992111, -0.058389294892549515, 0.046944648027420044, -0.046115048229694366, 0.03458234667778015, 0.025030624121427536, -0.14647920429706573, -0.019059980288147926], "mode": "markers", "name": "Centroids", "marker": {"size": 12, "symbol": "star", "color": "black"}, "text": ["Centroid 0", "Centroid 1", "Centroid 2", "Centroid 3", "Centroid 4", "Centroid 5", "Centroid 6", "Centroid 7", "Centroid 8", "Centroid 9"], "hoverinfo": "text"}]]; const questions = ["What's the difference between a first, second and third degree burn?", "How come glass casts a shadow? Shouldn't light just pass through?", "Why does using a plastic bag help credit cards swipe?", "What does it mean when someone says, \"Bust my chops,\"?", "Why does the ionosphere interfere with spacecraft communications on reentry but not during launch?", "How I can hate my appearance and current health state at night before bed, and think of all the ways I can change, and then literally the next day, not care until the following night.", "What casues our weight to fluctuate during our sleep.", "Why is there a \"store brand\" of everything? How do stores obtain these products and why is it always at a lower price?", "For international versions of \"musical\" style movies (Ex. Footloose, Hairspray, High School Musical) how is the rhythmic timing / rhyme scheme / general understanding / story progressive lyrics of the songs affected by the language barrier?", "Why are vegetables really common in cooking, but not baking? And vice versa, why are fruits so common in baking, but not in cooking?"]; let currentPlot = null; function updateVisualization() { const select = document.getElementById('questionSelect'); const questionIndex = parseInt(select.value); const layout = { title: { text: `Question ${questionIndex + 1}: ${questions[questionIndex]}`, font: { size: 16 }, y: 0.95 }, xaxis: { title: 'PCA Component 1' }, yaxis: { title: 'PCA Component 2' }, hovermode: 'closest', showlegend: true, margin: { t: 100 } // Increase top margin to accommodate longer title }; if (currentPlot) { Plotly.purge('plot'); } currentPlot = Plotly.newPlot('plot', plotData[questionIndex], layout); // Add hover event handler document.getElementById('plot').on('plotly_hover', function(data) { const point = data.points[0]; const documentText = document.getElementById('documentText'); if (point.customdata) { documentText.style.display = 'block'; documentText.innerHTML = `

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